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[German version] (Μέτηλις; Métēlis). Town in the north-western Nile delta, east of Alexandria; the precise location of M. and its Arab successor settlement of Maṣil remains unclear, but probably near Fuwwa (Kom el-Aḥmar?). In the Roman period, M. was the capital of a new nome of Metelites on the territory of the former 7th Lower Egyptian district. Its chief deity was Hathor/ Isis, who was honoured in the shape of a falcon (Egyptian bjk); the placename Bechis (Βῆχις; Bêchis), given by Steph. Byz. for M., is derived from this. In the Byzantine and Arab periods (until the 11…

[German version] Fourth king of the 26th dynasty (589-570 BC), Egyptian Wḥ-jb-R, Hophra in the OT, son and successor to Psametich II. At the beginning of his reign, he intervenes unsuccessfully in Palestine against the rule of the Chaldaeans. His support of the Libyans of Cyrenaica against the Greeks there is just as unsuccessful. After a defeat, the army installs  Amasis as the new king. A. is beaten; the sources give contradictory accounts of his death, but he is buried as a king in Sais. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography Th. Schneider, Lex. der Pharaonen, 1994, 81-83 LÄ 1, 35…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Θμοῦις/ Thmoûis; Egyptian T-mw(t), 'new-land'), the modern ( Tall) Timay, town neighbouring Mendes in the northeast of the Nile delta; first mentioned in Jos. BI 4,659, but significantly older (cf. archaeological finds [1]; Hdt. 2,166). In the Roman period T. replaced Mendes as district capital; Amm. Marc. 22,16 cites T. among the most significant cities of Egypt. By 250 AD (until the 10th/11th cent.) T. was a bishopric. In the later…

[German version] Town west of Alexandria [1], situated on the southern bank of Lake Mareotis in a famous wine-growing area (Str. 17,799); Egyptian mrt, modern Kaum al-Idrís, regarded in the Egyptian temple lists as in the 3rd district of lower Egypt, in Roman times however itself the capital of the Mareotis. M. is first attested in Hdt. 2,18, where it is stated that the inhabitants felt that they were Libyans. From the beginning of the 26th dynasty to the Persian period, the border garrison against Libya was situated …

[German version] (Πάπρεμις; Pápremis). Capital city of a nome in the western Nile delta, according to Hdt. (2,59; 63) with the cult  of Ares (= Horus?) at whose festival ritual mass battles took place. Hermotybians (Hdt. 2,165) settled in the nome of P., and the hippopotamus was worshipped there (Hdt. 2,71). In 460(?) BC, the Libyan prince Inarus defeated the Persians at P. Neither the etymology of P. nor its exact location have been conclusively established. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. de Meulenaere, s.v. P., LÄ 4, 666-667.

[German version] (Τεμένθης/ Teménthēs). Egyptian king, according to Polyaenus, Strat. 7,3 (cf. FGrH 665 F 200) defeated near Memphis by Psammetichos [1] I with the aid of Carian mercenaries. T. is probably a Graecized form of Tanutamani, Egyptian Tnwt-Ymn, throne name B-k-R, the last king of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (664-656 BC, not in Manetho [1]) and successor of Taracus (Taharqa). In 664 BC, T. reconquered Egypt as far as the Nile Delta, with Necho [1] I being killed. Shortly afterwards T. was driven out by troops of Assurbanipa…

[German version] (Φάκουσ(σ)α/ Phákous(s)a and similar). Town in the north-east of the Nile delta, modern Fāqūs. Its ancient Egyptian name is unknown. P. is not attested until the Ptolemaic period. Str. 17,1,26 describes it - probably incorrectly - as the departure point of a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea (Ptolemaïs [4]). According to Ptol. Geog. 4,5,24, P. was the metropolis of the nome of Arabia. In the Christian period, P. was a diocesan town. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography St. Timm, Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit, vol. 2, 1984, 923-926.

[German version] Name of the (mostly stone) jugs in which the Egyptians interred entrails, often stored in their own boxes. They came under the protection of four gods (‘Sons of Horus’) and four goddesses ( Isis,  Nephthys,  Neith,  Selcis) and often are inscribed with sayings that correlate the parts of the corpse with the corresponding divinities. From the 1st interim period (2190-1990 BC) the lid of the Canope was mostly shaped like the head of a human, from the 19th dynasty also as heads of th…

[German version] (Μώμεμφις; Mṓmemphis). Town in the north-western Nile delta, according to Str. 17,803 a regional capital in Roman times; centre of a cult of Aphrodite (ibid.; Diod. Sic. 1,97), i.e. the Egyptian Hathor (later also of Isis: POxy XI, 1380, 14f.). According to Herodotus (2,163; 169), the decisive battle between Amasis [2] and Apries took place at M. (and this is supported by Egyptian sources), while Diod. Sic. (1,68) places this at Marea (representing M. as the site of the victory of …

[German version] (Καρανίς; Karanís). Important Greek settlement (κώμη) on the northern edge of the  Fayum, now Kom Ausīm; founded in the early Ptolemaic period and abandoned again in the 5th cent. AD. Large parts of the town are still well preserved and have been carefully excavated; among these are two temples. From C. come c. 5,000 Greek Papyri and Ostraka, mostly from Roman times (2nd-3rd cents. AD). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. Calderini, s.v. Karanis, Dizionario dei nomi geografici e topografici 3, 1978, 70-79 R. Alston, Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt…

[German version] (Πικραὶ λίμναι/ Pikraì límnai). Term (Str. 17,1,24) for the brackish 'bitter lakes' on the Isthmus of Suez, ancient Egyptian km-wr, 'great black (lake)'. In the 3rd and early 2nd millennia there were fortifications there, later the canal to the Red Sea (Ptolemaïs) was routed through these waters. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography K.W. Butzer, s.v. Bitterseen, LÄ 1, 824f.

[German version] (Προσωπῖτις, Προσωπίτης/ Prosōpîtis, Prosōpítēs). Region in the south-western Nile delta, situated between the branch of Canopus and another watercourse (according to Hdt. 2,41 an island), probably the area of the 4th administrative district of Lower Egypt, according to Hdt. 2,165 the area where the Hermotybians settled. Apart from the capital city Nikiu there were several other cities here, among others Atarbechis where Aphrodite (= Hathor) was worshipped and where mass burials of c…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization Egyptian city on the edge of the East Delta, today known as Tall Dafana (Egyptian Ṯbn?). According to Hdt. 2,30, it was a border fortress of  Psametichus I; archaeological discoveries dating from the New Kingdom, the 26th Dynasty and later, including fortifications, weapons and Greek ceramics. It is possible that it could also have been one of the stratópeda of Greek and Carian mercenaries mentioned in Hdt. 2,154. It is disputed as to whether it is the same as the OT Thachpanches. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibl…

[German version] [1] City in Middle Egypt City in Middle Egypt, north of Minia on the east bank of the Nile, nowadays called Tehne (el-Gebel). There is evidence of A. dating from the Ptolemaic period and official documentation dating back to Roman times. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] Egyptian king Third king of the 29th Dynasty (393/2-380 BC, Egyptian Hkr), kinship with predecessors and successors is uncertain. He formed an alliance with Athens and  Evagoras of Salamis to fight against the Persians and, in 385-83 BC, was abl…

Name of eleven pharaohs, Egyptian R-msj-sw (“Re (the sun god) is the one who gave him birth”), vocalized Rīamašeša in Babylonian, rendered in Greek by Ῥαμέσσης and the like. [German version] [1] R. I Dynasty founder (Throne name Mn-pḥtj-R). The founder of the 19th dynasty ( c. 1292-1290 BC) came from a non-royal family (from the eastern Delta?) and was a high-ranking officer before he was named as vizier and heir to the throne by his predecessor Haremhab. His son Sethos I was probably immediately designated as his successor. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] R. II Egy…

[German version] (Σιρβωνὶς λίμνη/ Sirbōnís límnē). Coastal lake east of Pelusium on the northeastern border of Egypt, separated from the Mediterranean by only a narrow strip of land, west of Mount Casium. According to Strabo, it was 200 stadia long, 50 stadia wide and rather deep (16,2,32; 16,2,42). The lake was claimed to be dangerous due to marshiness (cf. Diod. Sic. 1,30; 16,46) and to seaquakes (Str. 16,2,26). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin)

[German version] (Νηίθ; äg. Njt.t (?)). Egyptian goddess with her main cult site at Sais in the western Nile delta. With regard to monuments as well as to personal names, N. was the most prominent goddess of the Early Period (1st half of 3rd millennium BC). Later, especially during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom, she receded in comparison to other divinities; from the 26th Dynasty on, however, when Sais became the royal residence, she regained pre-eminent importance. Originally, N. may have been…

[German version] (Egyptian Ḥwt-[t]-ṛj-jb, Arabic Tall Atrı̄b). Capital city of the 10th Lower Egyptian district, in the southern central delta. Main god Chentechtai in older times honoured as a crocodile, in the New Kingdom mostly as a falcon. A. gains additional significance in the New Kingdom. In the 9th-7th cents. BC it forms with  Heliopolis an independent principality. Ammianus Marcellinus (22,16) counts it as one of the most important cities of Egypt. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography P. Vernus, Athribis, Bibliothèque d'études coptes 74, 1978 LÄ 1, 519-24.

[German version] City in the west delta to the north of Sais in the 6th region of Lower Egypt; actually a twin city which, in older sources, only appears in the names of its parts Pe and Dep. The name B. has its origins in the Egyptian Prw dyt, house of Wśdy (Uto), who, in the form of a snake, is the national and crown goddess of Lower Egypt and who, together with  Horus, is the most important local deity. B. was already settled in prehistoric times and was apparently an important centre. Archaeological finds and epigraphic reports about B., ho…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | Syria | Zenobia | | Diadochi and Epigoni | Alexander | Commerce | Pilgrimage | Rome | Rome | Egypt (Πηλούσιον/ Pēloúsion; Latin Pelusium). City at the far northeastern corner of the Nile delta (southeast of Port Said), Egyptian Sjn, earlier Snw, 'fortification', from Ptolemiac times also known as P-Pr-jr-Jmn, Coptic ΠΕΡΕΜΟΥΝ, modern Tall al-Faramā. The Greek name P. probably originated from a popular etymological derivation of the Egyptian sjn, 'clay' = Greek pēlós (cf. Str. 17,1,21). Based on the city's name…

(Ἀμασις; Ámasis). Greek form of the name of two Egyptian kings. [German version] [1] Generally Amosis or Ahmose Generally Amosis or Ahmose, c. 1540/30-1515/05 BC, founder of the 18th dynasty and of the New Kingdom. He completes the expulsion of the  Hyksos, conquers their capital city, Auaris, as well as southern Palestine and Lower Nubia [1. 45-47; 3]. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] Egyptian king Egyptian Jḥ-msw, 5th ruler of the 26th dynasty (570-526 BC), overthrows his predecessor  Apries, when the latter sends him out to quell a mutin…

[German version] According to Hdt. 2,137-40, a blind king of a city of the same name, during whose reign the Ethiopians, under S(h)abako, conquered Egypt. Not historically verifiable; this is probably a reminder of the continuing existence of independent rulers in the Delta during the rule of the Nubian kings (25th dynasty). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II, Commentary 99-182, 1988, 90-92.

Name of four Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty, Egyptian Ḏḥwtj-msjw ('Thot is born'). Their chronology is uncertain, as the lengths of the reigns of T. I and II are unknown and T. III's ascent of the throne has been astronomically dated to 1504, 1490 or (most credibly) 1479 BC. [German version] [1] T. I Throne name -ḫpr-k-R, third king of the 18th Dynasty, c. 1496-1482 (only three regnal years are safely attested). T. undertook campaigns to Nubia and Syria as far as the Euphrates, during which the first conflicts with Mittani occured.  He was the first Phar…

(Ταποσῖρις; Taposîris). [German version] [1] Town in the Nile Delta Town in the Nile Delta (modern Abusir), about 50 km to the west of Alexandria [1] between Lake Mareotis and the sea; first recorded in the Ptolemaic period and named after a temple of Osiris (enclosure walls are extant). In the Christian period, a church was incorporated into the temple. Another large church building was discovered outside the area of the town. In addition, there are remains of a lighthouse and of (interior) port installations. T. ( megálē) was probably a transit and customs station for trade a…

[German version] [1] Egyptian city in the eastern Nile delta This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt City in the eastern Nile delta, east of the Damiette arm of the Nile, Egyptian T-rmw, modern Tell Moqdam; one of the largest hills of ruins in the delta. L. is documented from the Middle Kingdom, but the majority of finds and mentions come from the period after the New Kingdom. L. was of great significance in the 3rd intermediate period (1080-714 BC), when it was the residence of a local king. In the Ptolemaic era, L.…

[German version] (Νίτητις/ Nítētis). According to Hdt. 3,1-3 daughter of the Egyptian king Apries; Amasis [2] pretended she was his daughter and gave her in marriage to Cambyses [2]; in response to this deception Cambyses attacked Egypt. In the Egyptian version she was the wife of Cyrus [1] I and Cambyses' mother. Although the name is Egyptian ( Njtt-jj.tj), the princess is not documented in Egyptian sources. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin)

Greek form of the name of two Egyptian kings. [German version] [1] N. I. Local ruler in the western Nile Delta ( Nkw). Local ruler in the western Nile Delta c. 672-664 BC, father of Psammetichus I, the founder of the 26th Dynasty. N. was the only one of the Delta princes to be pardoned by Assurbanipal despite his participation in an anti-Assyrian conspiracy and was reinstalled as ruler in Saïs. According to Hdt. 2,152,3, N. was killed during the Nubians' advance north (probably in 664 under Tanutamun). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] N. II. Egyptian king of the 26. …

[German version] (Πανῶν πόλις; Panôn pólis). City in Upper Egypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile, c. 200 km north of Luxor, Egyptian Jpw or Ḫnt-Mnw, from this Greek Χέμμις ( Chémmis; Hdt. 2,91) and the modern name Aḫmīm. The name Πανῶν πόλις or Πανὸς πόλις ( Panòs pólis; 'city of Pan') is based on the identification of the main deity of P., the ithyphallically depicted god of fertility Min, with Greek Pan. Isis and (Min-)Horus were also worshipped in P. and the latter was presumably identified by Hdt. 2,91 with Perseus. The competitions in h…

[German version] [1] Town in Upper Egypt The Greek town called κυνῶν πόλις ( kynôn pólis); ‘town of dogs’; Str. 17,812) was at times the capital city of the 17th nomos of Upper Egypt (κυνοπολίτης; Kynopolítēs) and according to Ptol. 4,5,29 was situated on an island. C. (Egyptian Ḥr-dj) is often mentioned in texts of the New Kingdom and was the cult town of the dog-headed god  Anubis. Under Ramses XI it was destroyed in a civil war. Its exact location is unknown, presumably it was near Sheikh Fadl where a dog cemetery was also found. Plut. De …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | India, trade with (Φιλαί/ Philaí, Egyptian P-Jrk, probably a Nubian name). Small island at the southern end of the first Nile cataract, with a famous temple of Isis and a number of smaller sanctuaries. Blocks incorporated in the buildings, which show the names of kings, prove that there was a sanctuary under Taharka (690-664) at the latest, and a temple of Isis from the time of Amasis [2] at the latest. The earliest still visible buildings date…

[German version] (Egyptian mr-wr) is the name of the holy bull of Heliopolis [1], which was worshipped in an animal selected for certain features (black coat, hair against the grain, particularly large testicles). The bull Onouphis (Ὄνουφις; Egyptian Wnn-nfr, a designation of Osiris) described in Ael. NA 12,11 may therefore have been a form of M. Theologically M. was considered the soul ( ba) of the Sun God and its herald (corresponding entirely to the relationship of the apis bull to Ptah). The cow goddess Hesat was regarded as its mother. The name M. is f…

[German version] (Ψάμμουθις; Psámmouthis). Ruler of the 29th dynasty, Egyptian P-š(rj-n) Mwt, rival claimant to the throne of Acoris [2] (presumably 393-392 or 391-390 BC), attested particularly in Thebes. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography J. D. Ray, Ps. and Hakoris, in: JEA 72, 1986, 149-156.

[German version] (Θεαδέλφεια; Theadélpheia). Village in the Fayyum to the south of Lake Karun near modern (Baṭn) Ihrīt, founded under Ptolemaeus [3] II c. mid-3rd century BC and known from numerous papyrus finds. The chief deity was a crocodile god worshipped under the name Pnepheros. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography 1 A. Calderini, Dizionario, vol. 2, 1977, 240-248; suppl. 1, 1988, 135 f.; suppl. 2, 1996, 66 2 E. Bernand, Recueil des inscriptions grecques du Fayoum, vol. 2, 1981, 1-86.

[German version] (Παθῦρις; Pathŷris). City in Upper Egypt c. 30 km south of Luxor near modern Ǧabalain. The name derived from an old sanctuary to Hathor, Egyptian Pr-Ḥwt-Ḥr ('house of Hathor'), from this also derived the Greek designation Aphroditopolis (Str. 17,1,47). In the pre-Ptolemaic period, P. belonged to the 4th nome of Upper Egypt. Under the Ptolemies, it was the main town in the new nome of Pathyrites. There are numerous Greek and Demotic papyrus finds from a military settlement dating to the 2nd cent. BC. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. Calderini, s.v. P., Di…

[German version] Name of the first Nile cataract on the border between Egypt and Nubia near  Elephantine, first attested in Hdt. 2,17. The name alludes to the noisy roaring of the water (Cic. Rep. 6,19). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. Katadupa, RE 10, 2458.

[English version] (altägypt. Jwnyt, später ( T­)- Snj). Ort in Oberägypten, ca. 60 km südl. von Luxor auf dem westl. Nilufer. Nach dem kultisch verehrten Latusfisch griech. λάτων (πόλις) genannt. Die h. Stadt E. steht auf der alten Siedlung, daher ist von ihr nur der Tempel (9 m unterhalb des h. Niveaus) zugänglich. Die erste Erwähnung von E. stammt aus der 1. Zwischenzeit; bedeutsam wurde E. aber erst im NR als Ausgangspunkt einer Karawanenstraße nach Nubien. Hauptgott war der Widder Chnum (Chnubis),…

[English version] (Νηίθ; äg. Njt.t (?)). Äg. Göttin mit Hauptkultort Saïs im westl. Nildelta. N. war die prominenteste Göttin der Frühzeit (1. H. 3. Jt.v.Chr.), auf Denkmälern wie in Personennamen. Später (v.a. im MR und NR) trat sie hinter andere Gottheiten zurück; ab der 26. Dyn., als Saïs königliche Residenz wurde, war sie wieder von überragender Bed. N. war urspr. wohl Kriegs- und Jagdgöttin - ihre Embleme sind Bogen und gekreuzte Pfeile. Dieser kämpferische Aspekt ließ sie zu einer Schutzgöttin…

[English version] Nach Diod. 1,60 äthiopischer König, der Ägypten von der Herrschaft eines Amasis befreite und Rhinocolura (El-Arisch) als Sträflingskolonie gründete. Weder Historizität noch zeitliche Stellung des A. sind gesichert. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. Burton, Diod. Sic., Book I, 1972, 180 f.

[English version] (Λητοῦς πόλις). Ort an der SW-Spitze des Nildeltas, äg. ( S) ḫm, h. Ausim (nw von Kairo), Hauptort des 2. unteräg. Gaus. Hauptgott von L. war der falkengestaltige Himmelsgott ( M) ḫntj-jrtj, der mit Anbruch von Tag bzw. Nacht seine Augen (Sonne bzw. Mond) verliert und wiedererlangt und damit den täglichen Kreislauf der Sonne symbolisiert. Später wurde er mit Haroeris gleichgesetzt. Hl. Tiere des Gottes von L. waren v.a. Ichneumon und Spitzmaus (erhalten sind zahlreiche Bronzefiguren, vgl. auch Hdt. 2,141). Dan…

[English version] (ägypt. Jwnt[- t-nṯrt], griech. Τεντυρα), Stadt in Oberägypten, auf dem Westufer des Nils gegenüber dem h. Qena gelegen, Hauptstadt des 6. oberägypt. Gaus. D. war seit frühester Zeit ein wichtiges Zentrum, bes. bed. vom AR bis zum frühen MR. Aus ptolem. und röm. Zeit sind zahlreiche Gaustrategen mit ihren Denkmälern überliefert. Wichtigste Gottheit war die Liebesgöttin Hathor. Ihr Heiligtum, seit dem AR nachzuweisen, wurde mehrfach erweitert bzw. erneuert. Die h. erhaltene Anlage …

[English version] [1] Stadt in Mittelägypten Stadt in Mittelägypten, nördl. von Minia auf dem Ostufer des Nils, h. Tehne (el-Gebel). A. ist seit ptolemaiischer Zeit belegt, seit röm. Zeit amtliche Bezeichnung. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [English version] [2] ägyptischer König 3. König der 29. Dynastie (393/2-380 v. Chr., ägypt. Hkr), Verwandtschaft mit Vorgänger und Nachfolger unsicher [2]. Er schließt mit Athen und Euagoras von Salamis antipersische Bündnisse und kann 385-83 v. Chr. mit Hilfe griech. Söldner unter dem Athener Cha…

[English version] (Μώμεμφις). Stadt im nw Nildelta, nach Strab. 17,803 in röm. Zeit Gauhauptstadt; Zentrum eines Kultes der Aphrodite (ebd.; Diod. 1,97), d.h. der äg. Hathor (später auch der Isis: POxy XI, 1380, 14f.). Herodot (2,163; 169) zufolge fand bei M. die Entscheidungsschlacht zwischen Amasis [2] und Apries statt (was durch äg. Quellen gestützt wird), nach Diod. (1,68) bei Marea (während er M. als Ort des Sieges Psammetichos' I. über die “Dodekarchen” verzeichnet: Diod. 1,66; möglicherweis…

[English version] Bezeichnung des ersten Nilkatarakts an der Grenze zw. Äg. und Nubien bei Elephantine, zuerst bei Hdt. 2,17 bezeugt. Der Name spielt auf das geräuschvolle Brausen des Wassers an (Cic. rep. 6,19). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. K., RE 10, 2458.

[English version] (Κερκάσωρος, Κερκέσουρα). Stadt in Unteräg., wo sich nach Hdt. 2,15; 2,17 der Nil in die Arme von Pelusion und Kanobos teilt, nach Strab. 17,806 auf dem Westufer gegenüber von Heliopolis gelegen, vielleicht das äg. Ḥwt-šd-bd. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography F. Gomaà, s.v. Hutsched-abed, LÄ 3, 89-90.

[English version] (Πικραὶ λίμναι). Bezeichnung (Strab. 17,1,24) der brackigen “Bitterseen” auf dem Isthmus von Suez, altäg. km-wr, “großer schwarzer (See)”. Im 3. und frühen 2. Jt. waren hier Befestigungsanlagen, später lief der Kanal zum Roten Meer (Ptolemais) durch diese Gewässer. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography K.W. Butzer, s.v. Bitterseen, LÄ 1, 824f.

[English version] (Σάϊς). Stadt im westl. Delta am Nilarm von Rosette, äg. Zw, Hauptstadt des 5. unteräg. Gaus, das h. (Dorf) Ṣā l-Hạǧar. Als Hauptkultort der Göttin Neith hatte S. schon in der 1. H. des 3. Jt. Bed. Polit. trat es aber erst im 1. Jt. v. Chr. hervor, als die dort residierenden libyschen Herrscher ab ca. 730 versuchten, ihren Machtbereich zu erweitern. Zunächst von den Nubiern zurückgedrängt, gelang es ihren Nachfolgern Necho [1] I. und Psammetichos [1] I. im 7. Jh. v. Chr., die 26. Dyn. zu …

Griech. Namensform zweier äg. Könige. [English version] [1] N. I. Lokalherrscher im westl. Nil-Delta ( Nkw). Lokalherrscher im westl. Nil-Delta ca. 672-664 v.Chr., Vater von Psammetichos I., dem Gründer der 26. Dyn. N. wurde von Assurbanipal trotz Teilnahme an einer antiassyrischen Verschwörung als einziger der Deltafürsten begnadigt und wieder als Herrscher in Saïs eingesetzt. Nach Hdt. 2,152,3 wurde N. beim Vorstoß der Nubier nach Norden (wohl 664 unter Tanutamun) getötet. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [English version] [2] N. II. Äg. König der 26. Dyn. Äg. Wḥm-jb-R Nkw,…

[English version] (Λευκὴ ἀκτή). “Weißes Vorgebirge” an der libyschen Küste Äg. nahe des kleinen Katabathmos, h. Ras al-Abja (am Ras al-Kanais, ca. 60 km östl. von Marsa Matruh), erwähnt u.a. bei Strab. 10,489; 17,799; Ptol. 4,5,3. Nach POxy. XI,1380,45 wurde in L.A. Isis als Aphrodite, Muchis und Eseremphis verehrt. Ebenso gab es ein Orakelheiligtum des Apollon (Horus). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. L.A., RE 12, 2261.

[English version] (Φάκουσ(σ)α u.ä.). Ort im NO des Nildeltas, das h. Fāqūs. Ein altäg. Name ist nicht bekannt. Ph. ist erst in ptolem. Zeit bezeugt. Strab. 17,1,26 bezeichnet es - wohl zu Unrecht - als Ausgangspunkt des Kanals vom Nil zum Roten Meer (Ptolemais). Nach Ptol. geographia 4,5,24 war Ph. Metropole des Gaues Arabia. In christl. Zeit war Ph. Bischofssitz. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography St. Timm, Das christl.-koptische Äg. in arabischer Zeit, Bd. 2, 1984, 923-926.

[English version] (ägypt. Ḥwt-[t]-ṛj-jb, arab. Tall Atrı̄b). Hauptstadt des 10. unterägypt. Gaus, im südl. Zentraldelta. Hauptgott Chentechtai in älterer Zeit als Krokodil, im NR meist als Falke verehrt. A. gewinnt ab dem NR an Bedeutung. Im 9.-7.Jh. v.Chr. bildet es mit Heliopolis ein selbständiges Fürstentum. Ammianus (22,16) zählt es zu den wichtigsten Städten Ägyptens. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography P. Vernus, Athribis, Bibliothèque d'études coptes 74, 1978  LÄ 1, 519-24.