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[German version] D. S. Proculus Iulianus, senator, homo novus with a career under 7 emperors, probably from Italy, property in the Po Valley and a villa in Rome. S. was c. AD 234-235 iuridicus per Transpadum, in 236 governor of Thrace (IGR I 691-693), 237-238 legatus Augusti pro praetore provinciae Arabiae (CIL III 14149, 33; AE 1904, 67) and in 238 probably cos. suff. [1. 66; 2. 232]; governor, perhaps of Pannonia inferior c. 238/9-240, then of the Tres Daciae 241-243 (CIL III 1573; VI 1520 = ILS 1189; [3. 206 f.]); 244-245 leg. Aug. pro praetore provinciae Syriae Coeles (CIL VI 1520 =…

[German version] [1] M. Daia Roman emperor, AD 305-313 Roman emperor, AD 305-313. The son of Galerius' [5] sister and like Galerius born in Dacia ripensis, possibly in Šarkamen (modern Serbia), he rose from protector to tribunus (Lactant. De mort. pers. 19,6); as Galerius' adoptive son he became Caesar in the change of rulers of 305 (thereafter: Galerius Valerius Maximinus). As co-ruler over the diocese Oriens he continued the persecutions of Christians (Euseb. Hist. eccl. 8,14,9). Like Constantinus [1] not content with the title …

Epithet of many gentilicia [1]. Famous persons: the jurist Salvius I. [1]; the doctor I. [2]; the emperor I. [11], called ‘Apostata’; the bishops I. [16] of Aeclanum and I. [21] of Toledo. [German version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus Roman jurist, 2nd cent. AD Jurist, born about AD 100 in North Africa, died about AD 170; he was a student of  Iavolenus [2] Priscus (Dig. 40,2,5) and the last head of the Sabinian law school (Dig. 1,2,2,53). I., whose succession of offices is preserved in the inscription from Pupput, provi…

[German version] Imperator Caesar Ulp(ius) Cor(nelius) Laelianus (RIC V 2, 373 no. 8; [1. 66 no. 6]). Probably commander of the legio XXII Primigenia in Mogontiacum (Mainz) or governor of the province of Germania superior, rebelled early in AD 269 against Postumus and was proclaimed Augustus. Shortly afterwards Postumus defeated and killed him (Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,8; Eutr. 9,9; Iohannes Antiochenus fr. 152 FHG, here incorrectly ‘Lollianus’); according to another tradition (SHA Tyr. Trig. 4; 5; 6,3; 8,1), L. was murdered by Victorinus or by his own soldiers. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bib…

[German version] [1] M. M. Avitus Catonius Vindex Cos. suff. c. AD 175 Son of M. [4]. Began his career as an equestrian with the quattuor militiae, receiving the dona militaria from Marcus [2] Aurelius in AD 169. Procurator of Dacia Malvensis. Entered the Senate, legate of Moesia superior, perhaps as praetorian; suffect consul probably in 175; consular governor of Moesia inferior before the year 177. Died at the age of 42, probably during his governorship of Moesia inferior (CIL VI 1449 = ILS 1107). PIR2 M 22. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C. M. Decianus Governor of Numidia…

[German version] [1] High official of the late 4th/early 5th cents. AD Vicarius Hispaniarum AD 395-397, at the court of Mediolanium [1] (Milan) from 398; addressee, with his brother Patroinus, of numerous letters from Symmachus. He gained an unknown office in 401 ( comes rerum privatarum?). From 402-408, P. was praef. praet. per Gallias; while there, he introduced a convocation of the seven provinces, which met annually at Arelate (Arles) (Zos. Epist. 8 = MGH Epp 3, p. 14). He may have been recalled in connection with the usurpation of Constantine…

[German version] Imp. Caesar P. C[...] R. Augustus (RIC V/2, 586 f.; [1]). Governor in Illyricum, probably of Dacian descent. In AD 260, after the overthrow of Ingenuus [1] by Aureolus at Mursa, he was proclaimed anti-emperor to Gallienus by the Danube troops (SHA Tyr. Trig. 10,1; Ps.-Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 32,3; Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2; Pol. Silv. Chronica minora 1,521,45). He fought the Sarmatae, who had already been threatening the lower Danube provinces for some time (SHA Tyr. Trig. 10,2). A sho…

[German version] [1] Follower of Septimius Severus N. was a schoolteacher in Rome who, as a senator on commission from  Septimius Severus pretended to raise for him an army in Gaul. In fact he achieved considerable success in battle against the troops of  Clodius [II 1] Albinus. N. allegedly seized 70 million sesterces for Severus, after whose victory in AD 97 N. renounced all his privileges and was content with only a small maintenance pension (Cass. Dio 75,5). PIR2 N 198. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [German version] [2] Imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Numerius N. Augustus 3rd cent. AD emperor Roman e…

[German version] I Greek (Φίλιππος/ Phílippos). Macedonian kings P. [3-7], including P. [4] II, P. [7] V; the apostle and evangelist P. [28]; philosophers and poets P. [29-32]. [German version] [I 1] Spartan naval leader in 411 BC Spartiate, commander at Miletus in 412 BC (Thuc. 8,28,5), sent in 411 with two triremes to Aspendus to move, with the support of Tissaphernes, the Phoenician fleet to fight Athens (Thuc. 8,87), but soon told the naúarchos Mindarus that his mission would be unsuccessful (Thuc. 8,99; [1. 244]). Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 B. …

[German version] [1] Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus, 2nd cent. BC Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus and Cornelia [I 1] (Plut., Ti. Gracchus 1,3), from 150 BC in a childless marriage with P. Cornelius [I 70] Scipio Aemilianus, for whose death in 129 BC she is supposed to have been partly to blame (App. B Civ. 1,20 (83); Liv. Per. 59). Despite the threatening demeanour of the people, in 102 or 101 BC she refused to acknowledge L. Equitius [1] as her nephew (Val. Max. 3,8,6). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography R. A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, 1994, 48-50. …

[German version] [1] Emperor, 3rd cent. AD Imp. Caes. M.O. (Antoninus) Diadumenianus, son of the emperor M.O. Macrinus, born on 14 or 19 September 208 AD (Cass. Dio 78,34,2; SHA Diad. 5,5). At the beginning of 217 he was given the title of clarissimus puer (CIL XV 7505), shortly afterwards he was also princeps iuventutis and nobilissimus Caesar (Cass. Dio 78,17,1; 19,1; Herodian. 5,4,12; Aur. Vict. Caes. 22,1; AE 1953,54; 1954,8; 1960,36; RIC IV, 2,22). In May 218, after the beginning of the mutiny of troops in Raphanaea in Syria, Macrinus made him Au…

(Ἡράκλειτος; Hērákleitos). [German version] [1] H. of Ephesus Ionian philosopher, c. 500 BC Son of Bloson, outstanding personality within Ionian philosophy. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] A. The person H.'s main period of activity is estimated to have been about 503-500 BC (Diog. Laert. 9,1). He belonged to a leading family in the public life of Ephesus. The doxographic tradition records several anecdotes of H.'s arrogance and contempt for his fellow citizens and humanity in general, which are mostly based on fragments of H. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] B. La…

(Μαικήνας; Maikḗnas). Etruscan family name (cf. mehnate, mehnati and similar); the family is recorded in inscriptions for Perusia (modern Perugia) and was probably originally settled there. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Friend and counsellor of Octavian (Augustus), 1st cent. BC Father of M. [2], mentioned as early as 44 BC among the friends and counsellors of Octavian ( Augustus) (Nicolaus of Damascus, Vita Caesaris 31,133). Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) [German version] [2] Patron of literature, 1st cent. BC M., less often - with the family name of the…

Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

[German version] [1] Roman emperor AD 251-253 Imp. Caes. C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus V. P. F. Invictus Aug. (RIC 4,3, 173-189). Roman emperor from the middle of AD 251 until the middle of 253. Born c. 230 in Perusia (?), the son of Trebonianus Gallus and Afinia Gemina Baebiana. After the battle of Abritus against the Goths and the death of Decius [II 1], the legions proclaimed him and his father emperor in June 251 (Eutr. 9,5; Zon. 12,21 D.); at the same time, he was appointed Caesar by his father (Aur. Vict. Caes. 30)…

[German version] I. Greek (Μαρκελλῖνος; Markellînos). [German version] [I 1] Greek author of a treatise on pulses, 2nd cent. AD?, [1] Greek author of a treatise on pulses. His reference to followers of Archigenes suggests the late 1st or 2nd cent. AD as the earliest date of its composition. A more precise dating would be possible if he were the author of a recipe quoted by Galen (De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos 7,5 = 13,90 K.) from Andromachus [5] the Younger, but the identification is uncertain. M.'s …

[German version] C. Valens H. Messius Quintus was the younger son of emperor  Decius [II 1] and Herennia Etruscilla. In September AD 250, he was named Caesar and Princeps Iuventutis (AE 1942/43, 55; ILS 518) and, after the death of his father in June 251, adopted by  Trebonianus Gallus and raised to Augustus (Zos. 1,25,1; RIC 4,3, 143ff.), probably to distract from the complicity of Trebonianus in the deaths of his father and brother. Shortly after, he died in Rome of the plague (Aur. Vict. Caes. 30,1; [Aur. Vict.] epit. Ca…

Roman praenomen ( P. Iulius, a contemporary of Romulus [1]), and secondarily a cognomen. Depending on the form, a diminutive (older * prokelo-) of the stem * proko- (~ classical procus 'wooer, suitor'), it originally perhaps meant 'the one who demands or claims (the inheritance?)'. Proca (King of Alba Longa) can also be regarded as etymologically connected. The praenomen, which had already become rare at an early time, survived in derivatives, the gentilician names Procilius and Proculeius. Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) [German version] [1] Roman jurist, 1st cent. The jurist fro…

[German version] The fictitious author Trebellius Pollio uses the term triginta tyranni (TT) in the Historia Augusta to refer to 32 usurpers from all parts of the empire supposedly in the period of the emperors Valerianus [2] and Gallienus (253-268) in order to expose their rule as particularly week and bad. He increased the number that was first planned to be 20 (SHA Gall. 21,1) to 30 as an allusion to the Athenian Thirty Tyrants ( triákonta ) (SHA Trig. tyr. 2-31), among them esp. derisively (31,7) two women, Zenobia from Palmyra (30) and Victoria in…

[German version] Term applied to a group of Roman rulers whose feature in common was the fact that they came from Illyrian territory, more broadly the area between the Adriatic and the lower Danube. The sequence already begins with  Decius [II 1] (AD 249-251) but essentially includes the emperors  Claudius [III 2] Gothicus,  Aurelianus [2],  Probus,  Diocletianus,  Maximianus, and  Constantinus [1] I. Even in antiquity these rulers were credited with having little education but they were acknowled…

Common Italian proper name (associated with the praenomen Herennus that is often confused with H.), which however is not documented as a surname among the Roman upper class until the 1st cent. BC. It frequently appears with epithets showing place of origin ( Etruscus, Gallus, Picens, Siculus). In the Imperial period it is the name of Caesar Q.H. [II 3] Etruscus, son of emperor  Decius [II 1], of the historian H.  Dexippus [2], and of the jurist H.  Modestinus. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I Republican Period [German version] [I 1] H. Centurio and murderer of Cicero Centurio, who at the…

[German version] [1] Rival emperor to Gallienus, 3rd cent. AD As proconsul of Achaia, V. had himself proclaimed rival emperor to Gallienus in AD 261 in Macedonia. Although he defeated Piso, who was sent there against him (PIR2 C 298), he was soon murdered by his own troops (Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 32,4; Amm. Marc. 21,16,10; SHA Tyr. Trig. 19; 21; SHA Gall. 2,2 f.). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 2 227  PIR V 7  PLRE 1, 929 f. [German version] [2] Flavius Valens Eastern Roman emperor AD 364-378. Born in 321 in Cibalae (Illyria), of lowly origins and without a prof…

[German version] Imp. Caes. C. Vibius T. Gallus Augustus (CIL XI 1927), Roman emperor from June AD 251 to August (?) AD 253. Born about 206 in Perusia, from a noble family (Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 31,1), Senator, cos. suff. c. AD 245 (Dexippus FGrH 100 F 22), governor of the province of Moesia inferior AD 250/1 [1. 103 f.]. At Novae[1], he successfully opposed the Goths (Goti) under their king Kniva (Iord. Get. 101 f.). Emperor Decius [II 1] escaped to him after being defeated by the Goths at Beroea[2]. Together they intended to cut off the Germans'…

Name of an ancient Roman patrician lineage (on inscriptions also Fourios), derived from the praenomen Fusus and also occurring occasionally in the original form Fusius in the literary tradition; the family perhaps came from Tusculum (cf. the family grave of the Furii ILLRP 895-903). The numerous members of the gens from the early Republic in the 5th/4th cents. BC are scarcely tangible as historical persons, and their history is in part later annalistic invention. Most well known is the ‘Saviour of Rome’ after the catas…

[German version] P. Helvius P., Roman Emperor 31 Dec. 192-28 Mar. 193. Born 1 Aug. AD 126 in Alba Pompeia in Liguria (SHA Pert. 1,2; 15,6; Cass. Dio 73,3,1), son of a freedman. After being educated as a grammaticus , he applied for a position as centurio with the assistance of L. Hedius Lollianus [4] Avitus (SHA Pert. 1,5; (Ps.-)Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 18). He received the rank of an eques ( equites Romani D) with the support of Claudius [II 54] Pompeianus, which allowed him to pursue an equestrian career. Around AD 160, still in the reign of Antoninus [1] Pius, he served as praefectus cohortis …

[German version] Imperator Caesar M. Opellius Severus M. Augustus. Roman Emperor AD 217-218. Born in 164 (Cass. Dio 78,40,3) or 166 (Chron. pasch. I p. 498 D.) in Caesarea Mauretania, of humble origins (Cass. Dio 78,11,1; SHA Opilius Macrinus (= Macr.) 2,1). M. initially worked as a lawyer, then as procurator of the praef. praet. Fulvius [II 10] Plautianus, whose deposal he survived unharmed thanks to the intervention of L. Fabius [II 6] Cilo (Cass. Dio 78,11,2). Septimius Severus appointed him praefectus vehiculorum per Flaminiam (Cass. Dio 78,11,3), and in c. 208 keeper of the impe…

[German version] [1] Roman praenomen Roman praenomen , like other numerical praenomina (Quintus) given to a child according to the order of his birth; the adjective postumus ('last') refers to the birth 'after the father's death' (cf. P. [2]). The use of the name as a praenomen is evident in Rome up to the 3rd cent. BC, after that only as a cognomen . The wider geographical spread of * Postumo- as an Italic personal name can be concluded from its Etruscan derivative, where it led to the formation of a nomen gentile, Pustmi-na- (CIE 8715), the equivalent to the Roman Postumius. Steinbauer, Dieter…

(πολίαρχος/ políarchos). [German version] [1] Senior official in Thessalian cities (3rd cent. BC) ('High city official'). In the 3rd cent. BC, the cities of Thessaly had councils of five políarchoi, cf. IG IX 2,459 (Crannon); IG IX 2,1233 (Larisa [1]). The etymology suggests that their duties probably encompassed the military and civil interests of the polis. The division of powers with the other city council, the tagoí, is unclear (cf. [2]). The archipolíarchos served as chair (IG IX 2,1233). Tagos; Thessalians, Thessalia Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography 1 B. Helly, L'état Thess…

(Θεόδοτος; Theódotos). [German version] [1] Greek architect, c.370 BC Mentioned several times in the construction records for the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus as its architect; his origins are as unknown as his subsequent whereabouts. T.’ salary during the project amounted to 365 drachmae per year, together with further payments of unknown object. It is uncertain whether he is the same person as the sculptor T. named in IG IV2 102 (B 1 line 97) as having, for 2,340 drachmae, fashioned the acroteria for the pediment; it is possible that the name T. has been in…

[German version] Imperator Caesar T. Fulvius Iunius Q. Pius Felix Augustus, younger son of Fulvius Macrianus [2], who served as a military tribune under Valerianus [2] (SHA Trig. Tyr. 12,10; Zon. 12,24 D.). Elevated together with his brother to Augustus by his father before 17 September, AD 260 (RIC 5,2,582 f.; SHA Gall. 1,3-5; SHA Tyr. Trig. 12,10-12), he stayed behind in the east with the praetorian prefect Ballista. After the defeat of his father and brother by Aureolus in Illyria, Q. was also captured in Emesa by its inhabitants in the autumn of AD 261 and killed there. Franke, Thomas (Bo…

[German version] Murdered the Palmyrene prince Odaenathus and his eldest son Herod in Emesa in AD 266/7 (SHA Tyr. Trig. 15,5; 17,1; SHA Gall. 13,1; different in Sync. I p. 717; Zon. 12,24 D.; Zos. 1,39,2). PIR2 M 71. Franke, Thomas (Bochum)

[German version] Iulia Cornelia S., wife of the emperor Gallienus, elevated to Augusta and mater castrorum in AD 254 (IGR 3, 237; AE 1982, 272; RIC V 1, 63; 105; 107-115; 191-200), perished together with her husband in AD 268 outside of Mediolanum [1] (Zon. 12,25). Her three sons were P. Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, P. Licinius [II 6] Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus and Marinianus [3]. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 2, 222 f.  PIR2 C 1499  PLRE 1, 799.

Roman plebeian gentes name, derived from fulvus (‘reddish yellow, brownish yellow’ [1. 1,561], probably named after hair colour); further evidence: [2. 170], inscriptions also Folvius (ILLRP 124 et passim). The Roman gens probably came from Tusculum (Cic. Planc. 20; cf. Cic. Phil. 3,16; Plin. HN 7,136), where F. [I 15] also had put up works of art from the spoils of war. The most important branches are initially the Centumali, Curvi and Paetini, since the 3rd cent. BC the Flacci and Nobiliores. Genealogical tree: [3. 231f.]. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] F. Bambalio…

Nomen gentile, probably originally Etruscan, occurred at Rome only from the 1st cent. BC onwards. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] A certain S. from Camerinum was commissioned to recruit followers for Catilina at Picenum in 63 BC, presumably because he was of the Umbrian-Picenan municipal nobility (cf. CIL I2 1921; 1929) (Sall. Catil. 27,1). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] Friend of Horace's; he hoped to enter the cohors amicorum of a member of the imperial household through his relationship with the latter (Hor. Carm.…

[German version] [1] Greek geographer from Heraclea, between AD 200 and 530, Marcianus I Greek [1] (Μαρκιανός; Markianós). Geographer from Heraclea [7] between AD 200 (he used the geographer Protagoras) and 530 (he is often quoted by Steph. Byz.), possibly after 400 (GGM 1, CXXX; [2. 272; 3. 997; 6. 156f.]) or even closer to Steph. Byz. [1. 46]. Personal information about him is not available. Only 21 quotes from his Epitome of the eleven books of the Geōgraphía by Artemidorus [3] of Ephesus have been handed down by Steph. Byz. and one as Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 3,859 (GGM 1,…

(Τιμαγένης/ Timagénēs). [German version] [1] T. of Alexandria Greek rhetor and historian, 1st cent. BC The Greek rhetor and historian T. arrived in Rome in 55 BC as a prisoner of war of A. Gabinius [I 2] and was ransomed by Sulla's son Cornelius [I 87] Faustus (FGrH 88 T 1). He worked there as a respected rhetor, mentioned in the same breath as Caecilius [III 5] of Cale Acte and Craton (T 1 and 2). Initially, he was in great favour with Augustus, but later fell into disgrace with the emperor because of his all…

[German version] A powerful praefectus praetorio under the emperor Commodus. Sex.(?) T. Perennis had probably already reached the high rank of praefectus [4] annonae under Marcus [2] Aurelius (his name erased in the Tabula Banasitana ; AE 1971, 534) and was then appointed praefectus praetorio by Commodus along with Tarrutenius Paternus (SHA Comm. 4,7; 14,8; inaccurate in Hdn. 1,8,1); he and the latter disposed of Saoterus, Commodus' influential chamberlain (SHA Comm. 4,5). Shortly afterwards, T. brought about the execution of Paternus (Ca…

[German version] [1] see Hosidius, Lusius, Septimius, Vitorius see  Hosidius, Lusius, Septimius, Vitorius Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [German version] [2] Imp. Caesar P. Septimius Geta Augustus Son of the emperor Septimius Severus, brother of Caracalla Born in March AD 189 in Rome, the son of L.  Septimius Severus and  Iulia Domna, younger brother of  Caracalla (Cass. Dio 57,2,5; SHA Sept. Sev. 4,2; Get. 3,1 [27 May 189]; [2. 522ff.]). In 197 he went with his father, together with his mother and brother, to the ‘Second Parthian War’…

[English version] P. Marciana stammte aus Africa (Leptis Magna?); sie war seit ca. 175 n.Chr. die erste Frau des Septimius Severus (SHA Sept. Sev. 3,2) und starb um 185 n.Chr. ([1. Nr. 410, 411]; CIL VIII 19494 = ILS 440). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography 1 J.M. Reynolds (ed.), The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitana, 1952. A.R. Birley, Septimius Severus, 21988, 52; 75; 225  PIR2 P 20  Raepsaet-Charlier, 590.

[English version] [1] 240 n. Chr. von den Karthagern zum Kaiser ausgerufen Wurde im J. 240 n. Chr. von den Einwohnern Karthagos zum Kaiser ausgerufen, doch wenig später durch den Statthalter Mauretaniens besiegt und von den eigenen Anhängern an Gordianus [3] III. ausgeliefert (Zos. 1,17,1; SHA Gord. 23,4). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 1, 197. [English version] [2] s. Vettius Sabinianus s. Vettius Sabinianus Portmann, Werner (Berlin) [English version] [3] 359-360 n. Chr. magister equitum per Orientem 359-360 n. Chr. in höherem Alter unter Constantius [2] II. magist…

Beinamen bei vielen Gentilicia [1]. Bekannte Personen: der Jurist Salvius I. [1], der Arzt I. [2], der Kaiser I. [11], gen. “Apostata”, die Bischöfe I. [16] von Aeclanum und I. [21] von Toledo. [English version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus röm. Jurist, 2. Jh. Jurist, geb. um 100 n.Chr. in Nordafrika, gest. um 170 n.Chr., war ein Schüler des Iavolenus [2] Priscus (Dig. 40,2,5) und der letzte Vorsteher der sabinianischen Rechtsschule (Dig. 1,2,2,53). I., dessen Ämterfolge die Inschr. aus Pupput/Prov. Africa (CIL VIII 24…

[English version] [1] M. Daia röm. Kaiser 305-313 n.Chr. Röm. Kaiser 305-313 n.Chr. Als Sohn der Schwester des Galerius [5] und wie dieser in der Dacia ripensis geboren, vielleicht in Šarkamen (h. Serbien), stieg er vom protector zum tribunus auf (Lact. mort. pers. 19,6) und wurde Caesar im Thronwechsel von 305 als Adoptivsohn des Galerius (seither: Galerius Valerius Maximinus). Als Teilherrscher über die Diözese Oriens führte er die Christenverfolgung fort (Eus. HE 8,14,9). Wie Constantinus [1] gab sich M. nicht mit dem Titel eines…

(πολίαρχος). [English version] [1] Oberbeamter in thessalischen Städten (3. Jh. v. Chr.) (“Oberbeamter der Stadt”). Im 3. Jh. v. Chr. gab es in den Städten Thessaliens ein Kollegium von fünf políarchoi, vgl. IG IX 2,459 (Krannon); IG IX 2,1233 (Larisa [1]). Wie die Etym. nahelegt, umfaßte ihr Aufgabenbereich wohl mil. und zivile Belange der Polis. Die Abgrenzung gegenüber dem ebenfalls städtischen Kollegium der tágoi ist unklar (siehe [2]). Der archipolíarchos hatte den Vorsitz inne (IG IX 2,1233). Tagos; Thessaloi, Thessalia Beck, Hans (Köln) Bibliography 1 B. Helly, L'état Th…

[English version] Imperator Caesar M. Opellius Severus M. Augustus. Römischer Kaiser 217-218 n.Chr. Geb. 164 (Cass. Dio 78,40,3) oder 166 n.Chr. (Chr. Pasch. I p. 498 D.) in Caesarea Mauretania, von niederer Herkunft (Cass. Dio 78,11,1; SHA Opilius Macrinus (= Macr.) 2,1). M. war zunächst als Anwalt tätig, dann Procurator des praef. praet. Fulvius [II 10] Plautianus, dessen Sturz er dank der Intervention des L. Fabius [II 6] Cilo schadlos überstand (Cass. Dio 78,11,2). Septimius Severus ernannte ihn zum praefectus vehiculorum per Flaminiam (Cass. Dio 78,11,3) und ca. 208 …

(Μαικήνας). Etr. Gentilname (vgl. mehnate, mehnati u.ä.); die Familie ist inschr. für Perusia (h. Perugia) bezeugt und war wohl urspr. dort ansässig. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Freund und Berater Octavians (Augustus), 1. Jh. v.Chr. Vater von M. [2], schon 44 v. Chr. unter den Freunden und Beratern Octavians (Augustus) erwähnt (Nikolaos von Damaskos, Vita Caesaris 31,133). Schmidt, Peter L. (Konstanz) [English version] [2] Förderer der Lit., ca. 70-8 v. Chr. M., seltener - mit dem Gentile der Mutter - C. Cilnius M. (Tac. ann. 6,11,2), Freund …

[English version] [1] s. Hosidius; Lusius; Septimius; Vitorius s. Hosidius, Lusius, Septimius, Vitorius Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [English version] [2] Imp. Caesar P. Septimius Geta Augustus Sohn des Kaisers Septimius Severus, Bruder des Caracalla Geb. im März 189 n.Chr. in Rom als Sohn des L. Septimius Severus und der Iulia Domna, jüngerer Bruder des Caracalla (Cass. Dio 57,2,5; SHA Sept. Sev. 4,2; Get. 3,1 [27. Mai 189]; [2. 522ff.]). 197 begleitete er den Vater zusammen mit Mutter und Bruder beim “zweiten Partherkrieg” (AE 194…

(Ἱεροκλῆς). [English version] [1] Karischer Söldnerführer des 3. Jh. v. Chr. Karischer Söldnerführer des 3. Jh. v.Chr., vereitelte 287/6 mit Herakleides den Handstreich der athen. Demokraten auf den Peiraieus und die Munychia (Polyain. 5,17). Unter Antigonos [2] Gonatas hatte H. die Position eines maked. phrúrarchos (“Kommandant einer fest stationierten Truppe”) im Paeiraieus inne und war mehrfach Gastgeber des Königs. Er war mit dem damaligen Leiter der Akademie, Arkesilaos [5], befreundet (Diog. Laert. 4,39f.) und mit Menedemos bekannt (Diog. Laert. 2,127). Demetrios [2] E…

[English version] [1] Statthalter von Pannonien und Moesien, 260 n. Chr. gegen Gallienus zum Kaiser ausgerufen Statthalter von Pannonien und Moesien, wurde 260 n.Chr. von den moesischen Legionen gegen Gallienus zum Kaiser ausgerufen, nachdem Valerianus in persische Gefangenschaft geraten war und die Sarmaten mit einem Einfall drohten (SHA trig. tyr. 9,1; Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2; Zon. 12,24, p. 143 D). Der Reiterführer des Gallienus, Aureolus, besiegte ihn bei Mursa in der Nähe von Sirmium; auf der Flucht verlor I…

[English version] [1] Imp. Caes. M. Antonius G. Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Aug. Augustus in Karthago 238 n. Chr. (G.I.), geb. um 159 n.Chr. als Sohn des Maecius Marullus und der Ulpia Gordiana (Herodian. 7,5,2; SHA Gord. 2,2; Zon. 12,17 p. 127 D.). Nach einem erfolgreichen cursus honorum (SHA Gord. 3,5-8; 4,1), gelangte er - wohl unter Elagabal - zum Suffektkonsulat. 216 war er Statthalter in Britannia inferior (RIB 1, 1049), kurz darauf in Achaia [2. 181ff.], vielleicht auch in Syria. 237 fiel ihm per Los das Prokonsulat der Provinz Africa zu [5; 6. 89f. …

[English version] [1] Röm. Militärführer für Britannien, 193/4 n. Chr. Septimius Severus beauftragte H. 193/4 n.Chr. damit, ihm die Herrschaft über Britannien zu sichern (SHA Sept. Sev. 6,10; SHA Pescennius 5,2 wird fälschlich Bithynia genannt) und möglicherweise dem Clodius Albinus den Caesar-Titel anzubieten. (Cass. Dio 73,15,1; Herodian. 2,15,4). Vielleicht ist er identisch mit dem legatus der legio VI Ferrata H. aus dem Jahre 196 (PIR2 H 89; IGR 3,1107) bzw. mit H. [2] (PIR2 H 88). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [English version] [2] procurator 201 n. Chr. Bekleidete 201 n.Chr. das …