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[German Version] (Feb 16, 1852, Pittsburg, PA – Oct 31, 1916, Pampa, TX), founded the Zion’s Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (1884), a millennialist religious movement that became the Jehovah’s Witnesses. Raised a Presbyterian in Philadelphia, Russell rejected the doctrines of eternal punishment and the Trinity and advocated distinctive interpretations of the Bible. In his book Millennial Dawn (1886) and as editor of the periodical Zion’s Watch Tower (1878–1916), he argued that Christ’s second coming had occurred in an invisible, spiritual manner in 1874 and…

[German Version] ( Jan 19, 1847, Naperville, IL – Apr 28, 1916, New York) was a pioneer of the Social Gospel movement. He urged ecumenical action to eliminate poverty and disease, and argued that “Anglo- Saxons” should elevate other “races.” Educated at Lane Seminary (1869–1871) and ordained a Congregationalist minister, he wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885) and founded the American League for Social Service in 1898. Candy Gunther Brown Bibliography S. Curtis, A Consuming Faith: The Social Gospel and Modern American Culture, 2001.

[German Version] (Nov 12, 1815, Johnstown NY – Oct 16, 1902, New York City) was the most prominent spokesperson for the American women’s movement (Feminism and feminist theology). She helped organize the women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY (1848), where she introduced a “Declaration of Sentiments, based on the Declaration of Independence, calling for women’s equal rights. Stanton served as president of the New York Woman’s Temperance Society (1851–1853) and as an officer in the Women’s L…