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[German Version] (before 1410 – Apr 17 [?], 1478), co-founder of the Solovetsky Monastery and an outstanding example of the attraction of the ascetic life in his period; canonized in 1547. He is not to be confused with the similarly named (a) metropolitan (1490–1494), (b) author of a pilgrimage account (1423), or (c) character in F. Dostoyevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov. Michael Hübner Bibliography On Zossima: K. Appel, “Zosima,” BBKL XIV, 1998, 588f. (bibl.) On the metropolitan: P. Nitsche, LMA IX, 1998, 676f. On the pilgrim: F.B. Poljakov, ibid., 677 On the fictional character…

[German Version] (CIS), a union founded in 1991 of the successor states of the former USSR: Azerbaijan (not 1992–93), Armenia, Georgia (from 1993), Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Moldavia (beginning 1994), Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Belarus (White Russia). A 1995 human rights convention adopted by only some of the states formulated freedom of religion (art. 10) in line with the OSCE, though with a limitation wi…

[German Version] (Jan 13, 1854, Ostaškov – Apr 18, 1900, St. Petersburg), Russian church historian who began studying at the Spiritual Academy of St. Petersburg in 1875. Because of his outstanding accomplishments he was appointed even before the end of his studies to the chair of early church history, becoming lecturer in 1879 and professor in 1885. In his “theses” on the Filioque Bolotov attempted to interpret the latter not as a dogma but as a Western theologoumenon and thus to strip it of its chur…

[German Version] (Sep 13, 1921, Tallinn, Estonia – Dec 13, 1983, Crestwood, NY). From 1940 to 1945, Schmemann studied theology at the Institut Saint-Serge in Paris; he was ordained to the priesthood in 1946. Beginning in 1951, he taught at St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary in the United States; in 1962 he succeeded G. Florovsky as dean. Influenced by the Renouveau catholique (France, Theology in [II, 1], esp. J. Daniélou, Louis Bouyer, A. Gide, Julien Green) and his Orthodox teachers in Paris (A. Kartachev, Cyprian Kern, and esp. N. Afanasev), …

[German Version] I. Terminology All the major concepts in soteriology have biblical roots. Of central importance today is the notion of reconciliation (II), which bridges the theological and secular realms. The original Greek word καταλλαγή/ katallagḗ involves the notion of exchange, which was early taken to imply that Christ takes the place of the sinner before God, so realizing atonement (at-one-ment) and making expiation. Associated ideas include substitution and representation, which conceive Christ as standing in for the sinner before God. Particular theolo…

[German Version] The basis of the Orthodox blessing of water is the blessing of the water used in baptism (IV, 2), attested since the Early Church. In connection with the commemoration of Christ’s baptism on Jan 6, observed since the 5th century, there developed the separate rite of the Great Blessing of the Waters, in a double ceremony. After the liturgy on the eve of the festival, a blessing is recited over a vessel of water, which will supply holy water throughout the coming year. On the feast …

[English Version] Schmemann, Alexander (13.9.1921 Reval, Estland – 13.12.1983 Crestwood, NY), 1940–1945 Studium der Theol. am Institut Saint-Serge, Paris; Priesterweihe 1946; ab 1951 Lehrtätigkeit in den USA am St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, ab 1962 Dekan in Nachfolge von G. Florovsky. Beeinflußt vom Renouveau catholique (Frankreich, Theologie in [: II.,1.], bes. J. Daniélou, Louis Bouyer, A. Gide, Julien Green) und von seinen orth. Lehrern in Paris (A. Kartašëv, Kiprian Kern, v.a. N…

[English Version] . Grundlage der orth. W. bildet die seit früher kirchl. Zeit bezeugte Segnung des Wassers in der Taufe (: IV.,2.). In Verbindung mit dem seit dem 5.Jh. gefeierten Gedächtnis der Taufe Christi am 6.1. entwickelte sich mit der »Großen W.« ein eigener Ritus, der zweigeteilt eine W. im Vorabendgottesdienst über einem Gefäß (zum Gebrauch des geweihten Wassers für das ganze Jahr) und am Festtag selbst an einem möglichst offenen Gewässer kennt. Daneben gibt es seit dem 10.Jh. die »Klein…

[English Version] (vor 1410 – 17?.4.1478), Mitbegründer des Soloveckij Klosters und hervorragendes Beispiel der Attraktivität des asketischen Lebens in seiner Zeit; 1547 heiliggesprochen. Nicht zu verwechseln mit dem gleichnamigen Metropoliten (1490–1494), dem Vf. eines Pilgerberichts (1423) und der Romangestalt aus F. Dostojevskijs »Die Brüder Karamazov«. Michael Hübner Bibliography Über Z.: K. Appel, Art. Zosima (BBKL 14, 1998, 588f.) (Lit.) Zum Metropoliten: P. Nitsche (LMA 9, 1998, 676f.) Zum Pilger: F.B. Poljakov (ebd., 677) Zur Romangestalt: W. Kasack (LTHK 3 10,…