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[German Version] (also Uṭaiyavar; traditional dates: 1017, Śrīperumputūr [Tamil Nadu] – 1137). In his commentary ( Śrībhāṣya) on the Brahma Sutras, Rāmānuja systematized the philosophical teachings of his predecessors Nāthamuni (10th cent.) and Yāmuna (11th cent.), thereby establishing the Viṣṇu-oriented philosophical direction of the Viśiṣṭādvaita (“qualified non-duality” [monism]; Hinduism: II, 2), in which non-duality (advaita) is qualified in the sense that the world and the ¶ individual soul each receive their own weight. This school teaches devoted…

[German Version] (“Pervader”) is a Hindu god (God, Representations and symbols of: IV); he later became the primary deity of Vaiṣṇavism, though he does not play a major role in the Vedas. In the Upaniṣads we find the notion of a triad of Brahmā (creator; Brahman), Rudra (destroyer; Śiva), and Viṣṇu (maintainer). The epics and Purāṇas then emphasize the superiority of either Śiva or Viṣṇu. There, too, the gentle and preservative aspects of Viṣṇu are central. Viṣṇu has been worshiped in various forms and personalities at least since the 5th century ce; several local deities have…

[German Version] refers here to the organized and institutionalized forms of Hinduism in which a form of Viṣṇu represents the highest god, this particularly in demarcation from Śaivism and Śāktism. Vaiṣṇavism is not a monolithic religion with a homogeneous development and uniform beliefs. The most important texts are the Bhagavadgītā, the Rāmāyaṇa, and the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa (Purāṇas). The earliest form of Vaiṣṇavism combines Vedic elements with the veneration of Viṣṇu (as Nārāyaṇa, Kṛṣṇa…

Each year, at the end of the rainy season, a festival that lasts nine nights and ten days is celebrated with great enthusiasm and public participation all over India and wherever South Asians live. This festival is known by many names. Navarātri (or navarātra) is one of them, a name that emphasizes the duration of the festival: it is traditionally celebrated for nine nights. Durgāpūjā and durgotsava are alternative popular names of this festival, emphasizing that this is a festival focusing on goddess Durgā, who is one major manifestation of the “Great Goddess…

[English Version] (»Durchdringer«), ist ein hinduistischer Gott (Gott/Götter/Götterbilder und -symbole: IV.), der später zur Hauptgottheit des Viṣṇuismus wird, während er im Veda (Veden) noch keine wesentliche Rolle spielt. In den Upaniṣaden findet sich die Vorstellung der Dreiheit von Brahmā (Schöpfer; Brahman), Rudra (Śiva; Zerstörer) und V. (Erhalter). Die Epen und Purāṇas betonen dann die Überlegenheit entweder des Śiva oder des V. Die milden und bewahrenden Aspekte des V. stehen auch hier…

[English Version] bez. hier organisierte und institutionalisierte Formen des Hinduismus, in welchen eine Form des Viṣṇu höchster Gott ist; dies v.a. in Abgrenzung zum Śivaismus und Śāktismus. Der V. ist keine monolithische Rel. mit homogener Entwicklung und einheitlichen Anschauungen. Die wichtigsten Texte sind die Bhagavadgītā, das Rāmāyaṇa und das Bhāgavata-Purāṇa (Purāṇas). Die früheste Form des V. vereint vedische Elemente und die Verehrung des Viṣṇu (als Nārāyaṇa, Kṛṣṇa-Vāsudeva od…

[English Version] (auch Uṭaiyavar; traditionelle Daten: 1017 Śrı̄perumputūr [Tamil Nadu] – 1137). R. systematisierte in seinem Komm. (Śrı̄bhāṣya) zu den Brahma-Sūtras die philos. Lehren seiner Vorgänger Nāthamuni (10.Jh.) und Yāmuna (11.Jh.) und etablierte somit die viṣṇuitische (Viṣṇuismus) philos. Richtung des Viśiṣṭādvaita (»Qualifizierte Zweitlosigkeit« [Monismus]; Hinduismus: II., 2.). Danach ist die »Zweitlosigkeit« (advaita) derart qualifiziert, daß Welt und Einzelseele je Eigengewi…