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(Ἀμύντας; Amýntas). [German version] [1] Macedonian king (end of 6th cent. BC) First historically verifiable king of Macedonia, friend of the  Peisistratids. Upon Darius' appearance in Europe he became his vassal-satrap and was rewarded with an expansion of his territory and the marriage of his daughter to a member of the  Achaemenids. His son  Alexander [2] invented a novelistic history (Hdt. 5,17 ff.), in order to make this credible for the Greeks. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Borza, 98 ff. E. Badian, Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon, in: S. Hornblower (ed.), G…

(Καλλισθένης; Kallisthénēs). [German version] [1] Of Olynthus, Alexander historian, related to Aristotle Callisthenes of  Olynthus,  Alexander historian, son of a female cousin of  Aristotle [6], who raised him (Plut. Alexander 55,8) and whom he accompanied to  Assos, Macedonia and then perhaps to Athens. After the death of  Hermias [1] he wrote in praise of him (quoted by Didymus, In Demosthenem 5-6). Together with Aristotle he composed a list of Pythionikai ( Pythia) and agonothetai ( Agonothetes) of the Pythian Games for which the two were honoured in Delphi (Syll.3 275). The…

(Ἡγησίστρατος; Hēgēsístratos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Sigeum, around 530 BC Son of  Peisistratus and the Argive Timonassa (Hdt. 5,94; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 17,3). Installed as tyrant of Sigeum by his father around 530 BC, he defended the city as a colony of the Peisistratids against the Mytilenaeans (Hdt. loc. cit.).  Tyrannis Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography Davies 11793,VI (B) M. Stahl, Aristokraten und Tyrannen, 1987, 220f. Traill, PAA 481600. [German version] [2] Seer in the army of Mardonius, 5th cent. BC H. of Elis, son of Tellias. Fled from Spartan captivity an…

(Χαίρων; Chaírōn). [German version] [1] Mythical son of Apollo and Thero Mythical son of Apollo and Thero (in Plut. Sulla 17: Thuro); founder of the city named after him,  Chaeronea (Hes. Cat. fr. 252 M-W = Paus. 9,40,5f.; Hellanicus FGrH 379 F3). Plutarch names a son dead in childhood after him (Consolatio ad uxorem 5 p. 609d). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] Spartan polemarch, late 5th cent. BC Spartan polemarch who died in 403 BC in  Pausanias' assault on Piraeus. He was buried on the Cerameicus (Xen. Hell. 2,4,33; Lys. epit. 63). His grave has been p…

(Κράτερος, Κρατερός; Kráteros, Kraterós). [German version] [1] Son of Alexander of Orestis, commander under Alexander the Great Son of Alexander of Orestis. Under Alexander [4], he commanded a   táxis of the   pezétairoi at the  Granicus (334 BC), and near  Issus (333) and  Gaugamela (331), he commanded the entire regiment. C. held a leading command against the  Uxii and the Ariobarzanes [2], as he also did in the wars in  Hyrcania and Areia [1] after Darius' death [3]. He played an important role in the …

(Κλέανδρος; Kléandros). [German version] [1] C. of Gela Founded tyrannis in Gela in 505 BC Son of Pantares. C. founded c. 505 BC the tyrannis in  Gela and was assassinated after governing for seven years. C. created the preconditions for the rise of Gela under his brother and successor Hippocrates [4] (Hdt. 7,154; Aristot. Pol. 1316a 37f.). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography D. Asheri, in: CAH 42, 1988, 758 H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 137. [German version] [2] Spartan commander in Byzantium c. 400 BC Spartan commander ( harmostḗs) in Byzantium. After the Greek…

(Ἀριστόνους; Aristónous). [German version] [1] Founder of Acragas about 580 BC A. of Gela, one of the founders of Acragas about 580 BC (Thuc. 6,4,4). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [2] Brother-in-law of the tyrant  Gelon of Syracuse (1st half of 5th cent. BC) Brother-in-law of the tyrant  Gelon of Syracuse and one of the guardians of his son Timaeus (FGrH 566 F 21). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [3] Macedonian officer (died 315 BC) Served as a   somatophylax (after 328 BC?) under  Alexander [4] and was  trierarch of the Hydaspes f…

(Γλαυκίας; Glaukías). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Aegina Bronze sculptor from Aegina. According to Pausanias, he created statues of the boxers Glaucus, Philo and Theagenes in Olympia, whose victories or honours occurred in the 1st quarter of the 5th cent. BC. According to the description, they were depicted in motion, some of them at shadow-boxing; small bronze statues give at least an idea of this. He created a monument for Gelon of Syracuse after his chariot victory in 488 BC; parts of the base with inscriptions are preserved. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overb…

[German version] [1] Egyptian ruler of the 1st Dynasty From the 19th Dynasty on (13th cent. BC), the Egyptian king lists mention a king M. (Egyptuan Mnj; Manetho: Μήνης/ Mḗnēs) as the first ruler of the 1st Dynasty, and the authors of classical antiquity simply shaped his image into that of the founder par excellence. The construction of the residential city of Memphis and its temple (Hdt. 2,99; Jos. Ant. Iud. 8,155), the invention of writing (Plin. HN 7,56), the laying down of laws in writing (Diod. 1,94) and generally the…

[German version] [1] Dynast of Larisa, conqueror of Pharsalus 395 BC (Μήδιος/ Mḗdios in MSS; better Μήδειος/ Mḗdeios, in epigraphy). Dynast of Larisa [3], of the Aleuadae family, successor of Aristippus; in 395 BC he joined the newly formed anti-Spartan alliance in the fight against the tyrant Lycophron [2] of Pherae and captured Pharsalus, which housed a Spartan garrison (Diod. Sic. 14,82,5f.; cf. Aristot. Hist. an. 618b). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985, 191. [German version] [2] Hetairos of Alexander the Great and author of a work about him Son of Oxyth…

(Εὐρυδίκη; Eurydíkē). [German version] [1] Frequently occurring name of Greek heroines Frequently occurring name of Greek heroines, initially that of the wife of Aeneas in the  Cypria (Paus. 10,26,1; catalogue [1. 193]). The best-known is the wife of  Orpheus; the myth is told by  Vergilius (Georg. 4,453-527) and  Ovidius (Met. 10,1-147; 11,1-66) in the form that has since become canonical: E. died of a snakebite on the day of her marriage; through the power of his songs Orpheus was able to persuade the ru…

(Γλαυκίας). [English version] [1] Bronzebildner aus Aigina, Anf. 5. Jh. v. Chr. Bronzebildner aus Aigina. Laut Pausanias schuf er in Olympia Statuen der Faustkämpfer Glaukos, Philon und Theagenes, deren Siege bzw. Ehrungen im 1. Viertel des 5. Jh. v.Chr. erfolgten. Nach der Beschreibung waren sie bewegt, teils beim Schattenboxen wiedergegeben, wovon Kleinbronzen zumindest eine Vorstellung geben. Für Gelon von Syrakus schuf er nach dessen Wagensieg 488 v.Chr. ein Monument, von dem Teile der Basis mit Inschr. erh. sind. Neudecker, Richard (Rom) Bibliography Overbeck, Nr. 429-4…

(Κράτερος, Κρατερός). [English version] [1] Sohn des Alexandros aus Orestis, Offizier Alexandros' d. Gr. Sohn des Alexandros aus Orestis, befehligte unter Alexandros [4] am Granikos eine táxis der pezétairoi (334 v.Chr.) und bei Issos (333) und Gaugamela…

(Ἀριστόνους). [English version] [1] Gründer von Akragas ca. 580 v. Chr. A. von Gela, einer der Gründer von Akragas ca. 580 v. Chr. (Thuk. 6,4,4). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [English version] [2] Schwager des Tyrannen Gelon von Syrakus (1.H. 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Schwager des Tyrannen Gelon von Syrakus und einer der Vormünder seines Sohnes Timaios (FGrH 566 F 21). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [English version] [3] Maked. Offizier (gest. 315 v. Chr.) Diente als Somatophylax (seit 328 v. Chr.?) unter Alexandros [4] und war Trierarch der Hydaspesflotte; nach Alexandros' Tod Offizie…

(Τληπόλεμος/ Tlēpólemos, Doric Τλαπόλεμος/ Tlāpólemos). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and Astyochia Son of Heracles [1] and Astyochia. After the Heraclidae retreated from the Peloponnese, T. settled in Argos along with Licymnius [1] and killed him there in the midst of an argument (Diod. 4,58,5-8; in Tiryns: Pind. Ol. 7,20-38; unintentionally: Zenon of Rhodos FGrH 523 F 1). As a result, T. fled to Rhodos, where he followed the Doric tradition and "settled three times according to phyle " (Hom. Il. 2,668), that is, he created a new political fo…

[German version] [1] Kingdom of Peleus and Achilles (Φθία/ Phthía, Φθίη/ Phthíē). The kingdom of Peleus and Achilles [1], home of the Myrmidones (Hom. Il. 1,155; 2,683f.; 762-767; 19,323; Hom. Od. 11,496), extending over the valley of the Spercheius and the adjacent north shore of the Thermaios Kolpos (Str. 9,5,8). The Spercheius was regarded as the home river of Achilles (Hom. Il. 23,140-144) and Phthios as the son of Spercheus (schol. Hom. Il. 23,142). The Dolopes lived 'in the most remote part of P.' (H…

[German version] [1] Macedonian officer, Satrap of Babylonia (2nd half 4th cent. BC) Macedonian officer in the army of  Alexander [4], in 326 BC one of the triarchoi of the fleet on the  Hydaspes, prior to Alexander's death satrap of Babylonia, where he stayed on after the reorganization of Babylon (Diod. Sic. 18,3,3). Soon after, however,  Perdiccas sent  Docimus as his successor. A. was killed in the fight against him (Arr. succ. FGrH 156 F 10). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 103. [German version] [2] Achaean strategos (1st half of the 2nd cent. BC) Of Aegira, br…

(Μέντωρ; Méntōr). [German version] [1] Father of Imbrios of Pedaion Father of Imbrius of Pedaeum (Hom. Il. 13,171). Frey, Alexandra (Basle) [German version] [2] Son of Alkimos, companion of Odysseus M. of Ithaca, son of Alcimus (Hom. Od. 22,235), companion of Odysseus, who on his departure to Troy hands over to M. the supervision of his household (ibid. 2,225ff.). In the People's Assembly M. firmly opposes the behaviour of the suitors (ibid. 2,224ff.). The goddess Athena often takes on his form in order to help Telemachus wi…

(Κλείταρχος; Kleítarchos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Eretria 343/42-341 BC Tyrant of Eretria. Even as a banned exile C. unsuccessfully attempted in 349/8 BC to seize Eretria, e.g., with the help of Philip II against an Athenian army under Phocion (Aeschin. In Ctes. 86-88 with Schol. [1. 318, n. 2]). Philip's intervention in Euboea in 343 and 342 [1. 502f., 545-549] brought C. to power (Dem. Or. 8,36; 9,57f.; 18,71; 19,87). Phocion expelled him in 341 (Philochorus FGrH 328 F 160; Diod. Sic. 16,74,1).  Tyrannis Cobet, Justus (Essen) Bibliography 1 N. G. L. Hammond, G. T. Griffith,…

(Λυκίσκος; Lykískos). [German version] [1] Governor of Epirus, late 4th cent. BC Appointed governor of Epirus by Cassander in 316 BC after the Epirotes had banished their king Aeacides [2] and joined Cassander there. After the synoecism of the eastern Acarnanians, he was ordered to protect them against the Aetolians. Aeacides returned and caused Epirus to rebel against Cassander, whose brother Philipus vanquished and killed him. When Alcetas [3] continued Aeacides' policy, L. defeated him after ferociou…

(Ἱέρων; Hiérōn). [German version] [1] H. I. Tyrant of Syracuse around 500 BC from Gela,  Deinomenid, brother of Gelon [1], born c. 540/530 BC. Married first a daughter of Nicocles of Syracuse (before 485), then of Anaxilaus of Rhegium ( c. 480) and finally of Xenocrates, a brother of Theron of Acragas ( c. 475). He was many times a victor in horse and chariot races in Delphi (482, 478, 470) and Olympia (476, 472, 468) [1. 208ff.]. Entrusted with the rulership of Gela by Gelon in 485, he succeeded the latter in 478 as tyrant of Syracuse. H. operat…

(Πολυδάμας/ Polydámas, in Homer with metrical lengthening Πουλυδάμας/ Poulydámas). [German version] [1] Trojan Trojan, son of Panthous. On the basis of his experience P. possesses an understanding of the past and the future. As an astute and level-headed counsellor he represents the pessimistic alter ego of Hector, the town’s defender, who was born on the same day as P. Nevertheless, at the decisive moment P.’ sensible advice (retreat into the town) is not taken heed of. At this occasion, his character is (n…

(Ἰόλαος). [English version] [1] Neffe des Herakles Neffe des Herakles, Sohn von dessen Halbbruder Iphikles und der (schattenhaften) Automedusa. Er begleitet Herakles auf praktisch allen seinen Abenteuern (v.a. als Wagenlenker), wird der erste Olympionike (Bild in Olympia, Paus. 5,17,11), erhält von Herakles Megara zur Frau und tötet schließlich Eurystheus in Attika (Paus. 1,44,10, Grab), wozu er eigens für einen Tag verjüngt wurde (Eur. Heraclid. 843-863, vielleicht nach Aischyl. fr. 361); er starb in …

(Δήμαρχος). [English version] [1] Lykier, in Samos geehrt Sohn des Taron, Lykier, wegen seiner Verdienste um die Samier (zur Zeit ihrer Verbannung) und um Phila auf Samos mit Bürgerrecht und Ehrenvorrechten ausgezeichnet (Syll.3 333). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [English version] [2] Syrakusischer Stratege, um 400 v.Chr. Syrakusischer Stratege, der 411 v.Chr. als einer der Nachfolger des verbannten Hermokrates das Flottenkontingent der Syrakusier in der Ägäis kommandierte (Thuk. 8,85,3; Xen. hell. 1,1,29) und 405/4 von Dionysios I. als po…

(Νέαρχος). [English version] [1] att.-sf. Vasenmaler, um 560 v. Chr. Attischer sf. Vasenmaler und Töpfer der Hocharchaik, um 560 v.Chr. Sein Name erscheint auf acht Gefäßen, wobei eine Maler- und vier Töpfersignaturen gesichert sind. Die Bed. des N. beruht v.a. auf den Frg. des großen Kantharos von der Akropolis mit der Malersignatur (Athen, NM Akr. 611 und AP 67), auf dem Achilleus bei der Anschirrung seines Gespanns und die Waffenübergabe dargestellt sind. Durch die Wahl des Motivs der Anschirrung - hie…

(Ὀλυμπιάς). [English version] [1] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2], geb. um 375 v.Chr. Den Namen O. erhielt sie erst nach dem Olympischen Sieg des Philippos II. im J. 356 v.Chr. (vgl. Plut. mor. 401b). Sie heiratete Philippos 357 als seine fünfte Gemahlin (Athen. 13,557b) und gebar ihm Alexandros [4] d.Gr. (356) und Kleopatra [II 3]. Die Geburt eines Nachfolgers erhöhte O.' Stellung, doch ist polit. Einfluß nicht nachzuweisen. Nach Philippos' Eheschließung mit Kleopatra [II 2] flo…

(Μέμνων). [English version] [1] myth. König der Äthioper Mythischer König der Äthioper, Sohn des Tithonos und der Eos, Bruder des Emathion (Hes. theog. 984-5). Sein Eintreffen in Troia als Verbündeter der Troer nach dem Tod der Penthesileia, der erfolgreiche Zweikampf mit Antilochos, der Tod durch Achilleus und die ihm von Zeus auf Bitten der Eos verliehene Unsterblichkeit wurden, wie die Inhaltsangabe des Proklos (chrestomatheia 172) zeigt, in dem uns verlorenen kyklischen Epos Aithiopís dargestellt. Auf seinen Zweikampf mit Antilochos beziehen sich auch Hom. Od. 4…

(Ἡφαιστίων). [English version] [1] Heerführer unter Alexandros d.Gr., 4. Jh. v. Chr. H. aus Pella, Freund und wahrscheinlich Geliebter von Alexandros [4]. Ihr Verhältnis wurde schon früh dem von Patroklos und Achilleus [1] angeglichen und entsprechend ausgeschmückt. Ob er Jugendfreund des Alexandros war (Curt. 3,12,16), ist zweifelhaft, da er von Philippos II. 337 v.Chr. nicht verbannt wurde. Der dem Patroklos bei Troja dargebrachte Kranz und die in der Vulgata (Alexanderhistoriker) ausgemalte Szene der Ver…

(Μένων). [English version] [1] nach Demosthenes Träger des attischen Bürgerrechts M. aus Pharsalos wurde wegen Unterstützung der Athener beim Angriff auf Eion [1] am Strymon nach Demosthenes (or. 13,23) atéleia bzw. (or. 23,199) das attische Bürgerrecht verliehen [1. 20-23]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] mil. Funktionsträger unter dem jüngeren Kyros, ca. 400 v.Chr. M. aus Pharsalos, der wie seine Vorfahren in enger Beziehung zur thessal. Dyn. der Aleuadai stand (M. war erṓmenos, “Geliebter”, des Aristippos) und den väterliche Gastfreundschaft …

(Ἑκαταῖος). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Kardia, 4. Jh. v.Chr. Tyrann von Kardia, von Alexandros [4] im Amt belassen, obwohl sich Eumenes [1] um die Befreiung der Stadt bemühte (Plut. Eumenes 3). Im Lamischen Krieg unterstützte er Antipatros [1] (Diod. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [English version] [2] Berater von Alexandros [4] d.Gr., 4. Jh. v.Chr. Einer der Hetairoi von Alexandros [4], von ihm 336 v.Chr. mit der Kaltstellung von Attalos [1] beauftragt, den er ermordete (Diod. 17,2,5; 5,2). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, Nr. 292 (nicht mit N…

(Ἅγνων). [English version] [1] strategos in Athen, 5. Jh. v.Chr. Vater des Theramenes [1. 191], 440 v.Chr. stratēgós im Krieg Athens gegen das aufständische Samos (Thuk. 1,117,2). H. gründete 437/6 Amphipolis (Thuk. 4,102,3; 5,11,1). Zu Beginn des Peloponnesischen Krieges übte er 431/0 und 429/8 erneut das Strategenamt aus (Thuk. 2,58,1; 6,31,2; 2,95,3 [2. 117, 121]). Nach Plutarch (Perikles 32) zählte er zu den Gegnern des Perikles. Im April 421 unterzeichnete er neben anderen den Friedensvertrag (sog. Nikias-…

(Ἱππόστρατος). [English version] [1] Verführer der Periboia Sohn des Amarynkeus, verführte Periboia, Tochter des Hipponoos (Apollod. 1,74; Hes. fr. 12 M-W). Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) [English version] [2] Neffe von Attalos [1] Neffe von Attalos [1], Bruder von Kleopatra, wurde nach deren Tod von Alexandros [4] d. Gr. hingerichtet (vgl. Iust. 11,5,1). Mit anderen Männern dieses Namens nicht zu identifizieren. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, Nr. 390. [English version] [3] H. Soter Indogriech. König des 1. Jh. v. Chr. in Ghandhara (Pakistan) einer …

(Παρμενίων). [English version] [1] General unter Philippos [4] II. Sohn des Philotas aus Ober-Makedonia, geb. 400 v.Chr., unter Philippos [4] II. erfolgreicher General (vgl. Plut. mor. 177c); 346 am Friedensschluß mit Athen beteiligt (Demosth. or. 19,69; Philokrates [2]). Nach Philippos' Vermählung mit Kleopatra [II 2], der Nichte des Attalos [1], gab P. seine Tochter an ihn, befehligte mit ihm 336 die Truppen in Asien und ließ ihn dann auf Alexandros' [4] d.Gr. Befehl ermorden (Curt. 7,1,3). So veranker…

[English version] [1] Iudas A. I., Hoherpriester 104-103 v. Chr. Iudas A. I., Sohn und Nachfolger des Iohannes Hyrkanos, Hohepriester 104-103 v. Chr., ließ zur Sicherung seiner Herrschaft seine Mutter und seine Brüder einkerkern bzw. töten. Dies und seine philhell. Neigungen bestimmen sein negatives Bild in der jüd. Überlieferung. Die Behauptung des Iosephos, er habe den Königstitel angenommen, wird durch (seltene) Münzen mit der hebr. Legende: ›Iudas der Hohepriester und der Ältestenrat der Juden‹ in Fra…

(Ὀλυμπιάς; Olympiás). [German version] [1] Daughter of Neoptolemus Daughter of Neoptolemus [2], born in about 375 BC. She was not given the name O. until after the Olympic victory of Philippus II in 356 BC (cf. Plut. Mor. 401b). She married Philip in 357 as his fifth wife (Ath. 13,557b) and bore him Alexander [4] the Great (356) and Cleopatra [II 3]. The birth of a successor elevated O.'s status, but there is no evidence of any political influence. After Philip's marriage to Cleopatra [II 2] she fled to…

(Ἰόλαος; Iólaos). [German version] [1] Nephew of Heracles Nephew of  Heracles, son of the latter's half-brother  Iphicles and the (shadowy) Automedusa. He accompanies Heracles on practically all his adventures (mainly as chariot driver), becomes the first Olympic champion (image in Olympia, Paus. 5,17,11), receives  Megara as wife from Heracles and finally kills  Eurystheus in Attica (Paus. 1,44,10, grave), for which he was specially rejuvenated for one day (Eur. Heracl. 843-863, perhaps following Aesch…

(Θόας/ Thóas). [German version] [1] Mythical ruler of Lemnos Mythical ruler of Lemnos (Hom. Il. 14,230; 23,745), son of Dionysus and Ariadne, brother of Oenopion and Staphylus [1] (Apollod. Epit. 1,9). Through his daughter Hypsipyle (Ov. Ep. 6,114), T. is connected with the legend of the Argonauts, because she saved him from the murder of the men by the Lemnian women (Apollod. 1,114 f.); nevertheless, he was killed later (ibid. 3,65) or, according to another version, escaped to Oinoie (= Sicinos) or Chio…

(Ξενόφιλος/ Xenóphilos). [German version] [1] Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC, victorious once at the Lenaia [1. test. 2] and possibly also once at the Dionysia [1. test. 1]; neither play titles nor fragments survive. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 803. [German version] [2] X. of Chalcidice Pythagorean and music theorist, c. 400 BC Pupil of Philolaus [2] (Diog. Laert. 8,46) and one of the last of the Pythagoreans (Iambl. v.P. 251; cf. Pythagoras [2]). X. was thought remarkable in Antiquity prim…

(Ἡφαιστίων; Hēphaistíōn). [German version] [1] Commander under Alexander the Great, 4th cent. BC H. of Pella, friend and probably lover of  Alexander [4]. Their relationship was soon likened to that of  Patroclus and  Achilles [1] and correspondingly embellished. It is doubtful whether he was a childhood friend of Alexander (Curt. 3,12,16), as he was not banished by  Philippus II in 337 BC. The wreath offered to Patroclus at Troy and the scene described in the vulgate version ( Alexander historians) of the c…

(Παρμενίων/ Parmeníōn). [German version] [1] General under Philippus [4] II Son of Philotas from Upper Macedonia, born in 400 BC, successful general under Philippus[4] II (cf. Plut. Mor. 177c); involved in 346 in the peace treaty with Athens (Dem. Or. 19,69; Philocrates [2]). After Philippus' marriage to Cleopatra [II 2], the niece of Attalus [1], P. gave him his daughter, shared with him command of the troops in Asia in 336 and then had him killed at the command of Alexander [4] the Great (Curt. 7,1,3). Thus he established his Hausmacht. Under Alexander he was the leader of the w…

(Ἀριστόβουλος; Aristóboulos). [German version] [1] Judas A. I., High Priest 104-103 BC Judas A. I, son and successor of John  Hyrcanus, High Priest in 104-103 BC, had his mother and brother incarcerated or killed to secure his rule. This and his philhellenic leanings determined his negative image in Jewish tradition. The claim of Josephus that he took on the title of king is thrown into doubt by (rare) coins with the Hebrew legend: ‘Judas the High Priest and the Council of Elders of the Jews’. During his ca…

(Μέμνων; Mémnon). [German version] [1] Mythical King of the Ethiopians Mythical King of the Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Eos, brother of Emathion (Hes. Theog. 984-5). His entry into Troy as an ally of the Trojans after the death of Penthesilea, his successful single combat with Antilochus, his death at the hands of Achilles and the immortality conferred upon him by Zeus at the behest of Eos were, as the summary of Proclus (Chrestomathia 172) shows, depicted in the lost Cyclic epic Aithiopís . Hom. Od. 4,187-8 and Pind. P. 6,28-39 also refer to his single combat with Antiloc…

(Μένων; Ménōn). [German version] [1] Recipient of Athenian citizenship according to Demosthenes For his support for the Athenians in their attack on Eion [1] on the Strymon, M. of Pharsalus was, according to Demosthenes (Or. 13,23), awarded atéleia or (Or. 23,199) Athenian citizenship [1. 20-23]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Military official under Cyrus the younger, ca. 400 BC M. of Pharsalus, was, like his ancestors, closely connected to the Thessalian dynasty of the Aleuadai (M. was the erṓmenos, ‘beloved’, of Aristippus) and bound by paternal hosp…

(Ἅγνων; Hágnōn). [German version] [1] Strategos in Athens, 5th cent. BC Father of Theramenes [1. 191], in 440 BC stratēgós in the war of Athens against rebellious Samos (Thuc. 1,117,2). H. founded Amphipolis in 437/6 (Thuc. 4,102,3; 5,11,1). At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War he held the office of strategos again in 431/0 and 429/8 (Thuc. 2,58,1; 6,31,2; 2,95,3 [2. 117, 121]). According to Plutarch (Pericles 32) he was one of the opponents of  Pericles. In April 421 he signed, among other things, the peace treaty (Peace of Nicias) betwe…

(Διονυσόδωρος). [English version] [1] Taxiarch des Theramenes um 400 v. Chr. Taxiarch des Theramenes, wurde von Agoratos an die Dreißig verraten (Lys. or. 13,30; 39-42). Diesen verklagte 399/98 v.Chr. der Bruder und Schwager des D., Dionysios, der Sprecher der 13. Rede des Lysias. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [English version] [2] Thebaner und olympischer Sieger, Gesandter und Teilnehmer an Schlacht von Issos Thebaner und olympischer Sieger. Als Gesandter zu Dareios [3] geschickt und mit anderen griech. Gesandten nach der Schlacht von Issos von Parmenion i…

(Ἑκαταῖος; Hekataîos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Cardia, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of  Cardia, kept in office by  Alexander [4] although  Eumenes [1] made an effort to free the city (Plut. Eumenes 3). In the Lamian War, he supported  Antipater [1] (Diod. Sic. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Henchman of Alexander [4] the Gr., 4th cent. BC One of the  hetairoi of Alexander [4], entrusted by him in 336 BC with the removal of  Attalus [1], whom he murdered (Diod. Sic. 17,2,5; 5,2). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 292 (not identical with …

(Ἱππόστρατος; Hippóstratos). [German version] [1] Seducer of Periboea Son of Amarynceus who seduced  Periboea, daughter of Hipponous (Apollod. 1,74; Hes. fr. 12 M-W). Schulte-Altedorneburg, Jörg (Marburg) [German version] [2] Nephew of Attalus [1] Nephew of  Attalus [1], brother of  Cleopatra, after whose death he was executed by  Alexander [4] the Great (cf. Iust. 11,5,1); not to be identified with other men by the same name. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 390. [German version] [3] H. Soter Indo-Greek king in Gandhara in the 1st cent. BC One of the later I…

(Νέαρχος; Néarchos). [German version] [1] Attic Black-Figure vase painter, c. 560 BC Attic black-figure vase painter and potter of the high Archaic Period, c. 560 BC. His name appears on eight vessels; of these one painter's and four potter's signatures are certainly his. N.'s importance is based primarily on the fragment of the great kantharos from the Acropolis with the painter's signature (Athens, NM Acr. 611 and AP 67), depicting Achilles harnessing his team of horses and the handover of weapons. By choosing the motif of harnessing - here for t…

(Ἡρακλῆς; Hēraklês). [German version] [1] Greek hero The most prominent Greek hero ( Hero cult) in myth and cult. In his myths, which have not resulted in any outstanding work of poetry that is focussed on him, he is connected especially to Thebes, Argos and the countryside around Trachis; in the cult he is honoured almost panhellenically, without any place being able to display a hero's grave. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) I. Cult and Myth [German version] A. Name His name was connected with  Hera's already in antiquity: it follows the customary formation of Greek anthropo…

(Θεσσαλονίκη/ Thessaloníkē). [German version] [1] City in Thessalia This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Caesar | Christianity | | Coloniae | Diadochi and Epigoni | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Limes | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome (Latin Thessalonica, -nice; today also T.) Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) [German version] I. Location, Classical Period City on the Thermaic Gulf (Thermaios Kolpos) with a favourable natural harbour and best connections with the hin…