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Rūmī, Muḥammad Ğalāluddīn-i
(141 words)
[German Version] (1207–1273, Konya, Turkey), Persian poet, whose son, Sulṭān Walad, founded the Mawlawi order (“dancing dervishes”). Rūmī’s style is distinguished by a fervor previously unknown in the Persian language; at times it even leads him to violate the classic forms of Persian poetry. His most important works include: (1)
Dīwān, also called
Dīwān-i Šams-i Tabrīzī, (2)
Maṯnawī, a mystical and edifying epic that enjoys great esteem throughout the Persian-speaking world, and (3)
Fīhi mā fihi, in prose. Many of his letters have also been preserved. Bernd Radtke Bibliography W.C…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Islam
(15,859 words)
[German Version] I. Origin and Spread – II. Doctrine – III. Islamic Philosophy – IV. Islamic Art (Architecture and Book Art) – V. Islamic Studies – VI. Christianity and Islam – VII. Judaism and Islam – VIII. Islam in Europe – IX. Islam in North America – X. Political Islamism
I. Origin and Spread
1. Muḥammad and his message In 569 ce, Muḥammad was born in Mecca, a city with the shrine of the Kaʿba at its center. Mecca enjoyed good relations with the Sasanian Empire and its Arab vassal princes in Ḥīra, but considered itself politically independen…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Repentance
(11,471 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies Examination of repentance from the perspective of religious studies must confront the problem that the term itself has no culturally neutral meaning. Many of the phenomena in other religions that Christians tend to call repentance appear in a different light when viewed in the context of different anthropological presuppositions, ¶ so that due weight must be given to the religious anthropology in question. Generally speaking, it is true to say that in almost all non-Christian religions the notion of repentance c…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Love of/for God
(5,381 words)
[German Version] I. Old Testament – II. New Testament – III. Christianity – IV. Judaism – V. Islam
I. Old Testament
1. God's love The notion of YHWH's love (in Heb. primarily derivatives of the root אהב/
ʾhb) for his people first appears in the book of the prophet Hosea, where God's love is cited as the “ground of divine election” (Jenni) in response to challenges to the election (I) of Israel by God (Hos 1:9). Hosea uses the image of a father's love (11:1; cf. also 11:4); despite his son's disobedience, he cannot give him up …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Pre-existence
(1,863 words)
[German Version]
I. The Concept
Pre-existence refers to the existence of deities, persons, or objects prior to the world or the earth. All religions in which the deity is not subsumed into time espouse the notion of the deity’s real pre-existence, because entrance into the course of time brings forth only knowledge of the deity without affecting the deity’s being. It is in this context that we also speak of the pre-existence of Christ. In Greek philosophy, which influenced early Christianity, the no…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Mysticism
(17,207 words)
[German Version] I. The Concept – II. Religious Studies – III. History – IV. Philosophy of Religion – V. Practical Theology – VI. Islamic Mysticism – VII. Hindu Mysticism – VIII. Taoist Mysticism
I. The Concept The concept of mysticism is closely linked to the development of the history of religion in Europe and the term must not be taken and applied uncritically as a general term for a phenomenologically determined group of phenomena in other religions (see also II, 3 below). Attempts at definition are either phenomenolog…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Ritter
(547 words)
[German Version]
1. Gerhard (Apr 6, 1888, Sooden/Werra – Jul 1, 1967, Freiburg im Breisgau). This historian and son of a pastor was a teacher, like his brother Karl Bernhard (see 2. below); he served from 1915 to 1919 as a soldier. In 1925 he became professor in Freiburg. He translated T. More’s
Utopia, wrote a history of Heidelberg University in the Middle Ages, and, as editor, opened the
ARG to international research in 1938. Ritter was Baden’s delegate to the Barmen Confessing Synod. Because of the memoranda for D. Bonhoeffer, Ritter was imprisoned in 1944. He…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Unio Mystica
(1,258 words)
[German Version]
I. Philosophy of Religion The phenomenon of
unio mystica within mysticism is of interest to the philosophy of religion because recent analytical approaches in religious studies and the psychology of religion permit a more precise assessment of the philosophical issues involved, and also because it brings to light (so much better) a philosophically discussable connection between religious behavior or experience and rational cognition (Epistemology). Although the term itself is not always u…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Devil
(8,622 words)
[German Version] I. Names and Terms – II. Religious Studies – III. Ancient Near East and Old Testament – IV. New Testament – V. Church History – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. Fundamental Theology – VIII. Dogmatics – IX. Judaism – X. Islam – XI. History of Art and Literature
I. Names and Terms
1. Devil The secular Greek noun διάβολος/
diabolos comes from one of the meanings of the verb διαβάλλω/
diaballō, “separate, sever,” which led to meanings such as “accuse, slander, deceive.” From the Greek noun came Latin
diabolus, from which the English …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Aḥmad b. Idrīs
(1,854 words)
Abū l-ʿAbbās
Aḥmad b. Idrīs (1760–1837) was an influential Moroccan mystic and scholar, to whom more than fifty works are attributed. His students have established several Ṣūfī orders. 1. Biography Aḥmad b. Idrīs was born in Maysūr, near Fez, in Morocco, in 1173/1760. He studied at the university of al-Qarawiyyīn, in Fez, and later taught there, as may be inferred from a remark he made later in life. Although he does not mention his theology teachers by name, they are known to us from other sources, for instance, from his di…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Anti-Ṣūfī polemics
(1,585 words)
Anti-Ṣūfī polemics have existed nearly as long as Ṣūfism itself. Ṣūfism has been an element of Islamic history almost from the beginning and forms an integral part of Islam, but it has also faced opposition throughout its history. That opposition has frequently been expressed in clichés, as, for instance, in the charge of antinomism. As Ṣūfism has evolved, so have the objects of criticism. Although little is known of the earliest history of Ṣūfism and little scholarly attention has been paid to it, the issues that were necessarily to upset mainstream Islam a…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
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