Search

also called Māhpeiker, the wife of the Ottoman Sulṭān Aḥmad I [q. v.] and mother of the Sulṭāns Murād IV and Ibrāhīm I. — Kösem (lit.: “bell-wether”, “courageous”) or Māhpeiker was a Greek by birth. In 1637 she was about 45, so must have been born about 1592. Contemporary accounts describe her as a woman, still beautiful even at an advanced age, with fine features, vigorous looking, with an expression of benevolence and superior intelligence. For nearly thirty years this statesmanlike princess exe…

Mahpeyker (Māhpeyker) Kösem Sultan (Sulṭān, d. 1061/1651), who became a favorite concubine of Ahmed (Aḥmed) I (r. 1011–26/1603–17), was the most powerful of the queen mothers exercising authority in the eleventh/seventeenth century, as well as the most controversial. Kösem’s stature and influence were facilitated by her astute grasp of Ottoman politics and the large number of children she bore. Two of her sons required her regency early in their reigns, and her daughters’ marriages to prominent sta…

ou Kösem Sulṭān, nommée Māhpaykar (vers 1589-1651), épouse du sultan ottoman Ahmed Ier et mère des sultans Murād IV et Ibrahim Ier [ q.vv.]. Grecque de naissance, elle acquit son pouvoir par le harem et exerça une influence décisive dans l’État sous le règne de ses deux fils et de son petit-fils Mehemmed IV. Les opinions avancées à propos de son origine et de son premier nom — Nasia < Anastasia (Aḥmed Reflk, Kadinlar saltanati̊, Istanbul 1332, 47-8, d’après Guer, Mœurs et usages des Turcs, Paris 1747, II, 474; voir aussi Pétis de la Croix, Abrégé chronologique de l’empire ottoman, Paris 1768,…

, called Māhpaykar ( ca. 1589-1651), wife of the Ottoman sultan Aḥmad I and mother of the sultans Murād IV and Ibrāhīm I [ q.vv.]. She was Greek by birth, and achieved power in the first place through the harem, exercising a decisive influence in the state during the reigns of her two sons and of her grandson Meḥemmed IV. The views put forward concerning her origin and her first name—Nasya being derived from Anastasia (Aḥmed Refīḳ, Ḳadi̊nlar salṭanati̊ , Istanbul 1332, 47-8, deriving information from Guer, Mœurs et usages des Turcs , Paris 1747, ii, 474, see also Pétis de la Croix, Abrégé chronol…

[see kösem ].

[See Kösem.]

[Voir Kösem ].

ḳos̲h̲-begi (T) : the title of high officials in the Central Asian khānates in the 16th to 19th cent…

, Ṭurk̲h̲ān K̲h̲ādid̲j̲e Sulṭān ( ca. 1626-83), mother of the Ottoman sultan Meḥemmed IV [ q.v.]. Ṭurk̲h̲ān Sulṭān entered the Ottoman imperial harem as a slave of the wālide sulṭān Kösem Sulṭān [ q.v.], mother of Murād IV (1623-40) and Ibrāhīm (1640-8) [ q.vv.]. Nothing is known of her background, except that she had a brother, Yūsuf Ag̲h̲a, who died in Istanbul in 1100/1689. She gave birth to sultan Ibrāhīm’s eldest son Meḥemmed in 1641; there may also have been a daughter, Fāṭima Sulṭān, 1642-57. On Ibrāhīm’s deposition in 1648 and he…

, Ṭurk̲h̲ān Ḵh̲ādid̲j̲e Sulṭān (vers 1626-83), mère du Sulṭān ottoman Meḥemmed IV [ q.v.]. Ṭurk̲h̲ān Sulṭān entra dans le harem impérial ottoman comme esclave de la wālide sulṭān Kösem ¶ Sulṭān [ q.v.], mère de Murād IV (1623-40) et d’Ibrāhīm (1640-8) [ q.vv.]. On ne sait rien de ses origines, si ce n’est qu’elle avait un frère, Yūsuf Ag̲h̲a, qui mourut à Istanbul en 1100/1689. Elle donna naissance au fils aîné d’Ibrāhīm, Meḥemmed, en 1641; il y eut peutêtre aussi une fille, Fāṭima Sulṭān, 1642-57. Quand Ibrāhīm fut déposé en 1648, et q…

Ḳara Čelebī Zāde, ḳaḍī-ʿaskar and historian of the Ottoman empire, the son of Ḥusām. He was nominated Istambol ḳaḍī-si by the sultan Murād IV (1043 = 1633), and then deprived of his office in the same year on account of a famine which he had not remedied; he was put on board a boat to be drowned at Prince’s Island; he was saved through the intercession of the vizier, Bairām Pas̲h̲a, and was banished to Cyprus (Hād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, ed. Flügel, v. 233). It was on this occasion that he wrote his poem Guls̲h̲an-i niyāz. By his intrigues be succeeded in obtaining the title of honorary muftī (7th Ramaḍān…

, nineteenth Sulṭān of the Ottoman Empire, was born on December 30, 1641 and was placed on the throne on August 8, 1648, after the deposition, soon followed by the execution, of his father Sulṭān Ibrāhīm. The power in the slate was at that time divided between the court, where the old wālide Kösem [q. v.] and Sulṭān Muḥammad’s mother, the wālide Tark̲h̲ān, held the reins, and the rebellious soldiery of the Janissaries and the Sipāhīs. The lack of stability in the government at this time is shown by the fact, that, until the nomination of the grand vizier …

(a.), Turkish pronunciation vālide or valde sulṭān , a term meaning “mother sultana”, or “queen mother”. It was used in the Ottoman Empire to refer to the mother of the reigning sultan, and only for the duration of the son’s reign. The history of the position and its occupants, like a great deal of the history of the ḥarīm [ q.v.] and its ¶ influence on the dynastic politics of the Ottomans, is couched in myth and exoticism, and much of its early development is completely obscured. The interference of the royal women in politics, a fact which most Ottoman c…

, called ḳod̲j̲a (the old), an Ottoman court architect. He was appointed court architect in 1032 (began Nov. 5, 1622) in succession to the distinguished architect Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a, who built the Aḥmad mosque in Stambul (on him cf. the Risāla-i miʿmārīye [in MS.] of Ḏj̲aʿfar Ag̲h̲a), relieved of his duties in 1053 (began March 22, 1642; cf. J. von Hammer, G. O. R., v. 335) and his office given to Muṣṭafā Ag̲h̲a, known as Merammetd̲j̲i, lit. “mender”. But after a few months only he was restored to the office as the result of a low estimate (cf. Naʿīmā, Taʾrīk̲h̲, ii. 46; J. von Hammer, op. cit., v. 338 sq.…

Born in Manisa in western Anatolia, Ahmed I (Aḥmed I, 998–1026/1590–1617) was the fourteenth Ottoman sultan (r. 1011–26/1603–17) and the eldest son of Sulyan Mehmed III (Sulṭān Meḥmed III, r. 1003–12/1595–1603). Ahmed I faced challenges on three fronts during his reign, two external and one internal. In the north-west, he inherited from his father a decade long war with the Habsburg Empire, which had been inconclusive and mutually exhausting. That war was terminated with the Treaty of Zsitva-Torok, negotiated in Cemaziyülahir…

, b.? 978/1570 architect-in-chief at the Ottoman court. His proper name was Meḥmed Ḳāsim but he was known as Ḳod̲j̲a. He was born in a village between Awlonya (Valona) and Berat (Byelograd) in Albania (Ewliyā Čelebi, Seyāḥatnāme , viii, 695). Collected through the devs̲h̲irme and brought to the Imperial Palace, he was accepted in the courts of gardeners of the Imperial Household ( k̲h̲āṣṣ-bāg̲h̲če g̲h̲ulāmi̊ ) where he grew up. During the great promotion ( Či̊ḳma ) which took place at Meḥemmed III’s accession to the throne, he was made an apprentice with the court architects (Zarif Orgun, Ha…

, grand vizier under Sulṭān Ibrāhīm, was born about 1600 as son of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Bey, son of the former grand vizier Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a (under Murād III), and by his mother a grandson of a princess of the imperial house, whence his surname Sulṭān Zāde. After having been ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊ bas̲h̲i̊ in the palace, he adopted a military career, became already in 1630 ḳubbe wezīri and was appointed in 1638 governor of Egypt. In 1642 he was made ¶ commander of the expedition against Azof [q. v.] which town he rebuilt after it had been burned by the Cossacks before its surrender. On his return he formed with the silaḥ…

, the name of several Ottoman princes. 1. ḳāsim , son of the second ruler of the Ottoman dynasty, Ork̲h̲ān. All that is known of him is that he died in 748/1347. 2. ḳāsim čelebi or Ḳāsim Yūsuf, one of the seven sons of Bāyezīd I, b. 792/1390. Since he was too young to take part in the battle of Ankara (1402), he remained at Bursa. After the defeat and capture of his father there began a struggle for power amongst his elder sons, Sulaymān, ʿĪsā, Muḥammad and then Mūsā. When Sulaymān retreated towards the Ott…

, nineteenth sultan of the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey, known as awd̲j̲i̊ "the hunter" from his excessive passion for the chase, reigned 1058-99/1648-87. Born on 30 Ramadan 1051/2 January 1642, he was the son of Sultan Ibrāhīm [ q.v.] and Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a Turk̲h̲ān Sulṭān. He was placed on the throne in Istanbul at the age of seven after the deposition in 18 Rad̲j̲ab 1058/8 August 1648 of the sensualist and possibly mentally deranged “Deli” Ibrāhīm, at a moment when Ibrāhīm was the sole surviving adult male of the house of ʿOt̲h̲mān, but i…

Hadice Turhan Sultan (Khadīja ṭurkhān Sulṭān) (d. 10 Şaban (Shaʿbān) 1094/4 August 1683) was the favourite consort, or haseki (khāṣekī), of the Ottoman sultan İbrahim (İbrāhīm) I (r. 1049–58/1640–8) and the mother of Sultan Mehmed (Meḥmed) IV (r. 1058–99/1648–87). There are no records of her early life prior to entering the Ottoman harem, but she was most likely captured during a slave raid into the Russian steppes and entered the harem of Sultan İbrahim in 1049/1640, when she was approximately twelve years old. A…

, also nicknamed Ṣari̊ (“pale-faced”) and Ṭopal (“Lame”), High Admiral ( Ḳapudān Pas̲h̲a , [ q.v.]) under the Ottoman Sultan Meḥemmed IV, d. 1069/1659. He originated from the northeastern shores of the Black Sea (Russian or Circassian?) and came as a slave into the service of Baḳi̊rd̲j̲i Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, Ottoman governor of Egypt. On the latter’s execution he was taken by Sulṭān Murād IV into the Palace and educated there. He was promoted to be Ag̲h̲a of the stirrup-holders ( Rikāb-dār ag̲h̲asi̊ ) (Chronicle of Wed̲j̲īhī, f. 91b of the Vienna MS.), became …

, also called Ṣari̊ K. Pas̲h̲a, an Ottoman Grand Admiral. He was a Russian (? Circassian) by birth and came as a slave into the service of Baḳi̊rd̲j̲i Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, Ottoman governor of Egypt. On the latter’s execution he was taken by Sulṭān Murād IV into the Serai and educated there. He was promoted to be Ag̲h̲a of the stirrup-holders (Rikiāb-dār ag̲h̲asi) (Chronicle of Wed̲j̲īhī, fol. 91b of the Vienna MS.), became a favourite of Sulṭān Ibrāhīm after his accession (Febr., 1640) and married his daughter ʿĀtike Sulṭāne. He was at the same time appointed third …

Two Turkish grand-viziers are known under this name. 1. The one who is also called k̲h̲ādim muḥammad pas̲h̲a began his political career after having been a eunuch in the imperial palace; in 1604 he became wālī in Egypt, where he was able to establish some order; after that he was twice ḳāʾim-maḳām of the grand-vizierate in the capital, in 1611 and in 1615; in the meantime he had held governorships in Erzerūm, Bosnia and Belgrad. He was called to the grand-vizierate in the days of Sulṭān Muṣṭafā I’s second reign, when the Janissaries and the Sipā…

, preceptor and favourite of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrāhīm [ q.v.], was born at Zaʿfarānborli̊si̊ (Safranbolu, now a kaza of the vilâyet of Zonguldak), the son of a certain S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed, son of S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ibrāhīm; he claimed to be descended from Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḳonewī [ q.v.]. He came to Istanbul and entered one of the medrese s of the Süleymāniyye, supporting himself by practising sorcery, which he had learned from his father at Safranbolu; this gained him the nickname Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i (“sorcerer”). He was not an able student, but h…

Fecr-i Ati (Ātī), was an Ottoman-Turkish literary movement at the beginning of the twentieth century that emerged out of the earlier movement in Turkish literature known as Edebiyat-ı Cedide (Edebiyyāt-ı Cedīde, “New Literature”). Fecr-i Ati was founded on 27 Safer (Ṣafar) 1327/20 March 1909 at Istanbul’s Hilal (Hilāl) press. Eleven months later, on 13 Safer 1328/24 February 1910, its members published the first literary manifesto in the history of modern Turkish literature in the journal Servet-i Fünun ( Thervet-i Fünūn, “Wealth of Sciences”), which had been the organ of …

The kızlar ağası ( qızlar āghāsı, literally, “agha of the girls”) was the chief eunuch of the Ottoman imperial harem. Although the title may have been applied to the head of the palace harem eunuchs from the empire’s early years, the formal office, known as Ağa-yı Darüssaade (Aghā-yı Dārü ʾsaʿāde; Ar. Aghā Dār al-Saʿāda), literally “Commander of the Abode of Felicity,” dates to 996/1588, when Sultan Murad (Murād) III (r. 982–1003/1574–95) transferred the supervision of the Evkafüʾl-Haremeyn (Evqāfüʾl…

(a.), prononciation turque vālide ou valde sulṭān, terme signifiant «sultane mère», ou «reine mère». On l’utilisait dans l’Empire Ottoman pour parler de la mère du sultan régnant, et uniquement pour la durée du règne de son fils. L’histoire de l’emplacement et de ses occupants, comme une grande partie de l’histoire du ḥarīm [ q.v.], et son influence sur la politique de la dynastie des Ottomans, trouvent leur expression dans le mythe et l’exotisme, et les débuts de son évolution demeurent en grande partie ignorés. L’ingérence des femmes de la famil…

(1570-1659?), architecte en chef de la cour ottomane; son nom exact était Meḥmed Kāsi̊m, mais il était connu sous celui de Kod̲j̲a-Né dans un village situé entre Awlonya (Valona) et Berat (Bjelograd), en Albanie (Ewliyā Čelebi, Seyāḥatnāme, VIII, 695), il fut recueilli par le dews̲h̲irme [ q.v.] et amené au palais impérial, où il fut admis dans le service des jardiniers - esclaves impériaux ( k̲h̲āṣṣ-bāg̲h̲če g̲h̲ulāmi̊) et y passa son adolescence. Au cours de la grande promotion qui fut décidée lors de l’accession au trône de Meḥemmed III, il fut placé en app…

, nom de plusieurs princes ottomans: I. Ḳāsim, fils du deuxième souverain de la dynastie ottomane, Ork̲h̲ān. On sait seulement de lui qu’il mourut en 748/1347.¶ II. Ḳāsim Čelebi, ou Ḳāsi̊m Yūsuf, un des sept fils du sultan Bāyazīd Ier, né en 792/1390. Trop jeune pour participer à la bataille d’Ankara (1402), il était demeuré à Bursa. Après la défaite et la capture de Bāyazīd Ier, commença la lutte pour le pouvoir entre ses fils aînés, Sulaymān, ʿĪsā, Muḥammad, puis Mūsā; Sulaymān, lors de sa retraite vers les territoires ottomans d’Europe orientale, passa par…

, in popular speech usually Čanaḳ Kalʿesi (‘Pot-castle’), the town and fortifications known to Europeans as the Dardanelles, the chief place in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Bīg̲h̲a [q. v., I, 716, cf. also Dardanelles, I, 922], situated at the narrowest part of the straits. The modern settlement has taken the place of the very ancient seaport of Ab y dos; the latter name, indeed, survived down to the xvith century on Italian charts in the form Avido, Aveo, as the name for Ḳalʿe-i Sulṭānīye (the bay: la bocca d’Aveo). While the form Andus [q. v.] found in Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am (ed. Wüstenfeld), i. 374 also i…

, dix-neuvième sultan de la dynastie ottomane, qui régna de 1058 à 1099/1648-87. Sa passion excessive pour la chasse l’avait fait surnommer Awd̲j̲i̊ «le chasseur». Né le 30 ramaḍān 1051/2 janvier 1642, il était le fils du sultan Ibrāhīm [ q.v.] et de Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a Turk̲h̲ān Sulṭān. Il fut mis sur le trône à Istanbul, à l’âge de sept ans, après la déposition, le 18 rad̲j̲ab 1058/8 août 1648, du sensuel et peut-être mentalement dérangé «Deli» Ibrāhīm, à un moment où ce dernier était le seul mâle adulte survivant de la maison de ʿOt̲h̲mān,…

(a.) Turkish pronunciation vālide or valde sulṭān; the two words are in apposition, according to Turkish syntax), “the sulṭān Valide” or “sulṭāna mother”, a title borne in the old Ottoman empire by the mother of the reigning sulṭān and only for the duration of her son’s reign. The political history of the Wālide Sulṭān is fairly well known from the Turkish historians, at least as far as those are concerned who took part openly in the government of the country, for example Nūr Bānū, Ṣafīye, Māh-Peiker Kösem and Turk̲h̲an Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲e. We are by no means so well informed about the condi…

, seventeenth Ottoman sultan (1021-49/1612-40, reigned 1032-49/1623-40). Born in Istanbul in a palace on the Bosphorus on 28 D̲j̲umādā I 1021/27 July 1612, son of the reigning sultan Aḥmed I [ q.v.] and his principal consort, k̲h̲aṣṣekī , Kösem [ q.v.] Māhpeyker, a woman of Greek origin (Anastasia, 1585-1651). He grew up in the palace together with his brother İbrāhīm, confined in the ḳafes apartments, since he was five years old. The princes Süleymān, Ḳāsi̊m and İbrāhīm were his full brothers, and he had two full sisters ʿAʾis̲h̲e Sul…

, known in Western Europe as Scutari , the most important of the Asian shore suburbs of Istanbul, situated at the southern end of the Bosphorus. We are ignorant of both the origin of the name and the exact date of its conquest by the Turks. Since Antiquity it was called Chrysopolis (Xenophon, Anabasis , vi. 6) and seems to have been a suburb of the Greek colony of Chalcedon. The first person to give the place its present name, as Escutaire, is Villehardouin in 1203 ( Conquête de Constantinople , Paris 1961, i, 136-9), whilst Nicholas Choniates (ed. Bonn, 268, 33…

, properly Yeni-Zāde Muṣṭafā Čelebi, called after his father Pīrī Ḵh̲alīfa also Pīrī-Zāde, a celebrated Ottoman poet. He is usually described as Nāʾilī-i Ḳadīm, “old Nāʾilī”, to distinguish him from Yeni Nāʾilī, young Nāʾilī, the poet and mewlewl Nāʾilī Ṣāliḥ Efendi of Monastir, author of several Ṣūfī works who died in 1293 (1876) in Cairo. Nāʾilī was one of the greatest Ottoman poets of the post-classical period, the period of the weak sulṭāns (Murād IV, Ibrāhīm and Meḥmed IV, 1058-1115 = 1648-1703), of rule by women and eunuchs (Kösem Sulṭān, Bekt…

, fifth son of sulṭān Aḥmad I, and seventeenth ruler of the Ottoman Empire, was born 28th Ḏj̲umādā I 1021 (July 27, 1612) and called to the throne as a result of the mutiny of the Janissaries and Sipāhīs, which had forced Muṣṭafā I to abdicate, on September 11, 1623. When the lives of Murād and his brothers were in danger, they had been hidden by Ḵh̲alīl Pas̲h̲a. But even after his enthronement Murād IV’s position was far from strong. The turbulent and continuously mutinying Janissaries and Sipāhīs were the rea…

, eighteenth Ottoman Sultan, was born on 12 S̲h̲awwāl 1024/4 November 1615, the youngest son of Aḥmad I [ q.v.]. He spent all his early life in close confinement, in constant fear of being put to death (as four of his elder brothers were); so that when Murād IV [ q.v.] died and Ibrāhīm, the sole surviving prince of the dynasty, was called to ascend the throne, only the combined persuasions of his mother Kösem and the Grand Vizier Ḳara Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a [ qq.v.] induced him to emerge (16 S̲h̲awwāl 1049/8 February 1640). The capable Ḳara Muṣṭafā remained in power for the first four years of…

surnommé Ṣari̊ («visage pâle») et Topai («boiteux»), grand-amiral ( ḳapudān pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]) sous le règne du sultan ottoman Meḥemmed IV. Originaire de la côte du Nord-est de ¶ la mer Noire (et par conséquent russe ou circassien), il fut placé comme esclave au service de Baḳi̊rd̲j̲ī Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, gouverneur ottoman d’Égypte. Après l’exécution de ce dernier, il fut recueilli par le sultan Murād IV et instruit au Palais. Il fut ensuite promu ag̲h̲a des hommes chargés de tenir les étriers ( rikāb-dār ag̲h̲asi̊; Wed̲j̲īhī, 91 b du ms. de Vienne), devint un favori du sultan Ibrāhī…

Muradi (Murādī) was the pen name of three Ottoman sultan-poets: Murad II (Murād, r. 824–48/1421–44 and 850–5/1446–51), Murad III (r. 982–1003/1574–95), and Murad IV (r. 1032–49/1623–40). Ottoman princes in general received an excellent education from the best teachers and men of learning available. Their education included classes in calligraphy, the arts, and literature. Consequently, more than half of all Ottoman sultans left works of poetry, some of which are sizeable divans (dīvān, the collection of one poet’s poems). Murad II is considered to be the first Ottoman sul…

Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz (Qaraçelebizāde ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz) Efendi (1000–68/1591–2–1657–8), an Ottoman ş eyhülislam (shaykh al-Islām) and historian, was born in Bursa, into the well-known ulema ( ʿulamāʾ) family of the Karaçelebizades. He was brought up by his elder brother, Mehmed (Meḥmed) Efendi, and studied canonical law under Şeyhülislam Sunullah (Ṣunʿullāh) Efendi (d. 1021/1612), after which he became a müderris ( mudarris, teacher) and served in various medreses in Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, including one in the Süleymaniye külliyesi. The succession of Murad (Murād)…

, précepteur et favori du sultan ottoman Ibrāhīm [ q.v.], naquit à Zaʿfaranborli̊si̊ (Safranbolu, aujourd’hui kaza du vilâyet de Zonguldak); il était le fils d’un certain S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed, lui-même fils de S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ḳarabas̲h̲ Ibrāhīm, et prétendait descendre de Ṣadr al-dīn al-Ḳonewī [ q.v.]. Il s’établit à Istanbul et fréquenta une des medreses de la Süleymāniyye, pratiquant la sorcellerie que son père lui avait apprise à Safranbolu pour se procurer des moyens d’existence, ce qui lui valut le surnom de Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i «sorcier». Ce ne fut pas un é…

, dix-septième sultan ottoman qui régna de 1032/1623 à sa mort, en 1049/1640. Né à Istanbul, dans un palais situé sur le Bosphore, le 28 d̲j̲umādā I 1021/27 juillet 1612, il était le fils du ¶ sultan régnant, Aḥmed Ier [ q.v.] et de sa principale épouse ( k̲h̲āṣṣekī), Kösem [ q.v.] Māhpeyker, qui était d’origine grecque (Anastasia, 1585-1651). Il fut élevé au palais avec son frère Ibrāhīm, confiné dans le ḳafes, depuis l’âge de cinq ans. Les princes Süleymān, Ḳāsi̊m et Ibrāhīm étaient ses frères germains, et il avait également deux sœurs germaines, ʿAʾis̲h̲e Sulṭān…

, dix-huitième sultan ottoman, né le 12 s̲h̲awwāl 1024/4 novembre 1615, fils cadet d’Aḥmad Ier [ q.v.], passa toute sa jeunesse dans une stricte réclusion, craignant constamment d’être assassiné, comme l’avaient été quatre de ses aînés; si bien que lorsque Murād IV [ q.v.] mourut et qu’Ibrāhīm, seul prince survivant de la dynastie, fut appelé à monter sur le trône, il fallut les efforts de persuasion combinés de sa mère Kösem et du grand-vizir Ḳara Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a [ q.vv.] pour le décider à se manifester (16 s̲h̲awwāl 1049/9 février 1640). L’homme capable qu’était Ḳara Muṣṭafā demeur…

Zakāt, or the paying of the alms due, is the third pillar of Islam. It is prescribed in the Qurʾān, dating back to the second year after the Hijra, and is amplified in later ḥadīth, by jurists such as Bukhārī. The zakāt is levied annually on all Muslim men and women who live above subsistence level and whose debts do not exceed their assets. The original meaning of zakāt refers to both purification and growth. As the setting aside of a portion of one's possessions for those in need, zakāt purifies the wealth from which it is taken, and protects this wealth from misfortune. Moreover,…

, le Scutari de l’Europe occidentale, le plus important des faubourgs asiatiques d’Istanbul ottomane, situé à l’entrée sud du Bosphore. Nous ne connaissons avec précision ni l’origine du nom ni la date de la conquête turque. Le lieu s’appelle depuis l’antiquité Chrysopolis (Xénophon, Anabase, Livre VI, ch. VI) et semble avoir constitué au faubourg de la colonie grecque de Chalcédon. Villehardouin, en 1203, est le premier à donner à la localité son nom actuelle, sous la forme d’Escutaire, ( Conquête de Constantinople, Paris 1961, I, 136-9), tandis que Nicétas Choniatès (éd. d…

Mehmed IV (Meḥmed, r. 1058–99/1648–87, d. 1094/1693) is notable for being the second-longest reigning Ottoman ruler, and for having one of the worst reputations of any Ottoman sultan. He presided over stunning military successes, including the conquest of the entire island of Crete in 1079–80/1669, but he was also responsible for the failed siege of Vienna in 1094–5/1683. He sought a historic legacy and a return to an earlier era of pious, manly, gazi ( ghāzī, warrior) sultans, but he is remembered instead as the profligate hunter, avcı Mehmed. By the time Mehmed IV was born in 1050…

, Prilep , a town of more than 40,000 inhabitants situated on the northern edge of the fertile Pelagonian Plain at the foot of the Babuna Mountains in the southern part of the former Yugoslav Macedonia. In the Middle Ages, Prilep was the capital of a Slav principality. In Ottoman times (1395-1912) it was the centre of an extensive ḳāḍīli̊k stretching from the modern Greek border in the south (Nidže and Kajmakčalan Mountains, 2521 m/8,268 ft) and the Solunska Glava (the highest mountain of Macedonia, 2540 m/8,331 ft) in the north, a…

The historical sources on the formation and expansion of the Ottoman state contain fragments of knowledge on the lives of women. European travelers' accounts provide interesting but superficial observations on Muslim women they encountered in public. For details about the everyday lives of these women, the European male narrators often relied on translators, usually non-Muslim subjects of the empire. Ottoman historical chronicles, which narrated all significant events around the Ottoman rulers, …

Kitchener, Herbert, Sudan kitfiyya (epaulettes), Clothing, Jewelry and Make-upKitzin, Plovdiv (Filibe)Kıymaz, Ya’akov, Benaroya, AlbertKizilay (Red Crescent, Turkey), Or Ahayim Hospital, IstanbulKlar, Benjamin, Megillat AḥimaʿaṣKleemann, Ulrich, Ülkümen, SelahattinKleinstein, Rami, Rita klezmer music, Music Kli Maḥaziq Berakha (A Vessel Containing Blessing, Israel Najara), Najara, Israel ben MosesKligman, Mark, Maqām (musical genre)Knafo, Isaac, D, Francophone Maghrebi Jewish LiteratureKnafo Setton, Ruth, Knafo Setton, RuthKnesset (Israeli parliament)…

Constantinople to the Ottoman conquest (1453). The Name. The city, which Constantine the Great on the 11th May 330 raised to be the capital of the Eastern Empire and which was called after him, was known to the Arabs as Ḳosṭanṭinīya (in poetry also Ḳosṭanṭīna, with or without the article); the older name Byzantion (buzanṭia, in various spellings) was also known to them as well as the fact that the later Greeks, as at the present day, used to call Constantinople simply ἡ πόλιΣ as “the city” par excellence (Masʿūdī, ix. 337; Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, i. 235; A…