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[German version] D., which was first mentioned in the early 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamian economic texts, was once exclusively identified with the island of  Baḥrain. However, archaeological evidence from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, Failaka Island and Qaṭar demonstrates that D. varied in size over time. According to written and archaeological records, D. was a crossroads of trade in the Persian Gulf during the 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC. In the mid 2nd millennium, D. became a co…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with The most important trading post in north-east Arabia at the time of the Seleucids (304-64 BC), at the intersection of India in the east, Mesopotamia in the north, Arabia in the south-west and the Levant in the north-west. Spices and incense were the commodities predominantly traded. The location of the ancient G. is uncertain. Two places on the eastern coast of modern Saudi Arabia, Ǧubail, right on the banks of the Persian Gulf, and Ṯaǧ, c. 100 km to the east inland [1. 89], might correspond to the harb…

[German version] Island in the Persian Gulf. Archaeological evidence indicates that settlement on the island began in the 7th millennium BC. According to written sources from Mesopotamia, B. was part of the region of  Dilmun since the 3rd millennium BC, and became a politically independent centre of trade at the turn of the 2nd millennium BC, which also happens to be the epoch with the best archaeological findings. Texts from Mesopotamia as well as archaeological evidence from B. indicate that the…

[German version] [1] Syrio-Phoenician commercial town This item can be found on the following maps: Zenobia | Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pompeius The Syrio-Phoenician commercial town (Curt. 4,1,5) [1] situated on an island opposite Tartus (Akkadian Arwada, Armad(d)a, Hebrew arwad, today Er-ruwad) is mentioned for the first time in the 2nd millennium in the  Amarna letters [2] and named in Assyrian texts since Tiglat-Pileser I [3]. Mentioned in the 1st millennium by Scyl. (104) and is descr…