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See also Iceland in 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations1 According to available historical records and folklore traditions, the first contact Iceland had with Muslims goes back to the summer of 1627, when a group of so-called ‘Turkish pirates’, who had actually travelled from North Africa, raided settlements on the south-west coast, the Westman Islands and the eastern fjords. This episode is of no importance for the composition of the Muslim community in Iceland today…

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Introduction The Muslim population of Sweden is very diverse in its ethnic and linguistic composition, and no group is in a clearly dominant position. Up until the mid-1980s, the largest single Muslim group consisted of people with a Turkish background, but since then it has not been possible to talk about one group as being numerically dominant, and today Sweden’s Muslim communities are made up of Arabs, Iranians, Af…

See also Iceland in 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The data for this country report are primarily based on official statistics, online information published by the Association of Muslims in Iceland ( Félag múslima á Íslandi) and media reports.1 There are hardly any academic studies of Islam and Muslims in Iceland, the main reason being that very few Muslims live in this geographically remote part of Europe. According to historical records and folklore traditions, the first contact Iceland ha…

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2009 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The last official census to include information about religious affiliation was collected in 1930 and 15 individuals were recorded as Muslims in that year.1 However, larger numbers of Muslims started to arrive in the 1960s and 1970s, and the figure for today varies between 350,000 and 400,000 out of a total Swedish population of approximately 9,400,000. This estimate is not supported by hard evidence as it is against the …

See also Iceland in 2009 | 2010 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations atThe da for this country report are primarily based on official statistics, online information published by the Association of Muslims in Iceland ( Félag múslima á Íslandi) and media reports.1 There are hardly any academic studies on Islam and Muslims in Iceland, the main reason being that very few Muslims live in this geographically remote part of Europe. According to historical records and folklore traditions, the first contact Iceland ha…

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. Introduction The Muslim population of Sweden is very diverse when it comes to ethnic and linguistic background, and no group is in a clearly dominant position. Up until the mid-1980s the largest single Muslim group consisted of people from a Turkish background, but since then it has not been possible to talk about one group as being numerically dominant, and today Muslim communities are made up of Arabs, Iranians, Afr…

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The last official census to include information about religious affiliation was collected in 1930, and 15 individuals were recorded as ‘Muslims and other Asian religions’ in that year.1 If we look more closely into the data it is clear that the number of Muslims could have been between 11 or 4 individuals, depending on how the statistical information should be read and analysed.2 However, larger numbers of Muslims started to arrive in the 1960s and 1970s, and …

See also Sweden in 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The last official census to include information about religious affiliation was collected in 1930 and fifteen individuals were recorded as Muslims in that year.1 However, larger numbers of Muslims started to arrive in the 1960s and 1970s, and the figure for today varies between 350,000 and 400,000 out of a total Swedish population of 9,000,000. This estimate is not supported by hard data as it is against the law to collec…

Bibliographical information and academic databases clearly indicate that the study of Islam and Muslims is a maturing research area within the broader field of religious and social studies in the West. This observation is also true for the Nordic countries.1 However, even though the quantity of publications has grown over the years, it is evident that most academics working on Islam in the Nordic countries seem to have limited possibilities to do fieldwork or thorough comparative and longitudinal studies covering more than one countr…

See also Iceland in 2009 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The data for this country report are primarily based on official statistics, online information published by the Association of Muslims in Iceland ( Félag múslima á Íslandi) and media reports.1 There are hardly any academic studies of Islam and Muslims in Iceland, the main reason being that very few Muslims live in this geographically remote part of Europe. According to historical records and folklore traditions, the first contact Iceland ha…

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The last official census to include information about religious affiliation was collected in 1930 and 15 individuals were recorded as Muslims in that year.1 However, larger numbers of Muslims started to arrive in the 1960s and 1970s, and the figure for today varies between 350,000 and 400,000 out of a total Swedish population of approximately 9,480,000. This estimate is not supported by hard evidence as it is against the …

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The last official census to include information about religious affiliation was collected in 1930 and 15 individuals were recorded as Muslims in that year.1 However, larger numbers of Muslims started to arrive in the 1960s and 1970s, and the figure for today varies between 350,000 and 400,000 out of a total Swedish population of approximately 9,550,000. This estimate is not supported by hard evidence as it is, on the basi…

See also Sweden in 2008 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations The last official census to include information about religious affiliation was collected in 1930 and 15 individuals were recorded as Muslims in that year.1 However, larger numbers of Muslims started to arrive in the 1960s and 1970s, and the figure for today varies between 350,000 and 400,000 out of a total Swedish population of 9,000,000. This estimate is not supported by hard evidence as it is against the law to collect…

Shari‘a as Discourse: Legal Traditions and the Encounter with Europe. Ed. Jørgen S. Nielsen and Lisbet Christoffersen. Farnham/Burlington: Ashgate, 2010. Pp. ix+267. Hbk. ISBN 9780754679554. £65.00. Shari‘a as Discourse: Legal Traditions and the Encounter with Europe provides the reader with an excellent introduction to, and overview of, the debate about Islamic jurisprudence and Western legal philosophy and traditions. Even though it would be wrong to argue that current European legal systems are opening themselves up to ideas r…

Abstract: This entry deals with the elusive, complex and vague term “power.” Even though a notion of power is often linked to both popular and academic discussions concerning religion and theology — …

Abstract: Demography focuses on how a population changes over time, for example, because of birth and death rates and movements (migration, urbanization, emigration, etc.), but also because of politi…

previous chapter Family law covers a broad sphere of legal questions, such as marriage1 and divorce, child custody, spouses’ and cohabitees’ property rights, and maintenance and inheritance, on the substantive lev…

previous chapter From a legal point of view, religion is not an issue for the development of Swedish integration laws but, that said, it is evident that public debates and notions are often coloured by …

previous chapter Spiritual care in prisons and hospitals has a long history in Sweden.1 For example, the Church of Sweden has played a central role in the development of both punishment regimes (prisons) and proce…

previous chapter Like many other countries in Europe, Sweden banned Jewish kosher slaughter in 1937.1 As Göran Gunner and others have pointed out, this ban seems to have reflected public debates in the 1930s and th…

previous chapter Under the heading criminal law, we will discuss laws and regulations that concern male circumcision, female genital mutilation and forced marriages in relation to Islam and Muslim affairs. 13.1 Male Circumcision The …

previous chapter This chapter provides an overview of how the Swedish state organises its support for religious communities (Islamic religious communities included). The relationship between the state a…

previous chapter According to § 1 of the Burial Act ( Begravningslagen 1990:1144), either the Church of Sweden or the municipality is responsible for providing burial sites for all citizens. The cost of burial is funded by a special tax ( b…

previous chapter The following sections highlight the impact of Swedish laws and regulations on the establishment and institutionalisation of Islam in Sweden. The first section describes how non-Christi…

previous chapter There are in general no specific Swedish laws or regulations regarding Islamic goods and services. As long as devotional articles like books, pamphlets, clothes, perfumes or foods do no…

previous chapter 6.1 Compulsory Education The right to education is a basic human right guaranteed in several human rights conventions. The right to education is one of the economic, social and cultural ri…

Title footnote1 previous chapter Both public and legal debates concerning what is seen as religious clothing, like various forms of veiling (hijab, niqab, etc.), are often closely related to questions con…

previous chapter There have been a number of attempts to start imam education programmes in Sweden, most if not all of which have failed because of internal differences and a generally low level of inte…

previous chapter Sweden has developed a legal system for combating racism, discrimination and hate crimes. The most basic law with regard to the non-discrimination clause in Swedish law is the Swedish C…

previous chapter Before we turn to the specific legal documents that can be seen, implicitly or explicitly, as relating to Muslims and Islamic affairs in Sweden, it is important to stress that the Swedi…

previous chapter Like the great majority of European Muslims, Muslims in Sweden practise their religion in their private lives, but also in basements, warehouses or old industrial buildings that have be…

See also Iceland in 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2014 | 2015 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021. 1 Muslim Populations1 It is difficult to know when the first encounter between Muslims and Icelanders took place, but there were contacts between Arab traders and envoys and Nordic people from the 9th century onward, so it is not impossible that some Icelanders might have encountered Arab Muslims in earlier times. How the memory of these relations has been stored in the collective historical consciousness of Scandinavians in general …