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[English Version] von Orléans (um 760 im ehemals westgotischen Spanien – 821 Angers oder Le Mans [?]), mußte um 785 seine Heimat verlassen. Am Hof Karls des Großen spielte der hochgebildete Mann bald eine wichtige Rolle. Unter seiner Leitung entstanden zw. 790 und 792 die sog. Libri Carolini gegen die bilderfreundliche Entscheidung des II. Konzils von Nicaea (787). Vor 798 erhielt Th. mehrere Klöster (u.a. Fleury) und das Bistum Orléans übertragen. 800/01 war er mit Karl in Rom, wo ihm Papst Leo II…

[English Version] von Salzburg (nach 700 in Irland – 27.11.784 Salzburg), kam 743 ins Frankenreich (wohl aus dem Kloster Iona). Seit 745/46 wirkte er in Bayern, 749 Bf. von Salzburg, bestattet in dem von ihm erbauten Dom. Konflikt mit Bonifatius wegen der Weigerung, eine Taufe zu wiederholen, die ein bairischer Priester mit einer grammatisch falschen Formel durchgeführt hatte. Bonifatius schwärzte V. bei Papst Zacharias als Häretiker an wegen seines Glaubens an die Antipoden. Die früher zugewiesene…

[English Version] (1006/07 Ravenna – 22./23.2.1072 Faenza), als junger Mann Lehrer der freien Künste in Ravenna, um 1035 nach der Priesterweihe Mitglied und später (1043) Prior der Eremitengemeinschaft des hl. Romuald in Fonte Avellana (Umbrien). Er schrieb neben der Vita Romualdi (1041/42) und weiteren Heiligenviten sowie Regeln für seine Mönche v.a. zahlreiche Briefe (180 haben sich erhalten; sie waren im MA weit verbreitet) und Gelegenheitsschriften, 54 Predigten und zahlreiche Gedichte. Darin …

[English Version] Salomo III., Abt in St. Gallen und Bf. von Konstanz (um 860–919), aus hochadeligem Geschlecht, wurde als Kind ins Kloster Sankt Gallen gegeben, wo er zus. mit seinem Bruder Waldo (883–906 Bf. von Freising) Schüler Notkers Balbulus war. 890 erhob ihn König Arnulf von Kärnten zum Bf. von Konstanz; dieses Amt hatten auch schon sein Großonkel Salomo I. von 838/39–871 und sein Onkel Salomo II. (875–889) bekleidet. Tätigkeiten in der Nähe des Königs übte er schon unter Karl III. seit 884 und …

[English Version] von Verona (um 890 Gebiet von Lüttich – 25.4.974 Namur), hatte als schwieriger Charakter ein bewegtes Leben; dreimal war er Bf. von Verona (931–934, 946–948 und 962–968), einmal auch kurzzeitig (953–955) Bf. von Lüttich. In den Zwischenzeiten war er in den Klöstern Aulne bei Lüttich und in Lobbes, wo er auch begraben ist. Unter seinen nur spärlich überlieferten Werken sind die »Praeloquia«, die eine christl. Morallehre für die weltl. und die geistl. Stände enthalten, hervorzuheben…

[English Version] . Die sog. P.D., gefälschte Briefe der Päpste von Clemens I. (Romanus) bis zu Melchiades (311–314), bilden den bedeutendsten Teil der pseudoisidorischen Schriften, der »einflußreichsten Fälschung des MA« (Fuhrmann), die außerdem auch noch die falschen Kapitularien des Benedictus Levita, eine verfälschende Bearbeitung der Collectio Hispana (sog. Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis, erhalten im Codex Vaticanus latinus 1341, 9.Jh., aus Autun) sowie angebliche Rechtssätze des Bf. Angi…

[English Version] Zacharias, letzter griech. Papst 3.12.741 – 15.3.752, schloß einen Bund mit den Franken, suchte aber auch mit den Langobarden und mit Byzanz (Konstantinopel/Byzanz) einen Ausgleich. Das röm. Konzil 743 regelte disziplinäre Fragen und das Eherecht, auf der röm. Synode von 745 wurden die Häretiker Aldebert und Clemens verurteilt. 747 schrieb Z. an den Hausmeier Pippin über das christl. Leben von Klerus und Laien (M. Tangl [Hg.], MGH. Ep 1, 1916, 479–487), Bonifatius gab er Ratschläge …

[English Version] von Lyon, Erzbf. 852–875. Theologiegesch. relevant ist v.a. seine Stellungnahme im Prädestinationsstreit, der auf mehreren Synoden, bes. in Valence 855, in seinem Beisein verhandelt wurde. Die beiden ihm zugeschriebenen Schriften zu diesem Thema, in denen die Position Hinkmars von Reims und des Johannes Scotus Eriugena angegriffen werden, sind aber nicht von ihm, sondern von seinem Diakon Florus von Lyon vf. Wilfried Hartmann Bibliography W. Hartmann, Die Synoden der Karolingerzeit im Frankenreich und in Italien, 1989, 261–266 K. Zechiel-Eckes, Florus vo…

[English Version] Paschalis II., Papst 14.8.1099 (Weihe) – 21./22.1.1118 (Reiner; geb. in Bieda bei Galeata, Romagna). Mit einem der längsten Pontifikate überhaupt, hat P. in der Forschung einen zwiespältigen Eindruck hinterlassen. Fast allg. wird er als »schwächer und passiver als seine Vorgänger« angesehen, der »weniger Wegbereiter und Vorbild als Nachfolger und Erbe« (Servatius) gewesen sei. Schon als Knabe Mönch (nicht in Cluny) wurde er von Gregor VII. zum Abt von S. Lorenzo in Rom und 1078 zum Kardinalpriester von S. Clemente erhoben. Als s…

[English Version] von Gembloux (um 1030 – 5.10.1112 Gembloux, Belgien). S. kam als Oblate ins Kloster Gembloux (Diöz. Lüttich), war seit ca.1050 an der Schule des Vinzenzklosters in Metz tätig und kehrte nach 1071 nach Gembloux zurück. Er trat als Vf. hagiographischer Werke, als Historiograph (neben einer weit verbreiteten Weltchronik, die i.J. 381 einsetzt und bis 1111 reicht, vf. er die »Gesta abbatum Gemblacensium« sowie einen Schriftstellerkatalog [Literaturgeschichte/Literaturgeschichtsschreib…

[English Version] von Stablo und Malme´dy, Abt von zahlreichen Klöstern (998 Flandern – 25.1.1048). Der Sohn eines Adligen hatte im Anschluß an Wallfahrten nach Jerusalem und Rom ein Bekehrungserlebnis und trat zuerst ins Kloster St. Thierry bei Reims ein, ehe er 1008 mit dem Reformer Richard nach St. vanne bei Verdun kam. Als dessen Schüler und Mitarbeiter reformierte er eine Reihe von lothringischen Klöstern. 1020 erhob ihn Kaiser Heinrich II. zum Abt von Stablo und Malme´dy und machte ihn 1024 auc…

[English Version] von Prüm (gest.915 Trier). R. taucht erst in den Quellen auf, als er 892 zum Abt von Prüm gewählt wurde. Von dort wurde er 899 vertrieben und fand Zuflucht in Trier, dessen Erzbischof ihm die Leitung der Abtei St. Martin übergab. Begraben ist er im Trierer Kloster St. Maximin. R. ist als Vf. eines kirchenrechtlichen Handbuchs (906), das auf die Praxis des bfl. Sendgerichts ausgerichtet war, und einer Weltchronik von der Geburt Christi bis zum Jahr 906 (908 abgeschlossen), die in i…

[English Version] Nikolaus I., Papst 24.4.858 – 13.11.867 (geb. als Sohn eines päpstl. Beamten). Von Papst Sergius II. (844–847) zum Subdiakon geweiht, stieg N. unter Leo IV. zum Diakon auf und wurde der engste Ratgeber Benedikts III. (855–858). Die Wahl zum Papst erfolgte unter dem Einfluß Kaiser Ludwigs II. Zu seinem wichtigsten Ratgeber wurde bald Anastasius Bibliothecarius (Anastasius [III.]). Über die Handlungen und die Absichten dieses Papstes sind wir außerordentlich gut unterrichtet, da sic…

[German Version] (born c. 1060, died before 1145), canon and schoolmaster of the cathedral of Liège; retired to Cluny as a monk in 1121. His De sacramentis corporis et sanguinis Domini, directed against the sacramental teaching of Berengar of Tours, maintains the validity of sacraments administered by Simoniacs (Simony). In canon law, his treatise De misericordia et iustitia was used in Gratian's Decretum ( Corpus Iuris Canonici ). Not content simply to assemble texts bearing on questions of canon law, it seeks to interpret them using the new scholastic method. Wilfried Hartmann Biblio…

[German Version] (Apr 10, 1191 – Jan 8, 1198). Born in Rome around 1105/1106, Celestine (Giacinto [Hyacinthus] Bobone [later Orsini]) studied in Paris under Peter Abelard (c. 1130) and defended him against the accusations brought forward by Bernard of Clairvaux at the Synod of Sens (1140). In 1143/1144, Celestine II appointed him cardinal-deacon at the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. In the following years, he undertook several journeys as a papal legate (esp. to Spain) and…

[German Version] (c. 890, region of Liège – Apr 25, 974, Namur), a difficult character who led an eventful life. He was three times (931–934, 946–948 and 962–968) bishop of Verona, and once, for a short time (953–955), bishop of Liège. Betweentimes he was in the monasteries of Aulne near Liège and Lobbes, where he was also buried. Among his few extant works, the Praeloquia (written 934–936) is noteworthy. It contains Christian moral teaching for laity and clergy. Of autobiographical interest are the Dialogus confessionalis and the Qualitatis coniectura, in which the old Ratherius p…

[German Version] Some textual traditions of the Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (probably contemporary with the events it describes) name an otherwise unknown canonicus Albertus Aquensis ecclesiae as its author. Books 1–6 describe the First Crusade, including the preliminary People's Crusade; books 7–11 recount the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem down to 1111. Book 12 briefly sketches events from 1…

[German Version] ( Chlodwig; 466 – Nov 27, 511, Paris), Frankish king and the son of Childeric of Tournai. In 481 or 482, he succeeded his father as ruler of one of the Frankish kingdoms; in 486/487, he defeated the Roman “king” Syagrius, who ruled northern Gaul. The victory over the Alemanni (probably 496/497) is associated with the moment of Clovis's baptism: It is highly significant that Clovis was baptized as a Catholic by Bishop Remigius of Reims (probably at…

[German Version] The so-called Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, forged letters of the popes from Clement I to Melchiades (311–314), constitute the most significant portion of the Pseudo-Isidorian corpus, “the most influential forgery of the Middle Ages” (Fuhrmann); the corpus also includes the false capitularies of Benedictus Levita, a falsifying version of the Collectio Hispana (the so-called Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis, found in Codex Vaticanus latinus 1341, from Autun [9th cent.]), and supposed capitularies of Bishop Angilram of Metz (died 791). The cre…

[German Version] (c. 974 – Mar 9, 1009), the scion of a prominent family in eastern Saxony, was educated at the cathedral school in Magdeburg; he became a canon of the cathedral in 995. He went to Rome with Otto III, and in 998 entered a monastery there. In 1001, under the influence of St. Romuald, he took up residence near Ravenna as a hermit. In 1002, he was named …

[German Version] (c. 769 – Jun 6, 840). A Visigoth from Septimania who belonged to the circle of Benedict of Aniane. He became archbishop of Lyon in 816; he was deposed as archbishop in 835 after the restoration of Emperor Louis I, the Pious whom Abogard had helped to depose in 833. A single manuscript preserves a series of tractates that show Abogard to be an…

[German Version] (perhaps from southern Gaul, died c. circa 860). The deacon Florus worked for several decades at the cathedral of Lyon, which was a center in the 9th century for theological study and scholarly training. In his tractate De electionibus episcoporum, Florus emphasized, in harmony with the tradition of church law, that the bishop could only enter office by means of election by the clergy and the people. A further writing deals with the exemption of the clergy from secular justice. On questions of liturgy, Florus frequentl…

[German Version] (before 1028 – shortly after 1081). Educated in Bamberg, Lambert entered the Hersfeld monastery in 1058 and in 1081 became abbot of Hasungen, near Kassel. Besides a life of Lullus of Mainz, the founder of Hersfeld, Lambert is noted primarily for his Annales, a historical work that begins with creation and from 1040 to 1077 becomes a detailed presentation of contemporary history. Stylistically echoing Livy and Sallust, Lambert describes the reigns of Henry III, whom he revered, and Henry IV, whom he virtually hated. He was…

[German Version] Poppo of Stablo and Malmédy (Saint), abbot of several monasteries (998, Flanders – Jan 25, 1048). Of noble birth, following pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome he had a conversion experience and entered the monastery of St. Thierry near Rheims; in 1008 he and the reformer Richard of St. Vanne went to the abbey of St. Vanne near Verdun. As Richard’s pupil and colleague, he reformed a series of abbeys in Lorraine. In 1020 Emperor Henry II made him abbot of Stablo (Stavelot) and Malméd…

[German Version] (died 827) came to the Frankish kingdom (initially to Lyon) from Spain in 800; in 815/816, he was appointed bishop of Turin by Louis the Pious. He is noted for his extreme iconoclastic attitude and his rejection of the veneration of saints (he even ordered crucifixes to be removed from the churches). His polemic writing against images can be reconstructed from quotations in the refutation of Jonas of Orléans. His biblical commentaries are little…

[German Version] (925 – Oct 6, 965) was the youngest son of King Henry I. Reared by bishop Balderich of Utrecht, Bruno became chancellor at the court of his brother Otto the Great in 940 and archchaplain in 951. Election and consecration as archbishop of Cologne followed in 953; simultaneously, Otto I named him dux in the region of Lotharingia. His biographer …

[German Version] (801 – Feb 3, 865). Educated in the monastery of Corbie, in 823 Ansgar came to Corvey in Saxony, where he directed the monastic school. From 825 to 831, he served as a missionary in Denmark and Sweden; in 831 he became a missionary bishop with his see at Hamburg (I). In 832 at Rome, along with Ebbo of Reims, he was named papal legate to the …

[German Version] (c. 1010 – Aug 8, 1091) was from a landed noble family in Saxony and Bavaria. Altmann was cathedral scholar in Paderborn, diocesan provost in Aachen and court chaplain of Henry III and Empress Agnes; in 1065 he became bishop of Passau. His interest in the reform of the secular clergy was evident in the foundation of…

[German Version] (Alchvine, Albinus; called Flaccus in the court of Charlemagne; 735/740, Northumbria – May 19, 804, Tours). Educated in the cathedral school in York, he became its leader in 778. In 781, he met Charlemagne in Italy. Until 796, Alcuin was his most important advisor on questions of theology and science. He formulated the Admonitio generalis of 789. Charlemagne trans-ferred to Alcuin a whole series of important and wealthy monasteries, including St. Martin in Tours. Here, Alcuin sp…

[German Version] (died 753), an Anglo-Saxon companion of Boniface, became bishop of Würzburg in 741. He took part in Boniface's reforming synods of 742, 743, and 747. In 750/751, he was commissioned by Pippin, the mayor of the palace, to go to Rome to lay before Pope Zacharias the question of the Frankish kingship. He founded the abbey of St. Andrew in Würzburg and translated the relics of St. Kilian to his own cathedral on Jul 8, 752. Wilfried Hartmann Bibliography A. Wendehorst, LMA II, 1983, 951.

[German Version] (Dec 3, 741 – Mar 15, 752) made an alliance with the Franks, but also sought an accommodation with the Lombards and Byzantium (Constantinople). A Roman council in 743 dealt with disciplinary questions and matrimonial law; a synod in 745 condemned the heretics Aldebert and Clement. In 747 Zacharias wrote to Pippin, the mayor of the palace, regarding the Christian life of clergy and laity (M. Tangl, ed., MGH.Ep 1, 1916, 479–487); he gave Boniface advice on church discipline. Scholar…

[German Version] , (died after 1095, allegedly Jun 16, 1106) was bishop of Meissen from 1066 onward. From 1075 to 1085, he opposed king Henry IV. His canonization (May 31, 1523) was based on his missionary activity among the Slavs. His remains were transferred to Munich in 1576; he is the patron saint of this city. Wilfried Hartmann Bibliography W. Petke, LMA 1, 1980, 1916f.

[German Version] (born 965, died Aug 20, 1025), the scion of an aristocratic Hessian family, became provost of St. Victor in Mainz and court chaplain. In 1000, Otto III appointed him bishop of Worms. The collection of canons ( Decretum) he assembled between 1008 and 1012 quickly came into widespread use; approx. 80 manuscripts have survived, primarily in Germany and Italy. In the course of the 11th century, it became available in practically every Ger…

[German Version] (714, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou near Poitiers – Jun 20, 840, near Ingelheim am Rhein). The third son of Charlemagne, Louis was appointed king of Aquitaine in 781 and coemperor in 813; he became sole emperor in 814. Initially he ruled energetically and decisively (Capitularies, reform of the rules for canons and monks with Benedict of Aniane). The ordinatio of 817 governing succession was intended to assure the unity of the empire: the younger sons were made subordinate to Lothar, the eldest. In 829, when Louis awarded a separate kingdom w…

[German Version] (Dec 24, 1046 – Oct 9, 1047), actually Suidger, was born into the Saxon nobility. He held the office of canon in Halberstadt, where he became court chaplain in 1035. He was appointed bishop of Bamberg in 1040 and elevated to the papacy following the deposition of Gregory VI and Benedict IX. On Christmas Day 1046, he crowned Henry III as emperor. Early in January 1047, at a reform synod in Rome, he initiated the campain to suppress simony. He was buried in Bamberg, where he had remained bishop. Wilfried Hartmann

[German Version] (pope: Oct 27/Nov 7[?], 625 – Oct 12, 638) came from a rich Campanian family and is praised in the Liber Pontificalis on account of his building activities. Following in the footsteps of his predecessor Gregory the Great, he pressed on with the evangelization of the Anglo-Saxons, but was unable to compel the Irish (Ireland, see also England) to recognize the Roman date for Easter (see also Paschal/Easter calendrical controversies). He succeeded in settling the Three Chapters controversy in Venetia. Hi…

[German Version] (Apr 2, 748 – Jan 28, 814, Aachen). According to recent research, Charlemagne was born not in 742 or 747, but only on Apr 2, 748 as the first child of the marriage of Pippin the Younger (died 768) and Bertrada (died 783). He died in Aachen, where he was buried and where his remains still rest today. At least 18 children resulted from his four marriages and at least five concubinates. At his death, however, of his legitimate sons only Louis the Pious, wh…

[German Version] (c. 1030, Cologne– Oct 6, 1101). Around 1056, he became head of the cathedral school in Rheims, where he wrote commentaries on the Psalms and the Letters of Paul. After clashes with Archbishop Manasses I of Rheims, Bruno went in 1082 first to Molesme, then to Grenoble, where the bishop gave him La Chartreuse as the site for a hermitage. The hermits were to devote themselves not only to prayer and asceticism, but also to manual labor and the copying of books. In 1090, pope Urban II summoned Bruno to the curia. He spent his last years as a hermit in Calabria, where he died. Wilfried Ha…

[German Version] From the 3rd to the 5th century, “Franci” was the collective designation for the opponents of Rome on the lower Rhine and around the confluence of the Rhine, Maas, and Schelde rivers. The meaning of the name is unclear (from Frakka, “spear,” or from Indo-Germanic * preg, “bold, courageous”?). During the waning 3rd century, Frankish groups began trickling into northern Gaul. In 355 the Franks destroyed Cologne. From the second half of the 4th century, Franks are attested in high military positions in the Roman army (e.g. Arbog…

[German Version] (born c. 460 [467?], died shortly after 533). In 482 Eugippius became a monk at Favianis (Mautern an der Donau). In 488, as Riparian Noricum was being evacuated, he and the other monks went to Italy; in 492/496 he became abbot of the monastery at Castellum Lucullanum near Naples. In addition to the Vita Severini (511), he compiled a selection of excerpts from the works of Augustine in 338 chapters, widely read in the Middle Ages, and a monastic rule. The Vita Severini is our most important source for the last years of Roman rule in what …

[German Version] in the Trebbia valley (Province of Piacenza), founded in 612 by the Irishman Columbanus the Younger in association with the royal house of Lombardy. Whether Bobbio was indeed, in 628, already exempt from answering to the bishops of Tortona and Piacenza and placed under the direct authority of the pope, is uncertain. From 643 onward, the Benedictine Rule (Benedict, Rule of Saint) played a role ¶ alongside Columbanus's way of life. The golden age of the monastery was in the 8th and 9th centuries; Abbot Wala (834–836) finally established the Regula Benedicti in Bobbio and …

[German Version] (940/945 - Nov 13, 1004) was from 965 on the head of the school and the abbot from 988 on of the monastery of Fleury (St.-Benoît-sur-Loire, east of Orléans). Abbo authored, inter alia, lives of saints and a collection of canons, as well as works of grammar and chronology whose major significance for the scholarship of his time only became evident through the recently published critical editions. In chu…

[German Version] Ever since the Catalogus illustrium virorum Germaniae (1495) of J. Trithemius, Haymo of Halberstadt, bishop from 840 to 853, has been identified as the author of numerous biblical commentaries, printed in volumes 116–118 of Migne's PL. Probably, however, not a few of these commentaries were actually written by Haymo of Auxerre, who headed an important school from the middle through the second half of the 9th century at the Abbey of St. Germain in Auxerre. Today the widely disseminated c…

[German Version] (c. 770, Maingau – Mar 14, 840, Seligenstadt), from a noble family, reared in the Fulda monastery (but not a monk), where he was a scribe. From early 796, he was at the court of Charlemagne, where he received the name Beseleel (Bezalel; cf. Exod 35:30ff.). The name refers to his role as court architect. Louis I, the Pious, tried to keep him at court, and, in 815, transferred seven monas…

[German Version] (Bruno von Egisheim, born 1002; pope Feb 12, 1049 – Apr 19, 1054). Court chaplain to Conrad II, then bishop of Toul (1026–1051), Leo was appointed pope in December of 1048 by Henry III. After election by the clergy and people of Rome, he was enthroned on Feb 12, 1049. In numerous synods, Leo urged the need for reforming the church (elimination of simony and concubinage). On his journeys in Italy, France, and Germany, he presided over many dedications of churches and translations o…

[German Version] (pontificate Apr 24, 858 – Nov 13, 867), son of a papal official. Ordained subdeacon by Pope Sergius II (844–847), Nicholas rose to ¶ become a deacon under Leo IV, and became the closest adviser of Benedict III (855–858). His election as pope was influenced by Emperor Louis II. Anastasius Bibliothecarius (Anastasius III) soon became his most important adviser. We are exceptionally well informed about this pope’s actions and aims, since about 170 letters by him, some very extensive, have survived, and his vita in the Liber pontificalis also provide…

[German Version] In the canon law collections of the High Middle Ages, but also already in the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, a forgery from the middle of the 9th century, the text of an extensive document is transmitted in which Emperor Constantine gives Pope Silvester I the primacy over all churches as well as a number of imperial rights and possessions. It was above all dominion over Rome and the western half of the Roman Empire, but also imperial …

[German Version] (Hrabanus; c. 780, Mainz – Feb 4, 856, Winkel near Mainz), came from a noble family in the mid-Rhine area. He lived as a monk in the monastery at Fulda, was consecrated deacon in 801, studied for a brief period under Alcuin in Tours from 800, then taught in Fulda, was consecrated priest in 814, became abbot of Fulda in 822, resigned as abbot in 842 after Emperor Lothar I was defeated by Louis the German and Charles the Bald, then was elevated to ¶ archbishop of Mainz in 847 by Louis the German. As abbot of Fulda, Rabanus not only composed numerous poems, letters, …

[German Version] (c. 1010 – Dec 4, 1075). Scion of an influential Swabian family, Anno was educated in the cathedral school at Bamberg, where he later taught; in 1046 he became court chaplain to the emperor Henry III, who made him archbishop of Cologne (1056–1075). After Henry's death, he sought to influence the policies of the regent, the empress Agnes. In 10…

[German Version] is the name assumed by the alleged author of a collection of laws in three books purporting to be the continuation of the “capitularies” of Ansegis of Fontenelle. Some of the manuscripts also contain appendices. The work consists partly of forged, but partly also of authentic texts (esp. Capitularies, synodal decrees, etc.). Like the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, which also originated around 850, it follows the tendency to suppress lay power in the church. Wilfried Hartmann Bibliography MGH.L 2/2, 39–158 H. Fuhrmann, Einfluß und Verbreitung der …