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Illuminaten

(5,310 words)

Author(s): Neugebauer-Wölk, Monika
1. Survey of the Order's History The foundation of the secret society of the Illuminaten is related to the conflict between the Catholic Counter-Reformation and the Enlightenment in Bavaria. Although the suppression of the Jesuit order in 1773 had destroyed the external organisation of the Society of Jesus, the advocates of Enlightenment, above all Adam von Ickstatt (1706-1776), rector of Ingolstadt University, feared the influence of “ex-Jesuits”, who still held important offices in education. In 177…

Tafel

(147 words)

Author(s): Neugebauer-Wölk, Monika
[English Version] Tafel, Johann Friedrich Immanuel (17.2.1796 Sulzbach, Schwaben – 29.8.1863 Bad Ragaz), Schriftsteller und Universitätslehrer in Tübingen. Aufgewachsen im württembergischen Pietismus, wurde T. früh zum Anhänger E. Swedenborgs. Nach dem Theologiestudium begann er – ab 1824 als Tübinger Universitätsbibliothekar – mit der Übers. und Auslegung von dessen Schriften für das dt. Publikum. T. verstand Swedenborg als Gottgesandten, dem durch Christus selbst Erleuchtungen geschenkt wurden. Kri…

Tafel, Johann Friedrich Immanuel

(162 words)

Author(s): Neugebauer-Wölk, Monika
[German Version] (Feb 17, 1796, Sulzbach am Kocher – Aug 29, 1863, Bad Ragaz), writer and university lecturer in Tübingen. Raised in an environment of Württemberg Pietism, he soon became a disciple of E. Swedenborg. After studying theology at Tübingen, he began translating Swedenborg’s works for the German public – after 1824 as university librarian. He considered Swedenborg to have been sent by God and to have been vouchsafed enlightenment by Christ himself. He challenged the authority of the chu…