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[English Version] (Usher), Jakob (4.1.1581 Dublin – 21.3.1656 Reigate, England), führender Geistlicher des irischen Protestantismus (Church of Ireland). U. war einer der ersten Absolventen des Trinity College (Fellow 1599, M.A. 1601, B.D. 1607), dessen erster Prof. of Divinity (1607) und Vizekanzler (1615). Seit 1601 Priester, wurde er 1621 Bf. von Meath und Clonmacnoise, 1625 Erzbf. von Armagh. Seit 1640 lebte U. in England. 1615 entwarf er die gegenüber den 39 Artikeln der Church of England calvinistisch modifizierten »Irish Articles« für die Kirche von Irland. N. Scott Am…

[English Version] Perkins, William (1558 Bulkington, Warwickshire – 22.10.1602 Cambridge), führender Theol. des elisabethanischen Puritanismus (: II.,1.). Nach Ausbildung am Christ's College in Cambridge (B.A. 1581, M.A. 1584) als Schüler von Laurence Chaderton, hatte P. 1584 ein Bekehrungserlebnis und wurde im selben Jahr Lektor in Great St. Andrew, Cambridge. P. strebte als Puritaner nicht die Trennung von der Church of England an, sondern versuchte, diese von innen her zu reformieren. Stark beei…

[English Version] Preston, John (27.10.1587 Upper Hayford, Northamptonshire – 20.7.1628 Preston-Capes, ebd.), führender Vertreter eines nicht-separatistischen engl. Puritanismus (: II., 1.) im frühen 17.Jh. Er studierte am King's und Queens' College in Cambridge (B.A. 1607, Fellow 1609, M.A. 1611). Eine Predigt J. Cottons 1611 führte zu seiner Bekehrung; später verband die beiden eine enge Freundschaft. Neben vielen anderen kirchl. Ämtern wurde P. 1620 Kaplan bei Kronprinz Charles und blieb es nach…

[English Version] Prynne, William (um 1600 County Somerset, England – 24.10.1669 London), Rechtsanwalt und Polemiker, war um die Mitte des 17.Jh. ein führender puritanischer Vf. von Flugschriften. P. studierte am Oriel College, Oxford (B.A. 1621), und wurde 1628 Barrister (Gerichtsanwalt) am Lincoln's Inn, London; seine Karriere als Polemiker begann er 1627 mit einer Streitschrift gegen den Arminianismus (Arminianer: II.). Später wurde er für eine Abh., die als Angriff auf Charles I. ausgelegt wur…

[English Version] Whitgift, John (ca.1530 Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire – 29.2.1604 London), Fellow 1555 und M.A. 1557, Peterhouse, Cambridge; Ordination 1560 erst nach Ende der Herrschaft Marias I. (1558), B.D. 1563, Lady Margaret Prof. of Divinity 1563–1567, Universitätsprediger, Rektor von Pembroke Hall und D.D. 1567, Rektor des Trinity College 1567–1577, Regius Prof. of Divinity 1567–1579. 1571 wurde er Dekan in Lincoln, 1577 Bf. von Worcester und 1583 Erzbf. von Canterbury. Seit den 60er Jahren …

[English Version] Vane, Sir Henry d.J. (getauft am 26.5.1613 Debden, Essex – 14.6.1662 London). Studium in Oxford und Leiden, 1636/37 Gouverneur der Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston, seit 1640 engl. Parlamentsabgeordneter. Er war für die Solemn League und die mit Schottland ausgehandelte Bundesschlußerklärung (Covenant) von 1648 mitverantwortlich. Am Prozeß gegen Charles I. nahm V. nicht teil. Er unterstützte anfänglich O. Cromwell, wandte sich aber später gegen ihn. Im Zuge der Restauration der St…

[English Version] Wake, William (26.1.1657 Blandford, Dorset, England – 24.1.1737 London), führender Geistlicher der Church of England. M.A. 1679, B.D. und D.D. 1689; Prediger am Gray's Inn, London (1689–1702), Domherr an der Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (1689–1702), Rektor von St. James, Westminster (1693–1706), ständiger Domherr (1702/03) und Domdekan (1703) von Exeter, Bf. von Lincoln (1705), Erzbf. von Canterbury durch Versetzung (1716). Der liberal gesinnte W. kam den Nonkonformisten (Disse…

[English Version] Robinson, John (ca.1576 Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire – 3.1.1625 Leiden), führender Theologe der »Separatisten« (Separatismus), Ausbildung am Corpus Christi College in Cambridge (B.A. 1596, M.A. 1599; Fellow 1598–1604) und seit etwa 1602 Kurat an St. Andrew's in Norwich, 1605/06 wegen Nonkonformismus suspendiert. Nachdem er eine Zeitlang zur separatistischen Gemeinde von Gainsborough unter J. Smyth gehört hatte, zog er in die Gemeinde von Scrooby, Yorkshire, die sich im Haus…

[English Version] Travers, Walter (ca.1548 Nottingham, England – Januar 1635 London). Studium am Christ's College, Cambridge (M.A. 1569), 1569 Senior Fellow am Trinity College. Von 1571 bis 1575 in Genf, schloß er Freundschaft mit Th. Beza. 1578 wurde er zum Dienst für die Engländer in Antwerpen ordiniert. 1581 erhielt er einen Ruf an die Londoner Temple Church, um dort Nachmittagsvorlesungen zu halten, was ihm Anlaß zu heftigen Streitgesprächen mit dem 1585 zum Rektor ernannten R. Hooker gab, bis …

[English Version] (Sibbs), Richard (1577 Tostock, Suffolk – 5.7.1635 London), führender Puritaner des 17.Jh. S. absolvierte sein Studium in Cambridge (B.A., St. John's College 1599, Fellow 1601, M.A. 1602, Bacc. theol. 1610, D.D. 1627). 1610 wurde er Hilfsprediger an Holy Trinity, Cambridge (Vikar 1633), 1917 Prediger an Gray's Inn, London, und 1626 Master von St. Catherine's Hall. Zu seinen wichtigsten Werken zählt »The Bruised Reed and Smoking Flaxe« (1630). N. Scott Amos Bibliography Werke: The Works of R.S., 7 Bde., hg. von A. Grosart, Nachdr. 1973–1983 Über S.: M.E. Dev…

[English Version] Smyth, John (um 1570[?] Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire – 1612 Amsterdam), gilt als der Gründer der als »General Baptists« bez. Richtung innerhalb der Baptisten (: II., 1.). S. absolvierte sein Studium im Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1590; M.A. 1593; Fellow 1594) und wurde 1594 in Lincoln zum Geistlichen in der Church of England ordiniert; dort war er 1600–1602 Stadtprediger (city lecturer). 1603 wurde ihm der Predigtauftrag entzogen. 1607 wurde er schließlich Pfarrer ein…

[English Version] Ranters, abwertender Begriff für eine quasi-rel. antinomistische Bewegung (Antinomismus) unter den radikalen engl. Protestanten, die wahrscheinlich während des Interregnums zw. 1649–1654 entstand. Als Bewegung waren die R. nicht wie eine Sekte, sondern anarchisch organisiert und bestanden hauptsächlich aus Mitgliedern der Parlamentsarmee und Londoner Armen, wo die Bewegung ihr Zentrum hatte. Der Begriff R. wurde von denjenigen geprägt, die sich vom Verhalten der Anhänger der Bewe…

[German Version] Ranters, a derogatory term used to characterize a quasi-religious anti-nomian movement (Antinomism)¶ among radical English Protestants which is thought to have emerged sometime between 1649 and 1654, during the Interregnum. As a movement, the Ranters were anarchic rather than organized as a sect and consisted largely of members of the Parliamentary army along with the London poor, where the movement was centered. The term originated among those who were deeply offended by their behavior, whi…

[German Version] (Jan 4, 1581, Dublin, Ireland – Mar 21, 1656, Reigate, England), leading Irish Pro­testant ecclesiastic (Church of Ireland). He was among the first graduates of Trinity College (fellow 1599; M.A. 1601; B.D. 1607), and its first professor of divinity (1607) and vice chancellor. A priest from 1601, he was made bishop of Meath and Clonmacnoise in 1621, and in 1625 archbishop of Armagh. From 1640 he was resident in England. In 1615 Ussher drafted the Irish Articles for the Church of I…

[German Version] (or Sibbs; 1577, Tostock, Suffolk – Jul 5, 1635, London), leading 17th-century Puritan. Sibbes completed his studies at Cambridge (B.A. St. John’s College 1599, appointed Fellow 1601; M.A. 1602, B.Th. 1610, D.D. 1627). In 1610 he was appointed lecturer at Holy Trinity Church in Cambridge; in 1633 he was made curate. He was appointed preacher at Gray’s Inn, London, in 1617, and in 1626 he was made Master of St. Catherine’s Hall. His more important works include The Bruised Reed and Smoking Flaxe (1630). N. Scott Amos Bibliography Works: The Works of Richard Sibbes, 7 vols.…

[German Version] (c. 1548, Nottingham, England – Jan, 1635, London) was educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge (MA 1569), and became a senior fellow at Trinity College in 1569. From 1571 to 1575 in Geneva, he became friends with T. Beza. He was ordained to serve the English in Antwerp in 1578. In 1581 he was appointed afternoon lecturer at the Temple Church in London, where he engaged in a polemical controversy with R. Hooker (appointed master in 1585), until he was inhibited by J. Whitgift, then…

[German Version] (1558, Bulkington, Warwickshire, England – Oct 22, 1602, Cambridge, England) was one of the leading theologians of Elizabethan Puritanism (II.1). After his education at Christ’s College, Cambridge (B.A. 1581, M.A. 1584), where his tutor was Laurence Chaderton, in 1584 he had a conversion experience and in the same year became a minister at the prominent parish church of St. Andrew the Great, Cambridge. Perkins was not a Separatist from Puritanism and sought to reform the Church of…

[German Version] (Oct 27, 1587, Upper Hayford, Northamptonshire – Jul 20, 1628, Preston-Capes, Northamptonshire), a leading early-17th-century proponent of non-separating Puritanism (Puritans: II, 1). Preston was educated at King’s College, and then at Queens’ College, Cambridge (B.A. 1607, Fellow 1609, M.A. 1611). A sermon by J. Cotton (in 1611) led to his conversion; the two men formed a close friendship. In addition to many other ecclesiastical preferments, Preston was made chaplain to Charles, prince of Wales, ¶ in 1620, and continued as chaplain to Charles upon the …

[German Version] (c. 1570, Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire – 1612, Amsterdam), founder of the “General Baptists” group within the Baptists (II, 1). After finishing his studies at Christ’s College, Cambridge (B.A. 1590, M.A. 1593, Fellow 1594), Smyth was ordained as a priest in the Church of England in Lincoln in 1594, where he served as city lecturer from 1600 to 1602. In 1603 his commission to preach was revoked. In 1607 he finally became pastor of a separatist congre-¶ gation in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire; in 1608 he and the congregation moved to Amsterdam. Under M…

[German Version] (baptized May 26, 1613, Debden, Essex, England – Jun 14, 1661, London), studied at Oxford and abroad at Leiden, from 1635 to 1637 governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston, English MP from 1640. He was among those responsible for the Solemn League and negotiated the 1649 covenant with Scotland. Vane took no part in the trial of Charles I. He initially supported O. Cromwell, but later turned against him. With the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy, Vane was arrested and executed. Vane was a radical Puritan but also believed in religious toleration. N. Scott Amos Bibli…

[German Version] (Jan 26, 1657, Blandford Forum, Dorset, England – Jan 24, 1737, London), a clergyman of the Church of England, was a leading ecclesiastical figure in his day. He was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford (M.A. 1679) and later received the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in 1689. He held numerous offices: preacher at Gray’s Inn, London (1688–1696); canon of Christ Church, Oxford (1689–1702); rector at St. James’s, Westminster (1693–1706); canon residentiary at Exeter Cathedral (1702–1…

[German Version] (c. 1530, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, UK – Feb 29, 1604, London), became a fellow in 1555 and received his M.A. in 1557 at Peterhouse, Cambridge. He was not ordained until 1560 after Mary Tudor’s reign ended (1558). He gained his B.D. in 1563 and was Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity (1563–1567). He was university preacher, master of Pembroke Hall and D.D. in 1567, master of Trinity College (1567–1577) and Regius Professor of Divinity (1567–1579). In 1571 Whitgift became dean o…

[German Version] (c. 1600, Somerset – Oct 24, 1669, London), lawyer and controversialist, was a leading Puritan pamphleteer in the mid-17th century. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford (B.A. 1621), and became a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn (London) in 1628. Prynne began his career as a controversialist in 1627, with a pamphlet attacking Arminians (II). He was later severely punished for a treatise that was taken to be an attack on Charles I and imprisoned for life in 1634. He was released by th…

[German Version] (c. 1576, Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire – Jan 3, 1625, Leiden), leading theologian of the Separatists (Separatism). Robinson was ¶ educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (B.A. 1596, M.A. 1599; fellow 1598–1604), and from c. 1602 was curate at St. Andrew’s, Norwich. He was suspended in 1605/1606 for Nonconformity. After belonging for a time to the Separatist congregation in Gainsborough under J. Smyth, he moved to the congregation of Scrooby, Yorkshire, which met in the house of William…