Search

, the new capital of Pakistan [ q.v.], was set up in 1960 on the recommendation of a special commission, headed by General Yaḥyā Ḵh̲ān, then (1971) president of Pakistan. Situated between 33° 19′ and 33° 50′ N. and 72° 34′ and 72° 23′ E., ¶ some 8 miles from Rawalpindi, the general headquarters of the Pakistan army, the site elected “answers all questions relating to climate, landscape, communication, defence...”. Off the road to Murree, a nearby hill station, and spreading over an area of 351 sq. miles, consisting mostly of natural terraces, rising from 1700 to 2000 ft. above sea level, it is divided into 40 sectors, each measuring 800 acres, reserved for residential purposes. The climate is extreme, the temperature reaching 115° F in summer and dropping down to 27° F in winter. Rainfall is plentiful, but the area around is mostly arid and the town depends on supplies of fruit and vegetables from the plains. Construction work, started in 1961 under the Capital Development Authority, a statutory body, still continues and will take many more years to complete. In early 1970, 8,000 houses of various types had been constructed, accornodating more than 60,000 people, mostly govemment officiais and their families. Schools and colleges, markets and shopping centres, hospitals and dispensaries, post and telegraph offices, cinémas, hôtels and restaurants, public parks and other civic amenities have been provided. The Islāmābād University, meant for advanced post-graduate studies in science and technology, has started f une tioning. A grand mosque, designed by a Turkish architect, will be built at the foot of the Margalla hills, the backdrop of Islāmābād, out of the funds provided by Saudi Arabia. The court-yard and t…

, Sayyid Muḥammad al-Kāẓimī al-Ḥusaynī b. Sayyid K̲h̲ān alias Bad́d́h Uwaysī (cf. Āʾīn-i Akbarī , Bibl. Ind., ii, 241) and …

…

, a Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a-sarāʾī (eunuch) who ultimately rose to the high office of a provincial governor under the emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. Originally in the service of a grandee of Akbar’s court, on his death he joined the service of the Great Mogul who appointed him nāẓir (comptroller) of the household of Prince Salīm (later Ḏj̲ahāngīr) on his birth in 977/1569. He served the prince well and soon after his accession to the throne Salīm rewarded him by assigning to him the district of Gwāliyār as his …

, mīr muḥammad amīn b. sayyid muḥammad naṣīr al-mūsawī , was a na…

, “son-in-law”, an honorific title given to mīr muḥammad bāḳir b. s̲h̲ams al-dīn muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-astarābadī , Called also al-Muʿallim al-T̲h̲ālit̲h̲ , the “third teacher” in philosophy ¶ after al-Fārābī. This title properly belongs to his father who was the son-in-law of the famous S̲h̲īʿī theologian ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-ʿĀlī al-Karakī, called al-Muḥaḳḳiḳ al-T̲h̲ānī (Brockelmann, S II, 574), but it was extended to the son, who is more correctly called Dāmādī or Ibn al-Dāmād. Born at Astarābād, Mīr-i Dāmād spent h…

, ṣadr al-dīn ḵh̲ān b. luṭf allāh , Indian writer of Kas̲h̲mīrī extraction, was born in Delhi in 1204/1789. He learnt the traditional sciences from S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir [ qq.v.] and the rational sciences from Faḍl-i Imām of Ḵh̲ayrābād, whom he succeeded in 1243/ 1827 as the last grand muftī and ṣadr al-ṣudūr of Imperial Delhi. In addition to his proficiency in various branches of knowledge he was a great authority on the Urdū language, and celebrated poets like G̲h̲ālib and Muʾmin often invited his opini…

, town and headquarters of the district of the same name in West Pakistan, situated in 33° 0′ N. and 70° 36′ E. Population in 1951 was 27, 516 for the town and 307,393 (district). The present town was founded by Lt. Edwardes Herberts in 1848 on a strategic site and named Edwardesābād. The name, however, did not become popular and soon fell into disuse, giving place to Bannū, the old name of the valley derived from the Bannʿučīs, an Afg̲h̲ān tribe of mixed descent. The valley, strewn with ruins of great antiquity, was, according t…

, the talented and accomplished daughter of the emperor Bābur [ q.v.] by one of his wives, Dildār Bēgam, who was a lineal descendant of the Central Asian ṣūfī Aḥmadi-Ḏj̲ām Zinda-Pīl , was born c. 929/1523 in Ḵh̲urāsān (Kabul?), two years before her father set out from Kabul on his last but …

, title of Mīrzā G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Muḥammad Teherānī, commonly known as G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ Bēg, son of Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad S̲h̲arif, onetime minister to the Ṣafawid S̲h̲āh Ṭahmāsp [ q.v.], father of Nūr D̲j̲ahān, wife of D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. Both his father and an uncle Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Aḥmad, father of the historian Amīn-i Rāzī, author of Haft Iḳlīm , held high offices of state under Ṭahmāsp. After the death of his father in 984/1576-7 he, for reasons not precisely known, left for India to seek his fortune. It is, however, clear that he …

(or īs̲h̲war-dās ), one of the two Hindu historians of the reign of Awrangzīb [ q.v.], was a Nāgarā Brahman of Pat́an (Nahrawālā or Anhalwaŕa [ q.v.] of Muslim historians). Born in 1066/1655 he seems to have received a good education in Persian language and belles-lettres at his native town. Up to 1096/1684 he was employed, most probably, as letter writer and scribe, with the ḳāḍī , S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām b. ḳāḍī ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, who was Ḳāḍī al-las̲h̲kar from 1086/1675 to 1096/1683. On account of certain differences with the Emperor Awrangzīb, S̲h̲ayk…

, town in East Pand̲j̲āb, India, situated 30° 21′ N and 76° 52′ E, 125 miles from Delhi on the way to Sirhind. The town consists of the old town and the cantonments, four miles away. The population in 1951 was 146,728. Though the neighbourhood of Ambāla played an important role in early Indian history, the town itself is first mentioned in the …

, formerly a princely state in India, now a part of the Indian Union, lying between 25° 41′ and 28° 34′ N. and 74° 13′ E., with an area of 15,579 sq. miles and a population of 1,650,000 in 1951. The ruling dynasty claimed descent from a son of Rāma, the legendary king of Ayōdhyā and the hero of the Sanskrit epic Rāmāyaṇa by Valmīki, in spite of the fact that the ex-ruler was also the head of the Kačhwāha clan of Rād̲j̲pūts. The fi…

(also known as Mīrza S̲h̲āh Ḥasan ) b. S̲h̲āh Bēg Arg̲h̲ūn, the founder of the Arg̲h̲ūn dynasty of Sind, was born in 896/1490 most probably at Ḳandahār which was then held by his father. On Bābur’s occupation of Ḳandahār in 913/1507 S̲h̲āh Bēg c…

, the name given by the emperor Awrangzīb [ q.v.] to several towns in India, for reasons not precisely known. All these towns were already included in the Mug̲h̲al territories and were not freshly conquered from the Hindus to provide an excuse for their rechristening. Of these Čittāgong [ q.v.], now in E. Pakistan, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, is still known occasionally in religious circles as Islāmābād, the official name remaining the original Čittāgong. Mathurā, on the river Yamunā, known for its numerous temples and Hindu shrines, was…

, formerly a princely State in India, now forming a part of Rād̲j̲astʿhān, lying between 26° 43′ and 27° 50′ N. and 76° 53′ and 77° 46′ E. with an area of 1,982 sq. miles. The chief city is Bharatpūr, situated in 27° 13′ N. and 77° 30′ E., 34 miles from Agra, with a population of 37,321 in 1951. Paharsar, 14 miles from Bharatpūr, was first conquere…

, a Kas̲h̲mīrī of obscure origin, whose name was Muḥammad Murād, was originally in the service of Bahādur S̲h̲āh I ( reg . 1119/1707-1124/1712), enjoying a rank of 1,000 and the title of Wakālat Ḵh̲ān. On the accession to the throne of the ill-starred Farruk̲h̲siyar [ q.v.] in 1125/1713 his name was included among those listed for execution but on the intercession of the (Bārha) Sayyid…

, muḥammad ẓahīr al-dīn mīrzā ʿalī bak̲h̲t bahādur gūrgānī , a lineal descendant of Awrangzīb and a grandson of ʿIffat Ārāʾ Begum (daughter of Muḥammad Muʿizz al-Dīn Pāds̲h̲āh (i.e. Ḏj̲ahāndār S̲h̲āh), son of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam (Bahādur S̲h̲āh I), was born in the Red Fort at Delhi in 1172/1758 and educated within the fort. Like other princes of the line of Tīmūr, …

, founder of the kingdom of Mālwa [ q.v.], whose real name was Ḥasan (Firis̲h̲ta, Nawalkishore ed., ii, 234); or Ḥusayn (Firis̲h̲ta, Briggs’s tr., iv, 170; so also Yazdani, op. cit. below); or ʿAmīd S̲h̲ah Dāwūd ( Tūzuk-i Ḏj̲ahāngīrī . tr. Rogers and Beveridge, ii, 407, based on the inscriptions of the D̲j̲āmiʿ masd̲j̲id (= Lāt́ masd̲j̲id) in Dhār, cf. Zafar Hasan, Inscriptions of Dhār and Mānḍū , in EIM, 1909-10, 11-2 and Plates III and IV). He was believed to be a lineal descendant of ¶ Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sām, S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn G̲h̲ūrī, and this belie…

, headquarters of a taḥṣīl of the same name in the Gūd̲j̲rāńwāla [ q.v.] district of West ¶ Pakistan, lying between 31° 45′ and 32° 20′ N. and 73° 10′ and 73° 50′ E. on the east bank of the river Čenāb, with an area of 894 sq. miles. It is 33 miles by road from Gūd̲j̲rāńwāla with a population (1961) of 34,576. It is an ancient town and was of considerable importance during Mug̲h̲al times, as it finds mention in the Āʾīn-i Akbarī , where it is described as the seat of a maḥāll . Its importance declined with the rise of Gūd̲j̲rāńwāla, which lies on the main rail-road t…

, town in Madhyā Pradēs̲h̲ (India) situated in 21° 18′ N. and 76° 14′ E., along the north bank of the Tāptī, with bathing-steps ( ghāts ) on the river-side and a solid masonry wall, pierced by a number of massive gates and wickets, on all the other sides. This wall was constructed by Niẓām al-Mulk Āṣaf D̲j̲āh I [ q.v.] in 1141/1728, during his governorship of Burhānpūr. The population in 1951 was 70,066. While the walled town occupies an area of 2½ sq. miles, numerous remains outside show that the suburbs, which now comprise ʿĀdilpūra, must have been very extensive. This town, which was of grea…

, a favourite eunuch, confidant and personal attendant of Awrangzīb [ q.v.] who entered his service in 1065/1654 while the latter was still a prince. In 1080/1669 he was appointed Dārōg̲hā-i Ḵh̲awāṣṣān . He died after a short illness at Aḥmadnagar on 15 Rabīʿ I, 1096/168 5 after faithfully serving Awrangzīb for 30 years. His death was personally mourned by the Emperor who led the funeral prayers and carried the bier for some paces. His dead body wa brought to Delhi where he was buried in a tomb that he had built for himself in…

, town and head-quarters of the district of the same name in East Pakistan, situated in 24° 51′ N. and 89° 23′ E. on the west bank of the Karātōyā. Population, (1951) was 12,80,581 for the district and 25,303 for the town. The town is predominantly ¶ Muslim; even before the partition of the sub-continent in 1947 it had the largest number of Muslims in the whole of Bengal. They are mostly couverts from the Kōč or Rād̲j̲bansīs of the northern areas although there are some Pathāns and Sayyids also. The district and the town are both liable to …

, the fourth Mug̲h̲al emperor of India in the line of Bābur [ q.v.], the first surviving child of Akbar, others born earlier having all died in infancy, was born on 17 Rabīʿ I 977/31 August 1569 of a Rād̲j̲pūt queen, called Miryam al-Zamānī, at (Fatḥpur) Sīkrī, near Āgrā, in the hermitage of a recluse S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Salīm Čis̲h̲tī, to whose intercession the birth of a son was attributed. The young prince was named Salīm after the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ but Akbar always called him S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ū Bābā, scrupulously avoiding the …

, formerly a small feudatory princely state in the Pand̲j̲āb, now merged with the Fīrūzpur Division of the Indian Pand̲j̲āb, and lying between 30° 13′ and 30° 50′ N. and 74° 31′ and 75° 5′ E. with an area of 642 sq. miles. Both the State and the principal town of the same name are unimportant. The town, lying in 30° 40′ N. and 74° 49′ E., 20 miles south of Fīrūzpur [ q.v.], has a fort built by Rād̲j̲a Mokulsī, a native Rād̲j̲pūt chief, in the time of Farīd al-Dīn Gand̲j̲-S̲h̲akar [ q.v.], popularly known as Bāwā (Bābā) Farīd, after whom the fort was named Farīdkōt́ ( kōt́ = fort)…

mir ʿalī s̲h̲er , historian of Sind, son of ʿIzzat Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-S̲h̲īrāzī, was born in T́hat́t́a, the capital of Sind in the Mug̲h̲al and pre-Mug̲h̲al period, in 1440/1727 and died there in 1203/1788. His grave still exists on the nearby Maklī hills. He received his education from local scholars, some of whom are mentioned in his Maḳālāt-al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ (Karachi 1957, 114, 150, 339, 359, 817). In 1175/1761 he was commissioned by the Kalhōfa ruler of Sind, G̲h̲ulām S̲h̲āh ʿAbbāsī (1170-86/1757-72), to write a Persian history of the ruling dynasty on the lines of the S̲h̲āhnāma …

al-Muhād̲j̲ir al-Hindī al-Makkī b. Muḥammad Amīn al-Fārūḳī , the spiritual guide and preceptor of a number of leading religious personalities of India (including Muḥammad Ḳāsim al-Nānawtawī, founder of the Dār al-ʿUlūm at Deōband [ q.v.], Ras̲h̲īd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī of Gańgōh (d. 1323/1905), a well-known muḥaddit̲h̲ , faḳīh , divine and scholar of his days and As̲h̲raf ʿAlī Thānawī [ q.v.]), was born at Nānawta (dist. Sahāranpūr, India) in 1231/1815. A ḥāfiẓ of the Ḳurʾān, he was moderately well educated in Persian, Arabic grammar and syntax and…

, Muḥammad , the only son of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-G̲h̲ānī, youngest son of S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī [ q.v.], was born at Phulat (dist. Muẓaffarnagar, India) on 12 Rabīʿ II 1193/29 April 1779. His father having died in Rad̲j̲ab 1203/April 1789, when he was only ten years old, he was adopted by his uncle S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Ḳādir [ q.v.], the first Urdu translator of the Ḳurʾān, who had no male issue and who later married his grand-daughter Kult̲h̲ūm to him. Educated by ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, he also drew upon the vast learning of his uncles S̲h̲āh Rafīʿ al-Dīn, anothe…

, non-Ḳurʾānic term which is used to mean on the one hand the duty of every Muslim to “promote good and forbid evil” and, on the other, the function of the person who is effectively entrusted in a town with the application of this rule in the supervision of moral behaviour and more particularly of the markets; this person entrusted with the ḥisba was called the muḥtasib . There seems to exist ¶ no text which states explicitly either the reason for the choice of this term or how the meanings mentioned above have arisen from the idea of “calculation” or “sufficiency” which is expressed by the root. i.—G…

( Čitrāl ), a princely state and a federated unit of the Republic of Pakistan, situated between 35° 15′ and 37° 8′ N. and 71° 22′ and 74° 6′ E. with an area of about 4,500 sq. miles, and a population of 105,000 in 1951, contiguous to Soviet Russia, Afg̲h̲ānistān and the Peoples’ Republic of China. The state takes its name from the capital city, Čitrāl, also known as Ḳās̲h̲ḳār or Čitrār, two ancient names still in favour with the people who call themselves Ḳās̲h̲ḳārīs. The origin of Ḳās̲h̲ḳār is not known; the theory that it is composed of Ḳās̲h̲ —a demon and g̲h̲ār —a cave mu…

the central Indo-Aryan (Hindī and Urdū) form corresponding to the north-west Indo-Aryan (Pand̲j̲ābī, Lahndā) D̲j̲aťť, a tribe of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent found particularly in the Pand̲j̲āb, Sind, Rād̲j̲āsthān and western Uttar Pradēs̲h̲. The name is of post-Sanskritic Indian origin (Middle Indo-Aryan * d̲j̲at́t́a ), and the form with short vowel is employed by the Persian translator of the Čač-nāma (compiled 613/1216), the author of the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Sind ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Maʿṣūmī ) and S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī [ q.v.] in his Persian letters. For the Arabicized form Zuṭṭ [ q.…

, muʿizz al-din abū ʿabd allāh ādam b. s. ismāʿīl , one of the premier Ḵh̲ulafāʾ of Aḥmad Sirhindī [ q.v.], was a native of Banūr [ q.v.]. He claimed descent from Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim [ q.v.], but it was disputed on the ground that his grandmother belonged to the Mashwānī tribe of the Afg̲h̲āns and he too lived and dressed after the fashion of the Afg̲h̲āns. His nasab was again questioned when in 1052/1642 he was in Lahore accompanied by 10,000 of his disciples, mostly Afg̲h̲āns, by ʿAllāmī Saʿd Allāh Ḵh̲ān Chinyōtī, the chief Minister of Shāhd̲j̲ahān, and by ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm al-Siyālkōtī [ q.v.], who …

(Sind), a town in the former province of Sind (West Pakistan) situated between 25° 23′ N. and 68° 20′ E. and covering an area of 36 sq. miles, is the third largest city in West Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore, pop. (1961) 434,537 (of which the Muslims numbered 422,786). Built on the site of the ancient Nīrūńkot́, which fell to the arms of Muḥammad b. Ḳāsim al-T̲h̲akafī at the time of the first Muslim conquest of Sind in the 2nd/8th century, the town …

, Urdu poet, born c. 1156/1743, was the youngest son of Mīrzā ʿĀrif D̲j̲ān, the younger brother of S̲h̲araf al-Dawla Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, a grandee of the empire during the vizierate of D̲h̲u ’l-Faḳār al-Dawla Nad̲j̲af K̲h̲ān (a street in old Delhi, Galī Ḳāsim D̲j̲ān, is still named after S̲h̲araf al-Dawla; in it once resided many famous men, such as the Urdu-Persian poet G̲h̲ālib [ q.v.], S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn, the spiritual guide of the last Mughal emperor Bahādur S̲h̲āh “Zafar” [ q.v.], and the physician Raʾīs al-Aṭibbāʾ Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf K̲h̲ān, great-grandfather of S̲h̲if…

was the last of the Lōdī Sultans of Delhi, who was defeated and slain on the battlefield by Bābur [ q.v.] in the historic first battle of Pānīpat in 932/1526. His death opens a new chapter in the annals of India as it marks the end of the Dihlī Sultanate [ q.v.] and the beginning of the Mog̲h̲ul rule which was to last for more than four centuries. The eldest son of Sikandar Lōdī ( reg . 894/1489-923/1517) he succeeded to the throne on 8 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 923/22 November 1517, one day after his father’s death. Since he was distrustful and ungenerous, t…

, b. Mathurādās , a Kańbōh [ q.v.] of Multān, known chiefly for his collection of letters ( ins̲h̲āʾ ), entitled Irs̲h̲ād al-ṭālibīn but popularly called Ins̲h̲āʾi Harkarn . Nothing is known about his early life or the teachers from whom he learnt Persian, the court language of the day. He was employed for some time as a secretary ( muns̲h̲ī ) by Iʿtibār K̲h̲ān k̲h̲wād̲j̲a-sarāy , most probably a Hindu convert to Islam and an influential eunuch, who was from very early years a confidant and retainer of the Mug̲h̲al emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. It is not exactly known when Harkarn entered…

, formerly a princely State in India, lying between 22° 29′ and 23° 54′ N. and 76° 28′ and 78° 51′ E. with an area of 6,878 sq. miles, with a population of 838,474 in 1951. It was the second most important Muslim State, next to Ḥaydarābād [ q.v]. Bhōpāl was founded by a military adventurer, Dōst Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān, a native of Tīrāh (in the tribal area of present-day Pakistan) who belonged to the Mirzaʾī Ḵh̲ēl tribe of the Āfrīdī Pathans. In 1120/1708 he went to Delhi, at the age of 34, in search of employment, and succeeded in obtaining from Bahādur S̲h̲āh I [ q.v.], emperor of Delhi, the lease of Bērāsia par…

, a collection of poetry or prose [see ʿarabiyya ; persian literature ; turkish literature ; urdū literature and s̲h̲iʿr ], a register, or an office. Sources differ about linguistic roots. Some ascribe to it a Persian origin from dev , ‘mad’ or ‘devil’, to describe secretaries. Others consider it Arabic from dawwana , to collect or to register, thus meaning a collection of records or sheets. (See Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī, Ṣubḥ , i, 90; LA, xvii, 23-4; Ṣūlī, Adab al-kuttāb , 187; Māwardī, al-Aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya , 175; D̲j̲ahs̲h̲iyārī, Wuzarāʾ , ¶ 16-17; cf. Balād̲h̲urī, Futūḥ ,…

b. S. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm was born in 688/1289 at al-Simnān (Ḵh̲urāsān), the principality of his father. His mother, Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a, was a grand-daughter of Aḥmad Yasawī [ q.v.]. A ḥāfiẓ of the Ḳurʾān, with its seven readings, he completed his education at the age of 14. His love for mysticism took him to ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla al-Simnānī [ q.v.], a leading ṣūfī of his days, whose company he frequented. Succeeding his father, on the latter’s death in 705/1305-6, to the principality he soon abdicated in favour of his brother Muḥammad and set out …

, b. Ēlam K̲h̲ān , the greatest of the so-called Slave kings who laid the foundations of Muslim rule in India, came of the Ilberī (or Alprī) branch of the Karāk̲h̲itā’i Turks. The third sultan of the Slave dynasty and the founder of the S̲h̲amsiyya line of rulers, he ascended the throne of Delhi in 607/1211 after defeating Ārām S̲h̲āh, son and successor of his master Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Aybak [ q.v.], who had purchased him as a slave in Delhi. Nothing in detail is known about his early life except that he spent a part of it in slavery at G̲h̲azna, Buk̲h̲ārā and Bag̲h̲dād.…

, ḵh̲ān-i ḵh̲ānān ( Amīr al-Umarāʾ ), affectionately and respectfully addressed by the emperor Akbar [ q.v.] as Ḵh̲ān Bābā or Bābā-am [(My) Good Old Man!] during the latter’s minority, was a Turkoman of the Bahārlū tribe, a branch of the Ḳarā Ḳoyūnlū, who played a leading rôle in Diyār Bakr after the death of Malik S̲h̲āh Sald̲j̲ūḳī [ q.v.]. ʿAlī S̲h̲ukr Bēg, one of the ancestors of Bayram Ḵh̲ān, whose sons served Abū Saʿīd Mirzā, and after his defeat by Uzun Ḥasan in 837/1433-4, Maḥmud Mīrzā, his son ( Babur-nama , transl. A. S. Beveridge, i, 49), held large est…

, mak̲h̲laṣ of the famous Urdu poet, one of the most remarkable figures in Urdu literature, Ins̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān . The eldest son of Mīr Mās̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān “Maṣdar” al-D̲j̲aʿfarī al-Nad̲j̲afī, he was born between 1756 and 1758 at Murs̲h̲idābād [ q.v.], where the family had settled after its migration from ʿIrāḳ, the grandfather of Ins̲h̲āʾ, S̲h̲āh Nūr Allāh al-Nad̲j̲afī having also been born in this town. Mās̲h̲āʾ Allāh K̲h̲ān had established himself as a physician and became one of the courtiers of the last independent Muslim ruler of Bengal, Nawwāb Sirād̲j̲ al-Dawla [ q.v.]; on the…

( Gud̲j̲d̲j̲ar , Gurd̲j̲d̲j̲ar ), name of an ancient tribe, wide-spread in many parts of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, akin to the Rād̲j̲pūts, the Ḏj̲āt́s [ q.v.], and the Ahīrs, who are claimed by Gud̲j̲d̲j̲ar historians as off-shoots of the main stock. Both Western and native writers agree that the tribe migrated to the plains of Hindustan from Central Asia sometime in the middle of the 5th century A.D. Tall, handsome, wirily-built, and of a fair complexion, they are believed to be descendants of either the Scythian…

, the Nagarkot́ of Muslim historians of India, occasionally referred to as Kōt Kāńŕgā, is also the headquarters of the taḥṣīl of the same name in the Indian Pand̲j̲āb. Kāńgŕā lies between 30° 5′ N. and 76° 16′ E. on the northern slope of the ¶ low mountain ranges which run through the district, facing Dharamsālā, a fine hill resort in summer, and commands a view of the verdant Kāńigŕā valley below. The pre-Mug̲h̲al history of the town is not definitely known. It was, however, a stronghold of the Katōč Rād̲j̲pūt rād̲j̲ās who held sway over the entire valley and one o…

, one of the four pillars of Urdū literature and one of the greatest of Urdū poets, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr (with the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Dard) b. K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad Nāṣir “ʿAndalīb” al-Ḥusaynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī al-Dihlawī, claimed descent from K̲h̲wādia Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naḳs̲h̲band and in the 25th step from the Imām Haṣan al-ʿAskarī [ q.v.]. Born in 1133/1720-21 in the decadent Imperial Dihlī, Dard received his education at home, mostly from his father, a very well-read man and the author of Nāla-i ʿAndalīb , a voluminous Persian allegory dealing with metaphysical and a…

, an industrial town of West Pakistan and headquarters of the district of the same name, situated in 32° 9′ N. and 74° 11′ E., on the main railway line between Lahore and Peshawar [ qq.v.]; population (1961) 196,154. The town, a mere village till the middle of the 19th ¶ century, owes its origin to a tribe of the Gūd̲j̲ars [ q.v.] who were expelled by Sāńsī Ḏj̲āt́s from Amritsar [ q.v.]. On changing hands the village was renamed Ḵh̲ānpur, after the head-man of the Sāńsīs. But this name never gained popularity. It was of little importance during Mug̲h̲al days and consequently finds no mention in the Ā…

the historian S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Mad̲j̲d al-Dīn Abī Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Abī Bakr b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-D̲j̲azarī al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī (not to be confused with his compatriot Abu ’l-K̲h̲ayr S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muḥammad..., better known as Ibn al-D̲j̲azarī [ q.v.], the author of Ḥiṣn Ḥaṣīn and a contemporary of Tīmūr), was born at Damascus on 10 Rabīʿ I 658/25 February 1260. He studied with a number of teachers including al-Fak̲h̲r ʿAlī al-Buk̲h̲ārī, Ibrāhīm b. Aḥmad b. Kāmil al-Taḳī al-Wāsiṭī, Ibn al-Mud̲j̲āwir and al-Dimyāṭī [ q.v.]. Hard of hearing, he …

, tak̲h̲alluṣ of the Persian poet Mullā Muḥammad Ṭāhir As̲h̲a’ī of Kas̲h̲mīr, who flourished during the reign of the Mug̲h̲al emperors, S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahān and Awrangzīb [ qq.v.]. Nothing is known with certainty either about the date of his birth or the origins of the clan—the As̲h̲aʾīs—to which he belonged. It is, however, certain that he was the son of an obscure poor s̲h̲ālbāf (a weaver of woolen ¶ shawls). A pupil of Muḥsin Fānī, assumed by some scholars to be the author of Dabistān-i mad̲h̲āhib , G̲h̲anī began writing poetry at the early age of twenty. The…

, a princely state, which acceded to Pakistan in 1947, with an area of 2,040 sq. miles and a population of 148, 648 in 1951, lies to the south of Čitrāl in 35° 50′ and 34° 22′ N. and 71° 2′ and 72° 30′ E., taking its name from the village of Dīr, seat of the ruler, lying on the bank of a stream of the same name and a tributary of the Pand̲j̲kōŕā. Politically the Dīr territory roughly comprises the country watered by the Pand̲j̲kōŕā and its affluents. The state gained prominence in the second half of the 19th century for its hostility to the cause of the mud̲j̲āhidīn , remnants of t…

(Backergunge), formerly a district in East Pakistan with headquarters at Bārīsāl, (now itself a district comprising Bāḳargand̲j̲), lying between 21° 54′ N and 91° 2′ E; Area: 4,091 sq. m., of which 51 sq. m. are covered with water. The ¶ population in 1951 was 3,642,185, of whom 2,897,769 were Muslims. The area was known as Bākla (Ismāʿīlpūr) and constituted a sarkār in Mug̲h̲al times prior to its occupation by Āg̲h̲ā Bāḳar, a prominent person at the Mug̲h̲al Court at Dacca, owing allegiance to the Nawāb of Murs̲h̲idābād, and a land-…