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[German version] (Σίσιον/ Sísion, Σίσσιον/ Síssion). Town in Cilicia Pedias, modern Kozan. A 7th-cent. BC king of Kundi (Kyinda) and Sizu is documented here [1. 57 f.71]. S. was a border fortress of the Byzantines and the Arabs in the 8th-10th centuries, capital of the kingdom of Little Armenia (until 1375), an Armenian archbishopric. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 A. Erzen, Kilikien bis zum E. der Perserherrschaft, 1940 2 Hild/Hellenkemper, s. v. S.

(Ζεφύριον/ Zephýrion). Name used especially in the eastern Mediterranean region for foothills and the cities near them that are exposed to the west wind (Zephyrus). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) [German version] [1] Cape on the north eastern coast of Crete Cape on the north-eastern coast of Crete (Ptol. 3,17,5), probably modern Cape Agios Ioannis at the north-eastern end of the Gulf of Mirabello. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] Cape on the south western coast of Cyprus (or Ζεφυρία/ Zephyría). Cape on the south-western coast of Cyprus. According to Ptol. 5…

[German version] (Πίναρος/ Pínaros), modern Deli Çayı. A river, dry in summer, rising in the Amanus mountains and flowing into the Issikos Kolpos (Bay of İskenderun) to the south of Issus. On its banks Alexander [4] the Great gained a victory over Darius [3] in 333 BC (Pol. 12,17,4f.; Arr. Anab. 2,10,1; 5; Str. 14,5,19). Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography A. Janke, Auf Alexanders des Großen Pfaden, 1904, 55-74  Hild/Hellenkemper, 380.

[German version] (Κότεννα; Kótenna). City in eastern Pamphylia. The name C. is possibly related to the Katenneis tribe that inhabited the mountainous region above Side and Aspendus [1]. In sympolity with Erymna, its western neighbour [2]; bishopric of Pamphylia I (with metropolis in Side) [3; 4. 242]. Modern Gökbel (formerly Menteşbey, Gödene). Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 Zgusta, 240f., 294 2 M. Zimmermann, Untersuchungen zur histor. Landeskunde Zentrallykiens (Antiquitas 1/42), 1992, 137 3 J. Darrouzès, Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopol…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Νάγιδος; Nágidos). Samian colony (Mela 1,77) [1. 117f.], 18 km east-north-east of Anemurium on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, modern Bozyazı; with 5th- or 4th-cent. BC city wall and a harbour protected by the island of Nagidusa lying opposite to the south. In the Roman period, N. seems to have lost its status as polis to its eastern neighbour Arsinoe [III 3], and by the Middle Ages it was known only as a ruin. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 E. Blumenthal, Die altgriechische Siedlungskolonisation im…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Zenobia (Κώρυκος/ Kṓrykos). Port in Cilicia Tracheia, which, in rivalry with the neighbouring Elaeussa, declined to a village ( kṓmē) at the beginning of the 3rd cent. AD, but then became a bishopric (suffragan to Tarsus in Cilicia I) and, according to the evidence of numerous inscriptions and impressive buildings (more than 10 basilicae), a commercial and industrial metropolis of supra-regional significance. The last Christian port on the southern coast of Asia …

(Σόλοι; Sóloi). [German version] [1] City on the northern coast of Cyprus This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Kypros | Diadochi and Epigoni | Education / Culture City on the northern coast of Cyprus at modern Karavostasi with a harbour which was also usable in winter (Scyl. 103; Str. 14,6,3). According to Plut. Solon 26,2 named after Solon [1], who advised the king Philocyprus of Aepeia to relocate his unfavourably situated city to the plain. But according to Str. loc. cit. S. was founded by Phalerus and Ac…

[German version] (Ἀπάδνας; Apádnas). Town with monastery in  Isauria; according to Procop. Aed. 5,9,33 refurbished by Emperor Justinian I. Probably the assemblage of structures above a   mansio on the Roman road through the  Taurus to Lycaonia; nowadays called Alahan Manastır. An early Christian anchorite settlement was developed in the 5th cent. AD into a place of pilgrimage, with a ἀπαντητήρια ( apantētḗria; hostel) attested by inscriptions; two monumental churches were linked by a c. 130 m long   porticus . Also used as a monastery, abandoned in the middle of the Byzantine period. Hil…

(Λάμος/ Lámos). [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon, king of the Laestrygones Son of Poseidon, old king of the Laestrygones and constructor of their stronghold at Telepylus (Hom. Od. 10,81ff.; Ov. Met. 14,233). On account of the identity of Telepylus and Formiae, Hor. Carm. 3,17 imagines his friend Aelius Lamia from Formiae to be L.'s offspring. Walde, Christine (Basle) [German version] [2] Eponym of the Thessalian town Lamia (also Lamius). Son of Hercules and Omphale, eponym of the Thessalian town Lamia (Diod. Sic. 4,31). He persecutes his half-brother Bargasu…

[German version] (Ἁγία Θέκλα; Hagía Thékla), modern Ayatekla, Meryemlik. Important place of pilgrimage extended in the manner of a city with a wall, cisterns, an aqueduct and several huge churches (monasteries) south of Seleucia on the Calycadnus in western Cilicia with a cult tradition involving older sanctuaries of Apollo Sarpedonius, Athene, and Artemis (as πότνια θηρῶν, ‘Mistress of beasts’). Aside from the apocryphal Acts ( Pauli) et Theclae, the vita and miracula of St Thecla are preserved from the middle of the 4th cent. [1]. Gregory of Nazianzus stayed here…

(Σαρπηδών/ Sarpēdṓn). [German version] [1] Son of Zeus and Laodameia [1]. Son of Zeus and Laodameia [1]. In the Trojan War, S. and his cousin Glaucus [4] command the Lycians (Lycii), the strongest and remotest allies of the Trojans (Hom. Il. 2,876-877; the name S. is also of Lycian origin [1]). Zeus' son S. wins a duel with Zeus' grandson Tlepolemus (ibid. 5,628-662) and plays a decisive part in storming the defensive wall around the Greek camp (ibid. 12,290-471). Here his rousing speech to Glaucus (ibid. …

[German version] (Εἰρηνούπολις; Eirēnoúpolis). Today Çatalbadem (formerly İrnebol) in Cilicia Tracheia (in the region of Lacanitis, Ptol. 5,7,6). Founded by Antiochus IV of Commagene. From AD 355 to 359, the city was surrounded by a wall. From the early 4th cent., it belonged to the province of Isauria; diocese (suffragan of Seleucea on the Calycadnus). Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography G. Bean, T. B. Mitford, Journeys in Rough Cilicia 1964-1968, 1970, 205ff. Hild/Hellenkemper, s.v. E. 1).

[German version] (Κιῆτις, Κῆτις; Kiêtis, Kêtis). Region of  Cilicia Tracheia (comprising Cennatis, Lacanitis, Lalassis), which extended along the coast from  Anemurium to the mouth of the Calycadnus, and in the interior into the headwater region of the Calycadnus (Ptol. 5,7,3; 6). Its inhabitants were the Cietae, who in AD 52 laid siege to Anemurium (Tac. Ann. 6,41; 12,55). The minting of coins by  Antiochus [18] IV and several individual towns of the C. is evident. Cf. the vita of St.  Thecla [1. 276];  Hagia Thekla. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 G. Dagron, Vie et miracl…

[German version] (Σκόπελος; Skópelos). Foothills of the Amanus between Rhosus and Seleucia [2] Pieria (Ptol. 5,15,2) with the cape Ras al-Ḫinzīr. It formed the natural boundary, and in Late Antiquity, also the political boundary between Syria and Cilicia; in the Middle Ages, there were Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Latin monasteries in this region. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, s. v. Ras al-Hinzir, s. v. Skopelos.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Xenophon | Alexander (Ἰσσός; Issós) City east of Cilicia Pedias between Amanides (Amanikai) and Ciliciae Pylae, today the settlement mound Yeşil Hüyük (formerly Kinet Hüyük), 2 km north-northwest of the mouth of the  Pinarus, where  Alexander [4] the Great defeated  Darius [3] III in 333 BC; later also called Nicopolis. In AD 194, Septimius Severus won a victory here over Pescennius Niger and had a triumphal arch known as a kodrigai (after quadriga) erected in Ciliciae Pylae to commemorate this. Nicopolis, conquer…

[German version] Fort in the Amanus range in Cilicia Pedias. In the course of defending the frontiers of his province Cilicia against the Parthians, Cicero as Roman proconsul in 51 BC fought against the indigenous peoples of the Amanus from Epiphaneia [1] and took Erana (chief town of the Amanus), Sepyra and Commoris. He then camped at Arae Alexandri (south of Issus), subjugated the remainder of the Amanus and, after a long siege, gained P., the high and strongly fortified oppidum of the Eleutherocilices (Cic. Fam. 2,10,3; 15,4,7-10; Cic. Att. 5,20,1: inhabitants called Pindenissitae; 5…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Ἐλαιοῦσσα; Elaioûssa). This city in Cilicia Trachea, originally situated on an island 200 m from the shore, arose as  Diocaesarea [1] from a temple sanctuary belonging to Corycus, and is first attested in the early 1st cent BC. In 12 BC E. became the residence of Archelaus of Cappadocia, who had renamed E. Sebaste after his patron Augustus. In the 2nd cent. AD expansion onto the mainland, and extensive construction. In 260 conquered by t…

[German version] (Νερωνιάς/ Nerōniás). City in the east of Cilicia Pedias, modern-day Düziçi (formerly Haruniye). Possibly founded by Antiochus [18] IV of Commagene in honour of Nero (beginning of the city era in AD 51/2) at the site of Pindenissus (?). Probably already renamed Eirenoupolis during the time of Vespasian (AD 69-79). Diocese of Cilicia II (metropolis: Anazarbus); important border fortress of the Byzantines. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, 245-248  F. Hild, Eirenupolis in der Kilikia Pedias, in: G. Dobesch, G. Rehrenböck (ed.), Hundert J…

[German version] (Ξεναγόρου νῆσοι/ Xenagórou nêsoi). Island group off the western coast of Lycia: the rocky islands of Sıçan (Byzantine Ochentres) and Yılan (Byzantine Dragonēsi) outside the bay of Kalkan between the island of Roge (Byzantine Rhō) and Patara ( Stadiasmus maris magni 245 f.). According to Plin. HN 5,131 ( Xenagora VIII) further islands could be meant by XN. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography A. Delatte, Les Portulans grecs, 1947, 183, 254 F. Hild, H. Hellenkemper, in: TIB 8 (Lykien und Pamphylien), 2004 H. Treidler, s. v. X. n., RE 9 A, 1417.

[German version] (Μάναυα; Mánaua). Settlement in western Cilicia near the mouth of the Melas ( Pamphylia), with a river port for Side as well [1. 17-20], the modern Manavgat. In Late Antiquity also the name of a mountainous region in Isauria ( klíma; Georgius of Cyprus, 855). Diocese of Pamphylia I [2]. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 J. Nollé, Side im Altertum 1, 1993 2 J. Darrouzès, Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, 1981.

(Σελεύκεια/ Seleúkeia, Latin Seleucia). [German version] [1] S. on the Tigris This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | India, trade with (Σελεύκεια ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρει/ Seleúkeia hē epì tôi Tígrei: Str. 16,738; 743; 750 et passim; Latin Seleucia Magna: Plin. HN 6,43, cuneiform Selukuja [1], modern Tall Umar). On the right bank of the Tigris, c. 60 km north-east of Babylon and 35 km south of Baghdad, at the mouth of the Nahr Malkā (connecting canal between the Tigris and Euphrates) and thus very favourably located …

(Ἀφροδισίας; Aphrodisías). [German version] [1] City in  Caria This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Byzantium | Asia Minor | Marble | Rome | Education / Culture City in  Caria, 38 km south of the Maeander, in the left side valley of the Morsylos (present-day Dandalaz çayı); the modern Geyre. Traces of neolithic and early Bronze Age settlement on the acropolis; old name of Νινόη (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ninoe) preserved in the local cult ( Zeus Nineudios). A. was for a long time overshadowed by the neighbouring co…

[German version] (Καλύκαδνος; Kalýkadnos). Most important and abundant (Amm. Marc. 14,3,15) river in Cilicia Tracheia ( Cilices) in Isauria, whose southern tributary (modern Gevne Çayı) rises in the border region of Pamphylia and Isauria, passes through the Cietis to the south of Germanicopolis to its confluence near  Claudiopolis [2] with the other tributary (Gök Çayı) from the region of Bozkır in the border region of Lycaonia and Isauria; then called Göksu, it flows via Seleucia (Roman bridge from the time of Vespasian) and reaches the Mediterranean after c. 15 km (navigable in…

(Πύλαι Κιλίκιαι; Pýlai Kilíkiai). [German version] [1] Narrow passage through the Taurus Narrow passage through the  Taurus at a height of 1,050 m, these day deeply buried underneath the motorway, modern Gülek Boğazı, through which passed the road from Tyana/Cappadocia to Tarsus/Cilicia (Str. 12,2,7); this pass played an important role i.a. in Xenophon's Anabasis (Xen. An. 1,4,4; 401 BC), during Alexander the Great's campaign (cf. Arr. Anab. 2,4,3; 333 BC), and in the fight of Septimius Severus against Pescennius Niger (Cass. Dio 74,7,1; AD193/4)…

[German version] [1] Pylae Gadeirides The Straits of Gibralter (Πύλαι Γαδειρίδες; Pýlai Gadeirídes). The Straits of Gibraltar; the sound (saddle depth 286 m), which is about 60 km long and at its narrowest point 13 km wide, lies between the southern tip of the Spanish Peninsula and the continent of Africa, and between the Mediterranean (Mare nostrum) in the east and Oceanus in the west. The ancient names for the straits are based on Gades (Plin. HN 3,3; 5; 74; 4,93: Gaditanum fretum; Plut. Sertorius 8,1: Γαδειραῖος πορθμός/ Gadeiraîos porthmós), on the temple of Heracles in Gades ('…

[German version] (Ἀλήϊον πεδίον; Alḗïon pedíon). Fertile, well-irrigated flatland in  Cilicia Pedias with trees of all types, grapevines, sesame and grain (Xen. An. 1,2,22), according to Eust. Commentary on Dionys. Per. (GGM 2,370) between  Cydnus and Pinarus (likely what is meant here is the  Pyramus), today Çukurova, with  Adana as the centre; rich cotton production. According to legend it was here that  Bellerophon fell from  Pegasus (Dionys. Per. 871 f.). Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography A. Erzen, Kilikien bis zum E. der Perserherrschaft, 1940, 14 f.

[German version] [1] (Σάρος/ Sáros). River in Cilicia Pedias, modern Seyhan, rising on the Taurus in Cappadocian Cataonia and flowing through Comana [1], past Adana and ultimately into the sea to the west of Magarsa (this branch has dried up); it is for this reason often conflated with the Pyramus [1]. In the early Byzantine Period, the S. was still navigable as far as Adana (Procop. Aed. 5,5,8 f.; cf. also Xen. An. 1,4,1; Liv. 33,41,7; Str.  12,2,3; Ptol. 5,8,4). Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography W. Ruge, RE 2 A, 34  Hild/Hellenkemper, 28, 398 f. [German version] [2] Rex Gothorum, AD…

[German version] (Kanytella?). Large village (κώμη) within the chora of  Elaiussa (epigraphically only evident as Κανυτηλλέων or Κανυτηλιδέων δήμος; Kanytēléōn/ Kanytēlidéōn dḗmos [1. 49]), which, centred around a c. 60 m deep karst dolina on a hillside above the Cilician coast, was already in existence at the time of the Hellenistic priest-rulers of  Olba; a three-storey dynastic dwelling-tower dates from that period. From the late Hellenistic to early Byzantine periods, there are numerous residential buildings; at the s…

(Πύραμος/ Pýramos). [German version] [1] Easternmost of the three rivers in Cilicia Pedias Easternmost of the three rivers in Cilicia Pedias (Cydnus, Sarus [1]; Cilices, Cilicia), mentioned as early as Scyl. 102, modern Ceyhan. Rising in Cataonia in Cappadocia, in Antiquity its mouth, on a now defunct branch, lay to the west of Magarsa near the ancient mouth of the Sarus. Because of this the two rivers were occasionally conflated. Today the mouth has shifted far to the east because of alluvial deposits (this…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Κελένδερις; Kelénderis). Town in  Cilicia Tracheia (Str. 14,5,3), founded by the Syrian Sandacus, colonized by Samos [1. 105]; the harbour with its ornate arcades is depicted on a mosaic (cf. also Tab. Peut. 10,3; [4]), modern Gilindire. Member of the  Delian League. Captured by the Sassanids in AD 260 (Res Gestae divi Saporis 30). Suffragan diocese of Seleucia/Calycadnus. Renamed as Palaiopolis in the Middle Ages. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 E. Blumenthal, Die altgriech. Siedlungskolon…

[German version] (Δαλισανδός; Dalisandós). Name of several towns that lay in Cilicia Tracheia, presumably near Sinabıç [1], near Belören in Lycaonia [2] or in eastern Pamphylia [3]. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography 1 Hild/Hellenkemper, s.v. Dalisandos 2 D. H. French, The site of Dalisandus, in: EA 4, 1984, 85-98 3 J. Darrouzès, Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, 1981.

(Ἀγχιάλη; Anchiálē). [German version] [1] Cretan nymph Cretan nymph, mother of the Idaan  Daktyloi Tities and Cyllenus (birth myth in Apoll. Rhod. 1,1129-31) and, as lover of Apollo, mother of Oaxes also, the founder of the Cretan city of Oaxus (Serv. ecl. 1,65). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] (Anchialos) City on the western coast of Pontus This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Christianity | Moesi, Moesia (Anchialus; Ἀγχίαλος; Anchíalos) City on the western coast of Pontus, present-day Pomorije, founded by and dependent on  Apollon…

[German version] (Μοψουκρήνη/ Mopsoukrḗnē; Nampsucrone, Itin. Anton. 145,5; Mansucrinae, Itin. Burdig. 579,2). Road station between Tarsus and the Cilician Gates [1]. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, 359f.

[German version] (Κύδνος; Kýdnos). Aside from Pyramus and Sarus, the third large river of the Kilikia Pedias. In front of its estuary it formed the so-called Ῥῆγμα ( Rhêgma, ‘chasm’), a lagoon that served as the harbour of  Tarsus and originally flowed through Tarsus, before it was diverted, after a flood, by Justinian I eastward around the town (Procop. Aed. 5,5,17). After bathing in its cold waters (impressive waterfalls north of Tarsus) Alexander the Great fell gravely ill (Arr. Anab. 2,4,7). In the Middle Ages C. was c…

(Ἀρσινόη; Arsinóē). I. Myth [German version] [I 1] Daughter of Leukippos Daughter of Leucippus, sister of the Leucippids, who were abducted by the Dioscuri, she was the mother by Apollo of the Messenian Asclepius (Hes. fr. 50; Apollod. 3,117f.; Paus. 2,26,7; 4,3,2). In Sparta A. had a shrine (Paus. 3,12,8); on the agora of Messene there was an A. spring (Paus. 4,31,6), in the Messenian Asclepieum there was, amongst other things, a painting of A. (Paus. 4,31,11f.). The relationship of the Messenian to the …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | Zenobia | | Alexander | Commerce | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Ταρσός/ Tarsós, Ταρσοί/ Tarsoí, Latin Tarsus). City with river port in the west of Cilicia Pedias on the lower Cydnus, modern Tarsus in Turkey. T. was located on the route from Antiochia [1] through the Cilician Gates [1] to the western coast of Asia Minor, to Co…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Hellenistic states | Pompeius (Ὄλβα/ Ólba = Ὑρία/ Yría in Steph. Byz.?). Town in Cilicia Tracheia, 24 km north-northeast of Seleucia on the Calycadnus, modern Ura. In the 6th cent. BC, it was the capital of Pirindu (Meydancıkkale) until the the province of Cilicia was established in AD 72. O. was the centre of a temple state that stretched as far as the coast. The settlement around the temple of Zeus Olbios, situated 4 km to the west in Uzunca…

(Διοκαισάρεια; Diokaisáreia). [German version] [1] Temple settlement Temple settlement around the Zeus sanctuary of Olba in Cilicia Tracheia, which became an independent town under Tiberius and later a diocese (suffragan of Seleucia on the Calycadnus). Archaeological finds: generous extension of the settlement with city walls, colonnade street, aqueduct, theatre, temple of Tyche; during the early Byzantine period the temple of Zeus was converted into a three-aisled colonnaded basilica. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, s.v. D. [German version] [2] …

(Μανδάνη; Mandánē). [German version] [1] Daughter of the Medean king Astyages According to Hdt. 1,107, Xen. Cyr. 1,2,1 and Iust. 1,4,4, daughter of the Medean king Astyages, wife of the Persian Cambyses [1] and mother of Cyrus [2]. It seems that the dynastic link thus transmitted was meant to lend retrospective legitimation to the claims of Cyrus to the Medean (and, if M.'s mother was the Lydian princess Aryenis (Hdt. 1,74), also the Lydian) throne. Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) [German version] [2] Daughter of Darius [1] I and sister of Xerxes I According to the court story surviving in …

[German version] (Κοράσιον; Korásion). Harbour in the Cilicia Trachea. Together with  Korykos [2], to which it was connected through korasiodrómos (messenger service), C. reached great prosperity in late antiquity without becoming a polis or a diocese; today's Susanoğlu. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography H. Hellenkemper, F. Hild, Neue Forschungen zu Kilikien (Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akad. der Wissenschaften: Philosoph.-Hist. Klasse 186) 1986, 311f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Zenobia (Ἀνεμούριον; Anemoúrion) Town (modern Anamur) in  Cilicia Tracheia (Scyl. 102), situated on the cape of the same name on the southernmost point of Asia Minor, at the shortest crossing point to Cyprus (Str. 14,5,3; 6,3; Stadiasmus maris magni 197; Plin. HN 5,130). In 197 BC, it was seized by Antiochus III (Liv. 33,20), and in AD 52 by the Isaurian Cietae (Tac. Ann. 12,55). From the 1st cent. BC, it replaced Nagidus as the centre of the coastal region to its east. As Canadian excavations since 1965 have shown, A…