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[German Version] I. New Testament 1. The historical figure. Peter, originally called Simon, was born around the turn of the era in a Jewish household in Bethsaida, on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee (John 1:44; Gal 2:14f.); his father’s name was John (John 1:42) or Jonah (Matt 26:17: Simon bar Jonah; the plural bar Yone [“brigands in the wilderness”] as a term for Zealots is not supported by Giṭ. 56ab and does not suggest that Peter had Zealot sympathies). Peter lived in Capernaum with his wife, his mother-in-law, and his brother Andrew all under one roof (Mark 1:16…

[German Version] Probably from Syria, Anicetus was one of several presbyter-bishops in Rome who headed the various Christian house churches in the 150s and 160s. Like Clement I before him in the 1st half of the 2nd century ( Herm. 8.3 = Vis. II 4.3) and Soter and Eleutherus after him, he was responsible for the external relations of the city's Christians. Polycarp of Smyrna (Irenaeus Haer. III 3.4; Eusebius Hist. eccl. V…

[German Version] (Cletus), set the tone in one of the numerous Christian household churches in Rome in the 1st century. In the 2nd half of the 2nd century, when the monepiscopacy was forming in Rome, Anacletus's name was still present in Roman local tradition and was employed as a building block in the Roman bishop list (in Iren. …

[German Version] presbyter-bishop in Rome between c. 166 and 175, responsible for external relations: his responsibilities included Christians traveling to Rome, organizing aid missions, and probably correspondence with the Corinthians (Dionysius of Corinth in Eus. Hist. eccl. IV 23.10f.). In the second half of the 2nd century, the presbyters in charge of external relations became increasingly more important than t…

[German Version] were a 1st-century Jewish Christian missionary couple. Aquila was born in Pontus; he and his wife earned their living as tentmakers. Such independent tradespeople belonged to the lower classes; there is no evidence that they had a house or a substantial business…

[German Version] According to the Muratorian Fragment (73f.), Pius was the brother of the author of the Shepherd of Hermas, who wrote between 120 and 150 ce. Like his brother, he was probably born as a slave ( verna) in the household of his master, sold to someone in Rome, and there given his freedom. He was a presbyter of one of Rome’s numerous Christian house churches. In the second half of the 2nd century, when Rome was developing monepiscopacy, Pius’s name, still part of the local Roman tradition, was used as a building block for the Roman bishop list (Iren. Haer. III 4.4; cf. 7.2), which at the end of 170s retrojected the monepiscopate notionally into the past: to secure the tradition of the Roman monepiscopate, the apostle Peter was followed by 12 successors, with Pius named as the ninth (the second being Anacletus, the tenth Anicetus, the 11th Soter, the 12th Eleutherus). Subsequent tradition presented him as the bishop of Rome between c. 140 and 155 and made him a saint. His feast day is Jul 11.…

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[English Version] von Rom, zw. ca.189 und 199 Bf. von Rom, sympathisierte mit Praxeas und dem modalistischen Monarchianismus (Tert.Prax. 1; Ps.-Tert., Adversus omnes haereses 8). Mit V. bildete sich der monarchische Episkopat in Rom erstmals voll aus (Papsttum). V. exkommunizierte die röm. Valentinianer um Florinus (Iren., Fragmenta syriaca, 28, in: Harvey 457; Eus.h.e. V 15; 20,1), die röm. Vertreter des Montanismus (Tert. Prax. 1), die röm. Theodotianer um Theodot (Anonymus bei Eus.h.e. V 28,6.9)…

[English Version] Soter, zw. ca.166 und 175 Presbyter-Episkope in Rom, der für die Außenkontakte verantwortlich war: Er kümmerte sich um christl. Romreisende, organisierte Hilfssendungen sowie vermutlich eine Briefsendung an die Korinther (Dionysius von Korinth bei Eus.h.e. IV 23,10f.). Die mit den Außenkontakten betrauten Presbyter gewannen in der 2. Hälfte des 2.Jh. zunehmend Bedeutung im Vergleich zu anderen Presbytern in der Stadt, so daß Anicetus und S. erste Wegbereiter des Monepiskopats in …

[English Version] Pius I., dem Muratorischen Fragment (73f.) zufolge Bruder des zw. 120 und 150 n.Chr. schreibenden Autors des Hirten des Hermas; wie sein Bruder wahrscheinlich außerhalb Roms als Haussklave (verna) geboren, nach Rom verkauft und dort freigelassen; Presbyter einer der zahlreichen christl. Hausgemeinden Roms. In der 2. Hälfte des 2.Jh., als sich in Rom der Monepiskopat herausbildete, war P.' Name in der röm. Lokaltradition noch präsent und wurde als Baustein für die röm. Bischofslis…