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Libraries (up to 1500)
(5,607 words)
The importance of the written word in the premodern Middle East meant there was no scarcity of books, and, accordingly,
libraries were a salient feature of the urban topography (much less is known about rural areas). Especially with the book revolution of the third/ninth century (Gründler), collecting books and making them accessible became a widespread cultural practice, with further impetus from the subsequent popularisation of the written word from the sixth/twelfth century onwards (Hirschler,
Written word). Libraries in the Middle East came in two main forms: Those …
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Ibn Wāṣil
(1,058 words)
Abū ʿAbdallāh Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sālim b. Naṣr Allāh b. Sālim
Ibn Wāṣil (604–97/1208–98) was a Syrian scholar and historian most famous for his chronicle on the Ayyūbids
Mufarrij al-kurūb fī akhbār Banī Ayyūb (“The Dissipater of Anxieties on the Reports of the Ayyūbids”). He was born into a family that played a prominent role in the civilian elite of Ḥamā throughout the seventh/thirteenth century, and which was in competition with other families in the town, especially the Banū l-Bārizī and the Banū l-Bahrānī. After comple…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Dhayl
(296 words)
Dhayl are a genre in Arabic historical literature. The word means "supplement/continuation". Supplements in the sense of continuing a specific work in time, not in the sense of adding supplementary material to the period covered by the original work, were authored in all historiographical genres that existed in Islamic societies. They started to appear in stronger numbers from the early fourth century ah (tenth century ad) onwards. Authors and audiences generally understood the supplement to be an independent work. However, supplements followed the main work …
Date:
2021-04-15
ʾAbū Shāma, Shihāb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahmān
(340 words)
[Shihāb al-Dīn ʾAbū Shāma ʾAbū al-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Rahmān ibn ʾIsmāʿīl al-Maqdisī] 599-665 ah (1203-68 ad). Syria. A Shafi'i scholar of law, tradition and Koran recitation, who held appointments at various institutions in Damascus; author of the Arabic
Kitāb al-rawdatayn fī akhbar al-dawlatayn al-Nuriya wa-al-Salahiya (The Book of the Two Gardens on the Reports of the Two Reigns),
al-Dhayl 'ala al-Rawdatayn (The Supplement to the Two Gardens) and other historical works.Abu Shama composed his most renowned work, the
Rawdatayn, in the late 640s (1240s). It covers the reigns o…
Date:
2021-04-15
Ibn ʿAsakir, Thiqqat al-Din ʿAli
(352 words)
[Thiqat al-Dīn ʾAbū al-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Hibat Allāh ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn al-ʿAsākir al-Dimashqī al-Shāfiʿī al-Ḥāfiz] 499-571 ah (1106-75 ad). Syria. The most famous member of the notable ʿAsakir family of Damascus, hadith-scholar and author of the Arabic biographical dictionary
Tarikh madinat Dimashq (History of Damascus).This work is centred on Syria and especially Damascus, containing some 10,000 biographies of individuals (among them 200 women) who lived in the town or passed through it. Some thirty biographi…
Date:
2021-04-15
Ibn Wasil, Jamal al-Din Muhammad
(293 words)
604-97 ah (1208-98 ad). Syria and Egypt. A Shafiʾi Syrian scholar, who held teaching posts and judgeships in Egypt and his hometown Hama, his most famous chronicle is the Arabic
Mufarrij al-kurub fi akhbar bani Ayyub (The Dissipater of Anxieties on the Reports of the Ayyubids).The
Mufarrij covers the late Zengid, the Ayyubid and the early Mamluk periods in Syria and Egypt. For the earlier parts of his chronicle Ibn Wasil relied heavily on ʾAbu Shama, but the work gains a more independent profile for the passages covering the 7th (13th) century. Of the four extant manuscripts none is …
Date:
2021-04-15
Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
(308 words)
[ʾAbū al-Farash ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Jawzī] 510-97 ah (1126-1200 ad). Mesopotamia. Hanbali preacher and scholar of history, law and hadith, native of Baghdad, and author of the Arabic
al-Muntazam fī taʿrīkh al-muluk wa-al-umam (The Well-Organised [Book] Concerning the History of Kings and Peoples).Throughout his life, Ibn al-Jawzī played an active role in the political and religious life of Baghdad, maintaining close relationships with the Caliphs, viziers and the leading scholars. Until he fell into disgrace towards …
Date:
2021-04-15
Ibn al-Adīm, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿUmar
(291 words)
[Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbū al-Qāsim ʿUmar ibn ʾAhmad ibn Hibat Allāh ibn al-ʿAdīm] 588-660 ah (1192/93-1262 ad). Syria, Egypt. A hanafi scholar of law, official and envoy, he held appointments at various institutions and in various functions in his native Aleppo, and was later active in Cairo, where he died. He was the author of the Arabic
Bughyat al-talab fī ta’
rīkh
Halab (Everything Desirable about the History of Aleppo) and
Zubdat al-h
alab fī ta’rīkh
H
alab (The cream of the history of Aleppo).Ibn al-Adīm's magnum opus, the
Bughyat is a biographical dictionary of the notables linked t…
Date:
2021-04-15
Badr al-Dīn Luʾluʾ
(765 words)
Al-Malik al-Raḥīm
Badr al-Dīn Abū l-Faḍāʾil
Luʾluʾ (d. 657/1259) was a military slave
(mamlūk) and freedman
(mawlā) of the last Zangids of Mosul; he ruled this principality towards the end of his career. Similar to the Begtigīnids in Ḥarrān and Irbil, Luʾluʾ took advantage of the disintegration of the Zangid realms in al-Jazīra to found a short-lived dynasty. He was most likely of Armenian origin. (Previous authors have assumed, most likely on the basis of his name Luʾluʾ (“pearl”), that he was of sub-Saharan origin; e.g., Cahen.) Luʾluʾ’s rise to power followed the pattern typica…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19