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In: Volume 1 Dawn of Ecumenism | Part II. Prehistory: The Challenges of Modernity previous chapter 1 Introduction The Reformation, which had once set out to renew the one (Western) Church, not only led to a schism between Catholics and Protestants but also to further separations and divisions among the latter. Even before Luther’s death, the division into a Lutheran and Reformed wing had already become firmly established. The “radical” (i.e. non-magisterial) Reformation of the 16th century also led to the emergen…

[English Version] Schartau,  Henrik (27.9.1757 Malmö – 3.2.1825 Lund), seit 1785 Pfarrer in Lund, später Propst und Distriktpropst. Als Seelsorger und Prediger prägte Sch. eine ganze Theologengeneration. Durch sie und seine postum hg. Schriften begründete er eine bis heute bestehende Erweckungsbewegung im westlichen Schweden, in der sich die Bußstrenge des Pietismus und die Kirchlichkeit der Orthodoxie verbinden. Martin Friedrich Bibliography W.v.Kloeden (BBKL 9, 1995, 9–11) A. Jarlert (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 31, 2002, 466–473).

[English Version] (Rudbeckius), Johannes (3.5.1581 Ormesta, Schweden – 8.8.1646 Västerås, ebd.), bedeutendster schwedischer Bischof der Großmachtzeit, 1611 Prof. der Theol. in Uppsala, 1613 Hofprediger von Gustav II. Adolf, 1618 Bf. von Västerås. Hier wirkte R. bes. durch seine Reformen in Bildungswesen (u.a. Gründung des ersten Gymnasiums in Schweden), Pfarrerfortbildung und Armenpflege sowie bei der Einführung der Kirchenbuchführung. Auch mit seinem Kampf für die Selbständigkeit der Reichskirche …

[English Version] (Pyrmeier, Piermeister), Johann (19.12.1597 Wien – um 1644). P. ist ein früher Vertreter eines überkonfessionellen Christentums. Als luth. Jurist unterstützte er den Kaiser, knüpfte bei Aufenthalten in Emden und den Niederlanden enge Kontakte zu Reformierten und förderte durch Korrespondenz und Reisen den myst. Spiritualismus. Anfangs ein Anhänger K.v. Schwenckfelds, schloß er sich in Berlin dem Antikriegspropheten L.F. Gifftheil an und wirkte zuletzt in Wien und Frankfurt/M. für d…

[English Version]  (Svedberg),  1.  Jesper (28.8.1653 Falun, Schweden – 26.7.1735 Skara). S. wirkte als Hofkaplan von Karl XI., Prof. der Theol. in Uppsala und seit 1702 als Bischof von Skara. Bedeutung hat er u.a. als Vf. von vielgelesenen Postillen und einer wichtigen Katechismuserklärung (1709), als Liederdichter und Redaktor des Gesangbuchs von 1694, aber auch als Sprachreformer und Organisator der kirchl. Betreuung der Schweden in Nordamerika. Als Royalist stützte er die staatskirchl. Vorherrsc…

[English Version] Uhlich, Leberecht (27.2.1799 Köthen – 23.3.1872 Magdeburg). Als Pfarrer in Pömmelte (heute Landkreis Schönebeck, Sachsen-Anhalt) gründete U. 1841 die »Prot. Freunde« (Lichtfreunde), eine Sammelbewegung des theol. Rationalismus, und führte die Opposition gegen die restaurative Kirchenpolitik von König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. an. 1845 wurde U. in ein Pfarramt nach Magdeburg berufen, schon 1847 aber amtsenthoben. Die von ihm geleitete Freie Gemeinde hatte zeitweilig eine große Mitglied…

[English Version] Sintenis, Wilhelm Franz (26.8.1794 Dornburg, Anhalt – 1859 Magdeburg), seit 1824 Prediger an der Heilig-Geist-Kirche in Magdeburg. Als S.1840 das Gebet zu Christus als Aberglauben bezeichnete, löste er den Magdeburger Gebetsstreit aus. Er erhielt einen Verweis vom Konsistorium, ein erster Versuche, den Rationalismus aus der ev. Kirche herauszudrängen. S. war 1841 an der Gründung der Prot. Freunde (Lichtfreunde) und 1843 an der des Gustav-Adolf-Vereins (Gustav-Adolf-Werk) beteiligt,…

[English Version] Schröder, Joachim (9.3.1613 Freudenberg bei Ribnitz – 1.6.1677 Rostock), seit 1637 Prediger am Hospital St. Georg in Rostock, 1668 aus gesundheitlichen Gründen emeritiert. Mit seinen Kollegen J. Quistorp d.J., H. Müller und Th. Großgebauer vertrat Sch. das Kirchenreformprogramm der Rostocker luth. Orthodoxie (: II.,2., a). Als Theologe blieb er hinter diesen zurück, popularisierte aber in zahlreichen Schriften die Forderungen nach strengerer Kirchenzucht und Heiligung im Leben. Er…

[English Version] Ulstadius, Lars (Laurentius; ca.1650 Oulu – 6.10.1732 Stockholm). Beeinflußt von der Lektüre V. Weigels und anderer Spiritualisten (Spiritualismus) gab U. 1682 sein Amt als Lehrer auf und griff 1688 mit einer Gottesdienststörung im Dom von Åbo die luth. Lehre als falsch an. U. wurde zum Tode, 1693 zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt und blieb auch nach der Begnadigung 1719 im Gefängnis, von den radikalen Pietisten in Schweden wie ein Märtyrer verehrt. Durch seine Anhänger (Petrus Schä…

[English Version] Schwartz, Josua (7.3.1632 Waldau, Pommern – 6.1.1709 Rendsburg). Nach Studium in Wittenberg und langer Bildungsreise wurde Sch. 1668 Dozent und Pastor in Lund, 1680 dt. Hofprediger in Kopenhagen und 1684 königlicher Generalsuperintendent des Herzogtums Schleswig, 1689 zusätzlich des Herzogtums Holstein (Schleswig-Holstein). Sch. trat v.a. als Streittheologe im Sinne der luth. Orthodoxie (: II.,2., a) hervor und bekämpfte den Synkretismus und die Naturrechtslehre S. Frhr.v. Pufendo…

[German Version] (Apr 3, 1770, Hamm – Feb 3, 1852, Potsdam). Called to Potsdam as court preacher from the pastorate in Hamm in 1806, Eylert became a celebrated preacher and the valued pastoral counselor of the royal couple. Frederik William III chose him as his key advisor on matters of church policy and commissioned him, for example, to formulate the 1817 Call to Union 1817 (Conferences, Church: I). After 1818 as both a bishop and a member of the coun-¶ cil of state, Eylert also shared responsibility for the reactionary turn of the king's …

[German Version] (Dec 16, 1629, Mücheln – Aug 24, 1701, Rudolstadt), Dr.iur., was from 1657 onward in the service of the Counts of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, where he rose to the ranks of president of the consistory and chancellor and sought to promote pietism by, among other means, instituting a “Jesus Society”; in addition, he authored several hundred works of law, politics, and edification as well as hymns (sometimes in collaboration with Countess Ämilie Juliane v. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt). His “Mi…

[German Version] (Laurentius; c. 1650, Oulu – Oct 6, 1732, Stockholm). Influenced by reading V. Weigel and other Spiritualists (Spiritualism), Ulstadius gave up his teaching position in 1682 and in 1688 interrupted worship in the cathedral in Åbo to attack Lutheran doctrine as false. He was condemned to death, then in 1693 to lifelong imprisonment; even after he was pardoned in 1719, he remained in prison, revered as a martyr by the radical Pietists in Sweden. His followers (including Petrus Schäfer and a Olaus Ulhegius) briefly succeeded in spreading Pietism in Finland. Martin Friedri…

[German Version] (Jan 9, 1575, Gemünden an der Wohra – Mar 22, 1639, Ulm). Dieterich's most influential work, the Institutiones catecheticae (1613; ¶ over 40 editions by 1700), was written during his time as professor of ethics in Gießen and rector of the Pedagogium (from 1605). It is regarded as a representative textbook of Lutheran orthodoxy (II, 2.a). As cathedral preacher and superintendent in the imperial city of Ulm, …

[German Version] (Majus; the Elder; Feb 5, 1653, Pforzheim – Sep 3, 1719, Gießen). As an orientalist, May received an appointment at the University of Gießen in 1688, thanks to the support of P.J. Spener. He quickly rose to court chaplain, professor of theology, and superintendent, and in 1695, after fierce controversies, he was able to lead the university to Pietism. He promoted the exegetical orientation of academic studies, as well as the toleration of Jews (out of interest in mission). With hi…

[German Version] (Oct 26, 1739, Wesel – Jan 13, 1823, The Hague). Jorissen, a merchant's son, studied Reformed theology in Duisburg and Utrecht from 1759. His older relative, G. Tersteegen, and the leader of the revivalists in the Lower Rhine, S. Collenbusch, had more influence on his development than did his academic teachers. After delivering a harangue as a candidate in his home town in 1768 and coming into conflict with the city council, he could no longer hope for a position in Prussia. So he served in various parish offices in the Netherlands: from 1769 in Avesathen, ¶ Gelderland, from …

[German Version] (Dec 18, 1623, Kassel – May 12, 1693, Cologne). Reared strictly in the Reformed tradition as the son of Landgrave Moritz v. Hessen-Kassel, Ernst converted to the Catholic Church and (alongside the governing of his small principality on the middle Rhine) devoted himself thereafter, through his own writings and an extensive correspondence (with G.W. Leibniz, P.J. Spener, J.-B. Bossuet, et al.), to the project of uniting all confessions. He proposed an international court and was opposed to any kind of compulsory belief. Martin Friedrich Bibliography H. Raab, “Der ‘D…

[German Version] (Sep 27, 1757, Malmö – Feb 3, 1825, Lund), pastor in Lund from 1785, afterward provost and rural dean. As a pastor and preacher, he left his mark on a whole generation of clergy. Through them and his posthumously published works, he initiated a revival movement in western Sweden that is still vital today, combining the penitential rigor of Pietism with the churchliness of orthodox Lutheranism. Martin Friedrich Bibliography W. v. Kloeden, BBKL IX, 1995, 9–11 A. Jarlert, Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon XXXI, 2002, 466–473.

[German Version] (Aug 28, 1653, Falun, Sweden – Jul 26, 1735, Skara), served as court chaplain to Charles XI, as professor of theology at Uppsala, and after 1702 as bishop of Skara. He is best known as the author of widely-read postils and an important exposition of the catechism (1709) and also as a hymnodist and editor of the 1694 hymnal, but also as a language reformer and organizer of the church’s care for Swedes in North America. As a royalist, he supported the dominance of Lutheran orthodoxy…

[German Version] (Dec 19, 1597, Vienna – c. 1644), an early exponent of transconfessional Christianity. As a Lutheran jurisprudent, he supported the emperor; during stays in Emden and the Netherlands, he cultivated close contact with Reformed thinkers. Through correspondence and travel, he promoted mystical spiritualism. Initially a supporter of K. v. Schwenckfeld, in Berlin he became a follower of the antiwar prophet L.F. Gifftheil. Finally he worked in Vienna and Frankfurt am Main to disseminate…

[German Version] (1583/1584, Oporto – April, 1640, Amsterdam). The son of a Portuguese Converso, Costa was able to return to Judaism after moving to Amsterdam in 1615. In 1618 he was excluded from the synagogue in Hamburg for criticizing important points of the Halakhic tradition (Halakhah). The Amsterdam synagogue pronounced a further ban in 1623 following his denial of the immortality of the soul. Costa's Exame das tradiçôes Phariseas (1624), in which he defended his opinions, was burnt. Costa was prepared to retract some of his statements, but i…

[German Version] (Rudbeckius; May 3, 1581, Ormesta, Sweden – Aug 8, 1646, Västerås, Sweden), leading Swedish bishop during Sweden’s period as a great power. In 1611 he was appointed professor of theology at Uppsala, in 1613 court preacher to Gustav II Adolf, and in 1618 bishop of Västerås. He had particular impact in that position, with his reforms of the educational system (including establishment of the first Gymnasium in Sweden), continuing education of the clergy, and poor relief; he also intr…

[German Version] (Mar 9, 1613, Freudenberg, near Ribnitz – Jun 1, 1677, Rostock), preacher from 1637 at the hospice church of St. George in Rostock, retired for health reasons in 1668. With his colleagues J. Quistorp the Younger, H. Müller, and T. Großgebauer, Schröder supported the program of church reform espoused by Lutheran orthodoxy (II, 2.a) in Rostock. He was not their equal as a theologian, but wrote prolifically demanding strict church discipline and personal sanctification. He attacked p…

[German Version] (Keimann; Feb 27, 1607, Pankratz, northern Bohemia – Jan 13, 1662, Zittau) was the son of a Protestant pastor who had been displaced by the Counter-Reformation. After studying theology in Wittenberg (notably under August Buchner), Christian Keymann became deputy principal (1634), then principal (1638) of Zittau's grammar school, which flourished under his leadership after the Peace of Westphalia. In 1651, Keymann was elected imperial poet laureate for his poetry (including chorals…

[German Version] (or Edzardus) (Jun 28, 1629, Hamburg – Jan 1, 1708, Hamburg). After studying Protestant theology and oriental languages, he received the Lic.theol. in 1656 and was a private scholar in Hamburg from 1657. From 1659 on, Edzard taught Hebrew language and literature to many students, including A.H. Francke (I), while also working for the conversion of the Jews of Ham…

[German Version] (Helvicus; Dec 26, 1581, Sprendlingen – Sep 10, 1617, Gießen), educationalist, orientalist and theologian, and professor at Gießen (1605). Helwig became known through his many textbooks on grammar, poetry and history, meant, first, to secure Lutheran orthodoxy (I, 2.a). After 1612, he was a zealous proponent of W. Ratke's “new style of teaching” and developed his approaches into a universal grammar. His major theological interest was missions to the Jews (Jewish Missions), which he sought to advance with writings on talmudic and rabbinic literature. Martin Friedr…

[German Version] (1654, Mannheim – Dec 20, 1704, Mannheim) began teaching in 1686 and was made professor of oriental languages in Heidelberg in 1700. Eisenmenger studied Hebrew, primarily in Amsterdam, and, from 1680, assembled the material for his major work, the two-volume Entdecktes Judenthum, which first appeared in 1700. The first edition was immediately confiscated on imperial orders after a complaint lodged by the Jews of Frankfurt, but in 1711, King Frederick I of Prussia commission…

[German Version] (Aug 26, 1794, Dornburg, Anhalt – Jan 23, 1859, Magdeburg), preacher at the Heilig-Geist-Kirche in Magdeburg from 1824. In 1840 he set off a controversy by declaring that praying to Christ was superstition. He was reprimanded by the consistory, a first attempt to force rationalism out of the Evangelical Church. Sintenis participated in the founding of the Protestant Lichtfreunde (“Friends of Light”) in 1841 and the Gustav Adolph Werk in 1843, but not until 1846 did he enter the lists against Neo-Orthodoxy with written attacks on the gene…

[German Version] (Feb 27, 1799, Köthen – Mar 23, 1872, Magdeburg). While a pastor in Pömmelte (today Schönebeck district, Saxony-Anhalt), in 1841 Uhlich founded the Protestantische Freunde (Lichtfreunde), a collective movement of theological Rationalism, and led the opposition to the restorative ecclesiastical policies of King Frederick William IV. In 1845 Uhlich was called to a pastorate in Magdeburg, but he was removed from office in 1847. The Free Congregation he led had a great many members for a while, but its impor…

[German Version] (Mar 7, 1632, Waldau, Pomerania [today Wałdowo, Poland] – Jan 6, 1709, Rendsburg). ¶ After studying at Wittenberg and extensive educational travel, Schwartz was appointed lecturer and pastor in Lund in 1668; in 1680 he became German court chaplain in Copenhagen and in 1684 royal general superintendent of the duchy of Schleswig, to which the duchy of Holstein was added in 1689 (Schleswig-Holstein). Schwartz was best known as a theological controversialist defending Lutheran orthodoxy (II, 2.a). …

[German Version] (Jul 10, 1666, Królewiec [Ger. Königsberg], Poland – Nov 14, 1711, in or near London), a Lutheran and, later, an Anglican theologian. As a church historian in Königsberg, Grabe had been led by the crypto-Catholic circles that arose out of syncretism (VI; G. Calixtus) to doubt the legitimacy of the Lutheran Church. Moved by the arguments of P.J. Spener and following the suggestion of D.E. Jablonski, he joined the Anglican Church in 1697 and emigrated to Oxford, where he became Dr.t…

1. Religiöse Disziplin 1.1. AllgemeinesIn der Nz. zeigt sich in allen Konfessionen ein gesteigertes Bestreben, das Leben der Gläubigen christl. Normen zu unterwerfen. Die Forschung zur Konfessionalisierung war lange auf Kirchenzucht (engl. church discipline oder Christian discipline, franz. discipline ecclésiastique) verengt und setzte diese mit Sozialdisziplinierung gleich [10. 502] oder parallelisierte sie der staatlichen Kriminalitätsabwehr. Erst neuerdings werden die Aspekte der »Selbstregulierung« betont [11. 680] und die Zucht in das kirchliche Bemühen…

1. Religious discipline 1.1. General considerationsIn the modern period there is an evident increased effort in all confessions to subject the lives of the faithful to Christian norms. Research into confessionalization was for a long time limited to church discipline (Ger. Kirchenzucht , Fr. discipline ecclésiastique), equating it with social discipline[10] or placing it in parallel with state defense against criminality. It is only recently that the aspects of “self-regulation” have been emphasized [11] and discipline has been classified with church efforts towards…

[English Version] 1.  Olaus (6.1.1493 Örebro – 19.4.1552 Stockholm), älterer Bruder von 2., dem ersten ev. Erzbf. Schwedens. P. studierte in Uppsala und Leipzig, 1518 M.A. in Wittenberg, 1520 Diakon, Kanzler des Bf. Mattias von Strängnäs, der beim Blutbad in Stockholm hingerichtet wurde, 1524 Stadtsekretär und Prediger in Stockholm, 1531–1533 Kanzler König Gustavs, 1539 ordiniert, am 2.1.1540 zus. mit Laurentius Andreae wegen Majestätsverbrechen zum Tode verurteilt, gegen Strafgelder begnadigt, 1543…

[German Version] 1. Olaus (Jan 6, 1493, Örebro – Apr 19, 1552, Stockholm), elder brother of Laurentius and first Protestant archbishop in Sweden. After studying at Uppsala and Leipzig, he received his M.A. from Wittenberg in 1518. He became a deacon in 1520 and was appointed chancellor by Mattias Gregersson, bishop of Strängnäs, who was executed during the Stockholm Bloodbath. In 1524 Petri was appointed city clerk and preacher in Stockholm; from 1531 to 1533 he served as chancellor to King Gustav. He was ordained in 1539. On Jan 2, 1540, ¶ he and Laurentius Andreae were condemned to d…

1. Historischer Überblick 1.1. Begriff und neuzeitliche DeutungR. (von lat. reformatio, ›Wiederherstellung‹, ›Umgestaltung‹) ist seit der Mitte des 19. Jh.s spezieller Terminus für die eine Seite jener Vorgänge, durch die im 16. Jh. die westl. Christenheit in mehrere einander antagonistische Konfessionskirchen auseinandertrat; sein Antonym, welches die andere Seite bezeichnet, ist Gegen-R.Zuvor hatte der Begriff die allgemeine Bedeutung von Reform. So begegnet reformatio bzw. die zugrundeliegende verbale Form reformare in den kirchl. und polit. Reformbewegungen…

1. Historical survey 1.1. Terminology and early modern interpretationSince the mid-19th century,  Reformation (from Latin  reformatio, “restoration,” “transformation”) has been a specialized term for one side of the 16th-century events that tore Western Christendom apart into mutually antagonistic confessional churches; its antonym, denoting the other side, is  Counter-Reformation.Previously the term had carried the general meaning of “reform.” In the ecclesiastical and political reform movements of the late Middle Ages, we find both  reformatio and the verb  reform…