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, the second metre in Arabic prosody, very little used on account of a certain heaviness in its rhythm. In theory it consists of four feet in each hemistich and the prosodists quote in support of this several anonymous verses. In practice there are only three. ¶ There are three ʿarūḍ and six ḍarb: Fāʿilātun may become faʿilālun; it only changes into fāʿilātu (without n) if fāʿilun which follows it retains its long vowel. Fāʿilun, except in the second ʿarūḍ with its third ḍarb, only changes into faʿilun when fāʿilātun preserves its n. (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

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, Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿOmar, S̲h̲āfiʿī savant died in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 861 (sept.-oct. 1457). He was author of Ḵh̲arīdat al-ʿAd̲j̲āʾib wa-Farīdat al-G̲h̲arāʾib, a kind of geography and natural history of no scientific value. It seems that, in spite of the authorities quoted in the preface (al-Masʿūdī, al-Ṭūsī, Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, al-Marrākus̲h̲ī), the Ḵh̲arīda is only a plagiarism from Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Funūn wa-Salwat al-Maḥzūn of Nad̲j̲m al-Din Aḥmad b. Ḥamdān b. S̲h̲abīb al-Ḥarrānī al-Ḥanbalī who lived in Egypt about 732 (1332). Several orien…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ḵh̲alaf b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Masʿūd b. Mūsā b. Bas̲h̲kuwāl b. Yūsuf b. Dāḥa b. Dāḳa b. Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Wāḳid al-Anṣārī, Arabic biographer, a descendant of a family belonging to S̲h̲orroyon (Xorroyón, Sorrión) near Valencia, born on the 3d Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 494 = 29th Sept. 1101 at Cordova, acquired here and in Seville a great knowledge of Tradition and the history of his native land and was for a period representative of the Ḳāḍī Abū Bakr Ibn al-ʿArabī in a quarter of Seville. He died at Cordova on the night of Tuesday/Wednesday the 8th Ramaḍān 578 = 4th/5th J…

, Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. His̲h̲ām al-Anṣārī al-Miṣrī, was born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 708 = April-May 1309 in Cairo, where he died in the night of Thursday-Friday, 5th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 761 = 17-18 September 1360. A pupil of the Spanish grammarian Abū Ḥaiyān for the study of the Dīwān of Zuhair b. Abī Sulmā, he also studied with S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Laṭīf b. al-Muraḥḥal, al-Fākihānī, etc. As a S̲h̲āfiʿī doctor, he became professor of Ḳurʾānic exegesis at the Ḳubbat al-Manṣūrīya in Cairo; but five years before his death he went…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad ¶ b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusain al-Ribāṭī, an Arab philologist, born about 660 (1261-2) at Tāza, where he died in 730 or 731 or 733 (1329—1333) and was buried, although some place his tomb in Fās, wrongly. Widely acquainted with Islāmic sciences he was particularly esteemed as an authoritative critic of the different recensions of the Ḳurʾān and his al-Durar al-Lawāmiʿ is as popular in North Africa as the Ād̲j̲urrūmīya. After being ʿadl (professional witness) for a p…

, a term in Arabic prosody applied to a hemistich or half line ( bait); the first hemistich is called ṣadr and the second ʿad̲j̲uz. Each has two, three or four feet, tafʿila or d̲j̲uzʿ. The last foot of the first hemistich is called ʿarūḍ and the last of the second ḍarb. As a general rule, and in the first verse of a poem, the ʿarūḍ foot should have the same measure ( taṣrīʿ) and rhyme ( taḳfiyā) as the ḍarb foot. (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

(a.), syllepsis in oratory, a figure of rhetoric ( badiʿ) which consists in using a word having two different meanings, one obvious and the other secondary, veiling the second sense by the first so that it is the first sense which strikes the listener first. Tawriya is called īhām (dissimulation) because he who uses it conceals the remoter meaning he had in view by the primary sense which is seized on first. It is sometimes called ibhām (“act of concealing or masking”). There are two kinds of tawriya: 1. that which is “deprived” of everything that might indicate the meaning one has in view ( mud̲h̲…

, name of the sixteenth metre in Arabic prosody, added to al-Ḵh̲alīl b. Aḥmad’s list by al-Ak̲h̲fas̲h̲ al-Awsaṭ [q. v.]. It is also called muk̲h̲taraʿ, muḥdat̲h̲, k̲h̲abab, s̲h̲aḳīḳ, muntasiḳ, darb al-k̲h̲ail, rakḍ al-k̲h̲ail, ṣawt al-nāḳūs. It does not seem to have been used by the poets before Islām or of the first century a. h. ¶ It has four feet to the hemistich and two ʿarūḍ and four ḍarb: (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. Ras̲h̲īḳ al-Azdī, whose father was perhaps of Greek origin but a client of the Azd, was born at al-Muḥammadīya (al-Masīla) in Algiers about 385 (995) or 390 (1000). He studied first in his native town where he learned his father’s trade of a jeweller, but went to Ḳairawān in 406 (1015-6) and was appointed court-poet by the Fāṭimid Caliph al-Muʿizz. This appointment earned him the enmity of his contemporary Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Saʿīd b. Aḥmad, known as Ibn S̲h̲araf al-Ḳ…

(a.), a term in prosody meaning rhyme generally. The word seems (according to Goldziher, Abhandl. zur Arab. Philologie, i. 83 sqq.) to have originally meant a poetic utterance or a lampoon, then a poem and finally a rhyme. The theory of the ḳāfiya is considered a special science, distinct from ʿarūḍ (prosody proper). It teaches how verses shouldend as regards consonants, vowels, etc. In the narrower sense, ḳāfiya, according to al-Ḵh̲alīl b. Aḥmad [q. v.], is the group of consonants, which begins with the vowelled consonant immediately preceding the last two qui…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Abī Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Mālik b. Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Mālik b. Ibrāhīm b. Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbād al-Nafzī al-Ḥimyarī al-Rundī, generally known as Ibn ʿAbbād, a lawyer, mystic poet, and preacher, was born in 733 (1332-3) in Spain at Ronda, where he spent his youth, learned the Ḳurʾān by heart at the age of seven and began to study language and law. He then went to Fās and Tlemcen to complete his studies. He returned to Morocco, settled at Salā where he studied under Aḥmad b. ʿĀs̲h̲i…

, the first metre in Arabic prosody, has one ʿarūḍ and three ḍarb; the paradigm is: Faʿūlun mafāʿīlun faʿūlun mafāʿīlun in each hemistich. The ʿarūḍ, or last foot of the first hemistich, is always mafāʿilun. The first ḍarb, or last foot of the second hemistich, is mafāʿīlun; the second, mafāʿilun; the third, ( mafāʿī =) faʿūlun. The faʿūlun foot often loses its nūn; the dropping of this is recommended for the foot which immediately precedes the foot forming the third ḍarb. The first faʿūlun of the first hemistich of the first verse of a piece may lose its fa, and combined with the loss of the nūn, w…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl (or Aḥmad or Muḥammad) b. Sīda, philologist, man of letters, and logician, born at Murcia in Spain and died in Denia aged about 60 on Sunday, 4 days before the end of Rabīʿ II 458 = 25th March 1066. Ibn Sīda was blind and studied with his father, also blind, who was a not unimportant philologist, Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ Ṣāʿid al-Bag̲h̲dādī, Abū ʿOmar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Ṭalamankī, Ṣāliḥ b. al-Ḥasan al-Bag̲h̲dādī and others. He attached himself to the court of the Emīr Abu ’l-Ḏj̲ais̲h̲ Mud̲j̲āhid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿĀmirī…

Abū Sākin ʿĀmir b. ʿAlī b. ʿĀmir b. Isfāw, Abāḍī jurisconsult, died at a great age in 792 (= December 20, 1389— December 8, 1390) in one of the villages of the Ifren of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, in Tripolitania. After studying with Abū Mūsā ʿĪsā b. ʿĪsā al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, he attached himself to Abū ʿAzīz b. Ibrāhīm b. Abū Yaḥyā. On the conclusion of his studies, he settled at Metiwen where he devoted himself to teaching for thirteen years. He then settled in the oasis of Ifren in 756 (= January 16 1355—January 4, 1356). His pupils were: his son Abū ʿImrān Mūsā, his grandson Sulaimān, Abū ’l-Ḳīs…

, the name of the fourth metre in Arab prosody. It consists in theory of three ¶ mufāʿalatun to the hemistich, but in practice the third foot becomes mufāʿal (= faʿūlun). It has two ʿarūḍ and three ḍarb. The first ʿarūḍ has one ḍarb and the second has two: The alterations that may be undergone by the feet are as follows: 1. the fairly frequent disappearance of the vowel of the lām in mufāʿalatun (mufāʿaltun = mafāʿīlun); 2. the rather rare disappearance of the lām and its vowel ( mufāʿatun = mafāʿilun); 3. the excessively rare disappearance of the vowel of the lām and of the nūn (mufāʿaltu = mafāʿīlu).…

, Abu ’l-Ḥusain Aḥmad b. Fāris b. Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb, philologist and grammarian of the school of Kūfa, died at al-Raiy in Ṣafar 395 = Nov.-Dec. 1004. The date and place of his birth are unknown but it is supposed that he was born in a village named Kursuf in the district of al-Zahrā. He studied in Ḳazwīn, Hamad̲h̲ān, Bag̲h̲dād, and on the occasion of his pilgrimage, in Mecca. Among his teachers we may specially mention his father, who was a philologist and S̲h̲āfiʿī jurist, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al…

, a term in prosody, indicating the suppression of the second letter when quiescent of a foot beginning with a sabab k̲h̲afīf (see the art. ʿarūḍ). It affects: 1°. fāʿilun (> faʿilun), 2°. mustafʿilun and mustafiʿlun (mutafʿilun = mafāʿilun), 3°. mafʿūlātu (maʿūlālu = fuʿūlātu), 4°. fāʿilātun (faʿilātun). It is found in the metres madīd, basīṭ, rad̲j̲az, ramal, sarīʿ, munsariḥ, Ḵh̲afīf, muḳtaḍab, mud̲j̲tat̲h̲t̲h̲ and mutadārak. (Moh. Ben Cheneb) Bibliography cf. the article ʿarūḍ.

b. Isḥāḳ b. Mūsā b. S̲h̲uʿaib, Abu ’l-Mawadda Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn, known as (Ibn) al-Ḏj̲undī, commonly called Sīdī Ḵh̲alīl in Algeria, a great Mālikī jurist of Egypt, died in Cairo on Rabīʿ I 13, 776 (= Aug. 22, 1374), according to others in 767 or 769. He studied under Ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī, al-Ras̲h̲īdī and notably ʿAbd Allāh al-Manūfī. Born of a Ḥanafī father, he adopted the Mālikī school at the instance of al-Manūfī. On the latter’s death in 749 (1348) Ḵh̲alīl devoted himself to teaching and lectured at the al-S̲h̲aik̲h̲ūnīya school. He also saw service in the victorious guard and in this ca…

(a.), a technical term in Arabic prosody. It means the dropping of the seventh, vowelless consonant of a foot, which ends with sabab k̲h̲afīf (see the article ʿarūḍ, i. 463b). The following feet are liable to kaff: 1. mafāʿīlun, provided that the ī remains (> mafāʿīlu); 2. fāʿilātun and mustafʿīlun (the latter in the k̲h̲afīf), provided that the next foot beginning with a sabab k̲h̲afīf does not suffer k̲h̲abn (> fāʿilātu, mustafʿilu). [In the last mentioned case four short syllables would follow in succession! Editor]. Kaff is therefore found in the metres ṭawīl, madīd, ramal, k̲h̲afī…

or Ḏj̲inās (a.), paronomasia, play upon words, is a figure of rhetoric ( badīʿ) which consists in using in the same phrase two words of a similar or almost similar sound but of different meanings, e. g. amantes sunt amentes. I. 1. The tad̲j̲nīs is complete ( tāmm) when the two words resemble one another in kind, number, vocalisation (or form) and in the order of the consonants. ¶ a. If the two words are of the same kind (e. g. two substantives, two verbs or two particles), it is called identical ( mumāt̲h̲il), e. g. “The day and the Hour ( al-sāʿa) will dawn, the guilty will swear that they have…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Aḥmad b. Abī Bakr al-Ḳuḍāʿī, an Arab historian, a scion of the Ḳūḍāʿī’s settled in Onda, their ancestral estate in Spain, born at Valencia in Rabī II, 595 (Febr. 1199), was a pupil of Abū ʿAbd Allāh b. Nūḥ, Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ḥaṣṣār, Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb b. Wād̲j̲ib, Abu ’l-Ḥasan b. Ḵh̲aira, Abū Sulaimān b. Ḥawṭ, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Azīz b. Saʿāda etc. For over twenty years he was on the closest terms of intercourse with the principal traditionist of Spain, Abu ’l-Rabīʿ b. Sālim, who…

, the fifth metre in the system of Arab prosody, is regularly composed of three mutafāʿilun in each hemistich: it has three ʿarūḍ and nine ḍarb; In all the feet except mutafā and mutfā one may suppress either the second vowel of the foot ( mutafāʿilun), or the second consonant with its vowel ( ta), or the second vowel and the prolongation of the third consonant ( mutfaʿilun) which is exceedingly rare. As a result of these suppressions the regular foot, mutafāʿilun, may become mutfāʿilun (= muʿaf-ilun),mufāʿilun (= mafāʿilun),mutfaʿilun (= muftaʿilun); if this is done so that a piece …

(a.) is the art of reciting the Ḳurʾān, giving each consonant its full value, as much as it requires to be well pronounced without difficulty or exaggeration: strength, weakness, tonality, softness, emphasis, simplicity ( tarḳīḳ). There are three kinds of tad̲j̲wīd: 1. tartīl, slow recitation; 2. ḥadr, rapid recitation; 3. tadwīr, medium recitation. — Tad̲j̲wīd, “ the adornment of recitation”, has for its object to prevent the tongue making any mistake in the recitation of the divine words. Besides the study of the articulation of consonants it…

, Aḥmad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ī Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Sabtī, a holy man famous for his virtues and his miracles, born at Ceuta in 540 (= June 24, 1145—June 12, 1146) and died on Monday Ḏj̲umādā II 6, 601 (= Jan. 31, 1205) at Marrākis̲h̲ where he was buried near the Tāzrūt gate. He studied more particularly under Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Fak̲h̲k̲h̲ār, the pupil of the celebrated Ḳāḍī ʿIyāḍ of Ceuta. He was eloquent and had no difficulty in convincing his questioners; he was very pious and used to recite the Ḳur…

, Zain al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿOmar b. al-Muhẓaffar b. ʿOmar b. Abu ’l-Fawāris Muḥammad al-Wardī al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Bakrī, al-S̲h̲āfiʿī, philologist, jurisconsult, litterateur, and poet, born at Maʿarrat al-Nuʿmān in 689 = 1290 and died of the plague at Aleppo on Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 27, 749 = March 19, 1349. He studied in his native town, at Ḥamā, Damascus, and Aleppo and while still young acted for a short time as deputy for the ḳāḍī Muḥammed b. al-Naḳīb (d. 745 = 1343). It seems that as a result of a dream he abandoned this office to devote himself to scientific work. He left the following works: 1°. Dīwā…

, the name of one of the seven kinds of modern poetry ( funūn), unknown to the classical authors. It was invented by the people of Bag̲h̲dād and takes its name from the formula used by story-tellers at the beginning of their recitals: “There was once upon a time”. Originally the kān wa-kān was a rhymed tale and it was only later that it was applied to other subjects, especially of moral tendency. In the spoken language it was always in vogue in the east only, especially in its place of origin. The kān wa-kān is a poem composed of strophes of two lines the metre of which is given by the p…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿOmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzāz b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿĪsā b. Muzāḥim, usually known as Ibn al-Ḳūṭīya “the son of the Gothic woman” because his ancestor ʿĪsā, a freedman of ʿOmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, had married a Spanish princess named Sara, a daughter of the Gothic king Oppas (Olemundo, according to Ibn Ḳūtīya) and grand daughter of Witiza. The latter had gone to Damascus to make a complaint to the Caliph His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Malik against her uncle Ardabast. ʿĪsā was sent with his wife to Spain and his d…

, al-Ḳūma and al-Ḳawma, one of the seven kinds of poetry created by the moderns. Invented by the people of Bag̲h̲dād under the ʿAbbāsids, it was at first used as a call to announce during Ramaḍan the last moment of the night, at which it is still permitted to eat or drink. The singers said to their colleagues at the end of each night: ḳūmā li-nusaḥḥir ḳūmā “arise! to take thy meal before the dawn of day, arise!” Later, verses were made in this style for vendors of flowers, wine, etc. It does not seem to be true that Abū Nuḳṭa invented the ḳūmā. It is more probable that the form was already in exi…

, Ḥusain b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, born at Diyār Bakr, afterwards took up his abode in Mecca, where he became Ḳāḍī and died some time after 982 (1574). He was a Ḥanbalī or Mālikī. Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa. who is followed by Wüstenfeld, says that Diyārbakrī, who completed his Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-Ḵh̲amīs on the 8th S̲h̲aʿbān 940 = 23rd February 1534, died in 966= 1559. But as the various recensions of this work that have survived to us mention the accession of Sulṭān Murād III, which did not take place till 982 (1574), the author cannot have died before this year unless the appendix is the work of a copyist. He w…

al-Ḳairawānī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Zaid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, a Mālikī jurist, belonged to a family which ¶ came from Nafza whence the ethnic al-Nafzī, but he was born in 310 (922-3) at Ḳairawān, where he died on Monday 30th S̲h̲aʿbān 386 = 14 September 996 and was buried in his house. He vigorously defended his school both in prose and verse and was perhaps the first who clearly expounded the principles of law. He was called Mālik the younger and was and still is regarded as an authority. His teachers were numerous not only in Africa but also…

, Abū ʿAmr ʿOt̲h̲mān b. Saʿīd b. ʿOmar al-Omawī, born at Cordova in 371 = 981-982 is best known by the name of Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī (of Denia) as he lived for long at Denia, in the province of Valencia. I began my studies, he tells us himself, in 385 (var. 384, 386, ¶ 387) at the age of 14 and set out for the east on Sunday the 2nd Muḥarram 397 = 29th Sept. 1006. After spending four months at Ḳairawān I entered Cairo in the month of S̲h̲awwāl of the same year. In 398 (= 1007) I left Egypt and went to Mecca and Medīna to perform the pilgrimage. I spent the most of these t…

, Abū Mūsā ʿĪsā b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Yalalbak̲h̲t b. ʿĪsā b. Yūmarīlī, belonging to the Berber tribe of Ḏj̲azūla (not Ḏj̲uzūla, as Ibn Ḵh̲allikān says) or better Gazūla (the modern Gazzūla) a branch of the Yazdakts in Southern Morocco is best known by his short introduction ( Muḳaddima) to the study of Arabic grammar, called al-Ḳanūn. After the completion of his early education in Marrākus̲h̲ he went to the east to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medīna. In Cairo he attended the lectures of the celebrated philologist Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī and it is even said that his Ḳanūn is merely a…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim (also Abu ’l-Ḥasan) Muḥammad b. Hāniʾ b. Muḥammad b. Saʿdūn al-Azdī, usually called Ibn Hāniʾ al-Andalusī to distinguish him from Ibn Hāniʾ al-Ḥakamī [see Abū nuwās], an Arab poet of Spain. His father Hāniʾ was a native of a village near al-Mahdīya in Tunisia, who had moved to Elvira in Spain or, according to others, to Cordova. Ibn Hāniʾ was born in one of these two towns. He studied in Cordova and then proceeded to Elvira and Seville. In the latter city his frivolous way of living and too free speech broug…

, Abu ’l-Faḍl ʿIyāḍ b. Mūsā b. ʿIyāḍ al-Yaḥṣubī al-Sabtī al-Mālikī, known as al-Ḳāḍī ʿIyāḍ, a Mālikī jurist, traditionist, historian, man of letters and poet, born at Ceuta on S̲h̲aʿbān 15, 476 (Dec. 29, 1083) and died at Marrākūs̲h̲,, 7 Ḏj̲umādā II (13 Oct.) or Ramaḍān 11 Dec. 544 (1149). After studying in his native town he went in 507 (1114) to Cordova where he devoted himself particularly to Ḥadīt̲h̲, and attended the lectures of Abū Muḥammed ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAttab and Abu ’l-Walīd Ibn Rus̲h̲d. His teachers numbered a hundred. He returned to …

b. Aḥmad b. ʿAmr b, Tamīm al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī, Arab grammarian and philologist, a native of ʿUmān, died at al-Baṣra, aged 75, between 170 and 175 (786 and 791). He studied Islāmic traditions and philology with Aiyūb al-Sak̲h̲tiyānī, ʿĀṣim al-Aḥwal, al-ʿAwwām b. Ḥaws̲h̲ab, etc. On the advice of his master Aiyūb he abandoned the Abāḍi doctrine for Sunnī orthodoxy; he was very pious and lived in poverty. Among his pupils may be mentioned Sībawaih, al-Aṣmaʿī, al-Naḍr b. S̲h̲umail, al-Lait̲h̲ b. ¶ al-Muẓaffar b. Naṣr, etc. All the biographers agree in attributing to him the dis…

, Abu ’l-Abbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abi ’l-ʿĀfīya al-Miknāsī, known as Ibn al-Ḳāḍī, a descendant of Mūsā b. Abi ’l-ʿĀfiya al-Miknāsī, belonging to the great tribe of Zenāta of Morocco, born in 960 (1552-1553). Jurisconsult, man of letters, historian, poet and above all mathematician, he studied with his father, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Mand̲j̲ūr, al-Ḳaṣṣār, Abū Zakarīyā Yaḥyā al-Sarrād̲j̲, Ibn Mud̲j̲bir al-Massārī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲allāl, Aḥmad Bābā, Abū Muḥammad ʿA…

, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿḳūb b. Isḥāḳ, known by the name of Ibn al-Sikkīt, a celebrated philologist and grammarian, belonged to Dawraḳ, a village in al-Ahwāz (Ḵh̲ūzistān), but was apparently born in Bag̲h̲dād. After studying with his father who was an excellent lexicologist, Abū ʿAmr Isḥāḳ b. Murār al-S̲h̲aibānī, al-Farrāʾ, al-Aṣmaʿī Abū ʿUbaida, and others, he went to the Beduins of whom it was then thought that they had best preserved the Arabic language. Returning to Bag̲h̲dād he settled as a teacher in the Bridge…

, isagoge, from the Greek εἰσαγωγή, is an Arabic adaptation of the Introduction (al-Madk̲h̲at) to the categories of Aristotle composed by Porphyry of Tyre. According to Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī ( Ṭabaḳāt al-Umam, Beyrout 1912, p. 49), the Arabic translation was made directly from the Greek by Ibn al-Muḳaffaʿ [q. v.] and, according to the Fihrist (i. 244), it was made from a Syriac version by Aiyūb b. al-Ḳāsim al-Raḳḳī. In any case, it is certain that Arabic versions of Porphyry’s work were multiplied quite early, in commentaries, epitomes and adaptations…

, Abū Ismaʿīl ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Manṣūr b. Matt al-Anṣārī al-Herewī al-Ḥanbalī, a descendant of Abū Aiyūb al-Anṣārī, was born in 396 (1005) in Ḳuhandiz, the Ḳaṣaba of Herāt, and died there in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 481 (1089). He visited Bag̲h̲dād and al-Raiy and attended the lectures of Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Ḏj̲ārūdī, the expositor of the Ḳurʾān Yaḥyā b. ʿAmmār al-Sid̲j̲zī, Abū Ḏh̲arr al-Herewī etc. His most notable pupils were Abu ’l-Waḳt ʿAbd al-Awwal b. ʿĪsā al-Sid̲j̲zī, Abu ’…

, whose full name was Abu ’l-Ḥasan (var. al-Ḥusain) Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Ḥamdān al-Bag̲h̲dādī al-Ḳudūrī, a Ḥanafī lawyer, born in 362 (972), died at Bag̲h̲dād on the 5th Rad̲j̲ab 428 (April 24, 1037). He studied law under Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānī and ḥadīt̲h̲ under Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Suwaid al-Muʾaddib, ʿUbaid Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Ḏj̲aws̲h̲ānī. Amongst his pupils may be noted the celebrated traditionist and historian al-Ḵh̲aṭīb [q. v.] al-Bag̲h̲dādī. Al-Ḳudūrī had to hold several public disputations…

, Zain al-Dīn Abu ’l-Ḥusain Yaḥyā b. [ʿAbd al-]Muʿṭī b. ʿAbd al-Nūr al-Zawāwī al-Mag̲h̲ribī, known as Ibn Muʿṭī, was born in 564 (1168-9), He studied grammar and law in Algiers with Abū Mūsā al-Ḏj̲azūlī and then went to the east. He spent a very long time in Damascus, where he studied under the traditionist Ibn ʿAsāḳir and then taught grammar there. To earn a livelihood he also acted as a s̲h̲āhid. When the Aiyūbid al-Malik al-Kāmil visited the Syrian capital, he invited him to follow him to Egypt and appointed him professor of literature at the ʿAmr mosque in Cairo. Here he died on Monday the 30th …

or Mod̲j̲rā, a term in prosody, meaning the vowel of the rawī or the consonant which is repeated at the end of each line of a ḳaṣīda (cf. ḳāfiya). (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

, Taḳī al-Dīn Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm b. ʿAbd al-Salām b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Taimīya al-Ḥarrānī al-Ḥanbalī, Arab theologian and jurist, was born on Monday 10th Rabīʿ I 661 = 22 January 1263 at Ḥarrān, near Damascus. Fleeing from the exactions of the Mongols, his father had taken refuge at Damascus with all his family, in the middle of the year 667 = 1268. In the capital of Syria, the young Aḥmad devoted himself to the study of Muslim sciences and followed his father’s lectures and those of Zain al-Dīn ¶ Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Dāʾim al-Muḳaddasī, Nad̲j̲m al-Dīn b. ʿAsākir, Z…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Dāwūd al-Ṣanhād̲j̲ī, known as Ibn Ād̲j̲urrūm, a Berber word which means, according to the commentators, religious man and ṣūfī (ascetic, S̲h̲ilḥa: agurram). His grandfather Dāwūd is said to have been the first to bear this name. His relatives belonged to the neighbourhood of the little town of Ṣafrū but he was born at Fās in 672 (1273-4) and died there on Sunday 20th Ṣafar 723 (1st March 1323). He was buried the next day within the town in the Andalusian quarter near the Bāb al-Ḏj̲īzyin (wrongly Bāb al-Ḥadīd) which now bears t…

, Abū Naṣr b. Muḥammad b. ʿUbaid Allāh b. Ḵh̲āḳān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳaisī, better known as al-Fatḥ Ibn Ḵh̲āḳān, for the biographers do not agree as to his genealogy, was born at Sak̲h̲rat al-Walad, a village near Alcalà la Real (Ḳalʿat Yaḥṣub), a district in Granada. Among his teachers are mentioned Abd ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. al-Sarrād̲j̲, Abū ’l-Ṭaiyib b. Zarḳūn,” Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbdūn, Ibn Duraid al-Kātib, the celebrated scholar Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī, etc. In his youth he was a shameless vagabond, almost always half tipsy …

, the eleventh metre in Arabic prosody, containing three ʿarūḍ and five ḍarb: All the feet lose their second quiescent letter when the last quiescent letter of the preceding foot is retained and vice versa. The foot fāʿilātun used as first ḍarb is often changed to fālātun ( = mafʿūllun) by tas̲h̲ʿīt̲h̲. (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

, is a metrical term applied to a vocalised consonant preceded by an alif (here called alif al-taʾsīs) and followed by a rawī or rhyming consonant (vocalised or quiescent). Thus, for example, in a verse which ends with mus̲h̲āriku, mus̲h̲āraku or tas̲h̲āruku, the Alif (ā) is the alif al-taʾsīs the Rā the dak̲h̲īl and the Kāf (k) the rawī. (Moh. Ben Cheneb)

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī b. ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār b. Barrī al-Maḳdisī al-Miṣrī, Arab grammarian and philologist, born at Damascus 5th Rad̲j̲ab 499 (13th March 1106), died at Cairo in the night of Friday/Saturday 27th S̲h̲awwāl 582 (9th-10th Jan. 1187), a scholar of extraordinary repute, who is considered a philological authority and is called by many “king of the grammarians”. The author of the Lisān al-ʿArab has borrowed a great deal from him. His teachers were the grammarians Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Malik al-S̲h̲antarīnī, Abū Ṭālib ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār…

, Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Mālik, better known as Ibn Mālik, was born, contrary to the assertion of Brockelmann and those who follow him, in Spain, at Jaën in 600 = 1203-4; some say that he was born a year or two later. He studied in his native town with Abu ’l-Muẓaffar (and Abu ’l-Ḥasan) T̲h̲ābit b. Ḵh̲iyār surnamed Ibn al-Ṭailasān, Abū Razīn b. T̲h̲ābit b. Muḥammad b. Yūsuf b. Ḵh̲iyār al-Kulāʿī of Niebla, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Nuwwār, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥamma…