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[English version] (τροπάριον, von τρόπος/ trópos in der Bed. “Tonart, Ton”). Urspr. eine kurze Strophe in freier rhythmischer byz. Prosa mit Bittcharakter, in seiner Melodie der Psalmodie ähnelnd. Das t. stand am Anfang der byz. Hymnographie (Hymnos IV.) und wurde zunächst zu jedem Psalmvers antiphonisch gesungen. Ab dem 5. Jh. wurde es erweitert und in den Schluß des Psalms (zw. die 3-6 letzten Verse) integriert. Es fand auch Eingang in kontákion und kanṓn [2]. Meist anon. überl., erfährt das t. erst ab dem 11./12. Jh. (Sophronios von Jerusalem) eine einheitliche liturgi…

[English version] (Σωφρόνιος). Patriarch von Jerusalem (634-638), griech.-byz. Heiliger, Dichter und Schriftsteller. S. stammte wahrscheinlich aus Damaskos und lehrte Rhet. Er wurde Mönch in Palaestina und unternahm mit seinem Freund Iohannes [29] Moschos Reisen zu den dortigen Mönchssiedlungen. Als standhafter Gegner des Monotheletismus versuchte er im J. 633 erfolglos, Kyros von Phasis, den Patriarchen von Alexandreia [1], davon abzubringen. S. konnte sich mit dem Patriarchen von Konstantinopoli…

[English version] (Συνοδικόν). Liturgisches Formular in der orthodoxen Kirche. Das S. entstand in der Zeit des Bilderstreits 843 n. Chr. auf Initiative des Methodios, des Patriarchen von Konstantinopolis als Dokument des Sieges des Patriarchats über die Ikonoklasten (Syrische Dynastie). Es führt die Trad. der Diptychen fort. Anf. des 11. Jh. kam dem S. die allgemeinere Funktion eines liturgischen Formulars zu, das neben den verurteilten Häresien eine Kommemorationsliste der Kaiser und Patriarchen (in der Prov. auch der Metropoliten) enthielt. Savvidis, Kyriakos Bibliograp…

[English version] (σύντομον). Das s. steht als byz. liturgische Dichtung zw. kontákion zum kanṓn [2], ohne jedoch deren Beliebtheit erreicht zu haben. Seine vier bis neun Strophen werden in der Liturgie der orthodoxen Kirche zw. Psalmverse eingeschoben, weshalb das s. auch stichērón (στιχηρόν) genannt wird. Verm. geht es auf den Meloden Kyprianos (1. H. des 8. Jh.) zurück. Hymnos VI. Savvidis, Kyriakos Bibliography J. Szövérffy, A Guide to Byzantine Hymnography ..., 1979.

[English version] (Ταράσιος). Patriarch von Konstantinopolis (ca. 730-806 n. Chr.), von adliger Herkunft, Sekretär der Kaiserin Irene, die ihn im Rahmen ihrer Restaurationsbemühungen um den Bilderkult 784 zum Patriarchen wählen ließ. Die von ihm zur Lösung des Bilderstreits (Syrische Dynastie) einberufene Synode ( sýnodos [2]) in Nikaia konnte 787 in einem zweiten Anlauf die Wiederherstellung des Bilderkultes beschließen. Auf ihn gehen die auf der Synode verlesenen Beschlüsse zurück, die er bereits 754 verfaßt hatte. Savvidis, Kyriakos Bibliography Ed.: PG 98, 1424-1428 …

Savvidis, Kyriakos [English version] [1] persische Märtyrerin, gest. 599 (Σιρή). Persische Märtyrerin, † 559 n. Chr. S. war die Tochter eines angesehenen pers. Magiers, die nach ihrer Konversion zum Christentum unter dem Perserkönig Chosroes [5] I. öffentlich durch Erhängen hingerichtet wurde. Bibliography P. Devos, Saint Šīrīn Martyr Khosrau Ier Avrošarvan, in: Analecta Bollandiana 64, 1946, 87-131. [English version] [2] s. Schirin s. Schirin

(συναξάριον). [English version] [1] Kurzvita Kurzvita oder enkomiastische Notiz in den Menäen im órthros (ὄρθρος, “Morgengottesdienst”) der orthodoxen Kirche zw. der 6. und 7. Ode des Kanons [2], der mit dem s. den Gottesdienst des jeweiligen Tagesheiligen oder Festes prägt. Aufbau: Monatsdatum, Epigramm in iambischen Versen, Nennung des Heiligen, des Festes, Hexameter auf Datum und Namen, histor. Notiz, Erwähnung der Kirche, die seiner gedenkt, Vita des Heiligen. Savvidis, Kyriakos [English version] [2] Buch mit Kurzviten Buch, das die synaxária enthält (s. auch Menologi…

[English version] (Ταβώρ). Konisch zulaufender Berg mit ausladendem Gipfelplateau (ca. 1200 × 400 m) in der Jesreel-Ebene in Israel. Nach Jos 19,22 grenzten an den T. die Stammesgebiete von Sebulon, Assachar und Naftali. In den biblischen Schriften werden keine Hinweise auf eine kultische Funktion des Bergs gegeben. Es besteht auch kein Zusammenhang zum Kult des rhodischen Gottes Zeus Atabyrios ([1]; Rhodos). Eisenzeitliche Besiedlung konnte nachgewiesen werden [2], die später von röm. und byz. Si…

[German version] (Ἀθίγγανοι; Athínganoi). The A. (‘Untouchables’, from θιγγάνω) are mentioned as heretics who are counted as Paulicians, first by Patriarch  Germanus (De haeres. et synodis, PG 98, 85) in the 8th cent. They are called ‘Phrygians’ because of their origins or ‘Manichaeans’ because of their magical and astrological practices. Flourishing in the 9th cent.; found followers even in palace circles ( Michael II). They supported  iconoclasm. Several attempts to integrate them remained unsuccessful.  Astrology;  Magic;  Mani;  Phrygia Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibli…

(συναξάριον; synaxárion). [German version] [1] Short life Short life or encomiastic note in the menaea of the Orthodox Church's órthros (ὄρθρος, 'morning service') between the 6th and 7th odes of the canon [2], which together with the synaxarion characterize services on saints' days and feasts. Structure: month, epigram in iambic verse, naming of the saint and the feast, hexameter on the date and name, historical note, mention of the church commemorating the saint, life of the saint. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) [German version] [2] Book with short lives Book containing the synaxária …

[German version] Armenian collection of important theological letters, documenting the history of the Armenian church and its relations with neighbouring churches (Syria, Georgia, Byzantium), such as the separation of the Georgian church from the Armenian in c. 600. The Book of Letters is divided into three chronological phases: 5th-7th, 8th-11th and 11th-13th cents.  Byzantium;  Georgia;  Syria Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography Girk T̀`ġtoc`, 1901 E. Ter-Minassiantz, Die armen. Kirche in ihren Beziehungen zu den syr. Kirchen. Bis zum Ende des 13.Jh.…

[German version] (λαύρα/ Laúra, ‘lane’). Originally a Christian monastic settlement of hermits under the leadership of a common superior. Around AD 330, Chariton (Χαρίτων) founded near Pharan, Douka and Souka in Palestine the first laúrai with cells (κελλία; kellía) and caves that were connected by a lane. In the centre of the facilities were the church, the bakery, storerooms as well as the home of the superior. The hermits only gathered for the service with the Eucharist. This type of monastery became definitive for Byzantine Chri…

[German version] (Σινᾶ/ Sinâ, Σινά/ Siná, Σεινά/ Seiná, later also Σιναΐ/ Sinaḯ, Latin Sina; Hebrew sīnay). Mountain in the wilderness of the same name, where the Covenant between Yahweh and Israel was made. S. is primarily attested in the Old Testament; in the New Testament Σινᾶ occurs only in Acts 7,30 and 38 and Gal 4,2; the etymology is debatable. Presumably S. is derived from the Hebrew root sny, 'shine' [1. 52033]. S. often occurs with the later additions 'Mount', 'Desert'. Euseb. On. 172,9 f. distinguished S. from Mount Horeb (Χωρήβ/ Chōrḗb), for Jerome (ibid. 173,15 f.) the …

[German version] (Kołp). Pupil of  Mesrop. His student colleague Koriwn gives some details about E.'s biography in the Vita of Mesrop. According to him, in around AD 406 E. goes to  Edessa [2] (= Urfa) on behalf of his teacher and Katholikos  Sahak in order to learn Syriac and to translate works by the Syrian church fathers into Armenian. Together with Koriwn he brought around 435 Greek biblical manuscripts, manuscripts by the church fathers, and the Acts of the Synods of  Nicaea and  Ephesus from…

[German version] (Ποταμιαίνα/ Potamiaína). Martyr (died c. AD 360; feast 7 or 28 June). Pupil of Origenes [1] in Alexandria. According to an account by Eusebius [7] (Eus. HE 6,4) she suffered martyrdom under Septimius Severus (193-211). She converted the soldier Basileides who escorted her to her execution. Together with her mother Marcella she was executed by having hot pitch poured over her. After three days she is supposed to have appeared to Basileides, who was arrested for his conversion and then also martyred. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography J. Bollandus, G. Henscheniu…

[German version] Known as Maštoc in the older MSS and in the vita written by his student Koriwn. His date of birth ( c. AD 360/364) and his descent from the influential family of the Mamikonians are uncertain. Born in Katzikk in the Armenian province of Tarawn, M. received a Hellenic education. After military service under the Armenian king - either Chosrov III ( Chosroes [4]) or his lieutenant Arawan - in Vagharshapat, he became a secretary at the Armenian royal court between 385 and 389. Between 390 and 395, the Armenian Patriarch Sahak [Isaac] the Great ( c. 457-438) made him a monk. Af…

[German version] (Ἴβηροι/ Íbēroi, Ἴβηρες/ Íbēres). I. and Iberia (Ἰβηρία/ Ibēría), as terms for the inhabitants and country of East Georgia, occur only in Graeco-Roman and Byzantine sources; possibly etymologically related to virkʿ (Armenian) or Sáspeires (Σάσπειρες, Hdt. 4,37; 40) [1. 146]. Iberia was bordered in the north by  Sarmatia, in the west by  Colchis, in the south by Greater Armenia ( Armenia) and in the east by  Albania [1] (Ptol. 5,10,1f.). Armenia;  Georgia, Georgians;  Georgian Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography 1 O. Lordkipanidse, Archäologie in Geor…

[German version] (κοντάκιον, κονδάκιον; kontákion, kondákion; from κοντός, ‘parchment roll’). Name given in later times to a genre of Byzantine hymns documented first in the 6th cent. AD. The kontakion consists of 18 to 24 metrically equal stanzas (so-called oíkoi, οἶκοι), preceded by the metrically differing prooemium ( koukoúlion, κουκούλιον). The individual stanzas are connected by acrostichs ( Acrostich) and have a common refrain (the ephýmnion or akroteleútion, ἐφύμνιον, ἀκροτελεύτιον). Kontakia are related to the Syrian madraša ( Ephrem Syrus), …

[German version] (Ełišē). Author of a history of the Vardanids and the Armenian wars in the Armenian language, describing the uprising of the Armenian people under the leadership of Vardan Mamikonyan against the Sassanid occupation forces in AD 450/1. However, E. did not himself witness the historical events which he describes, but is likely to have lived in the 6th cent. AD. It was his aim to provide a martyrological anchor for the foundation of the Armenian church.  Armenia;  Armenians, Armenian literature;  Sassanids Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography E. Ter-Minassjan, Va…

[German version] (σύντομον; sýntomon). As a specimen of Byzantine liturgical poetry the s. lies between the kontákion and the kanṓn [2], but without having achieved their popularity. In the liturgy of the Orthodox Church its four to nine strophes are inserted between the verses of psalms, and for this reason a s. is also called a stichērón (στιχηρόν). Presumably it can be traced to the poet and hymnographer Kyprianos (1st half of the 8th cent.). Hymn IV. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography J. Szövérffy, A Guide to Byzantine Hymnography ..., 1979.

[German version] (Εὐθύμιος; Euthýmidos) I of Constantinople (b. c. AD 834 in  Seleucia, d. 917). After a period as monk on the Bithynian  Olympus, he transferred to the monastery of St. Theodorus outside Constantinople. As the father confessor of Emperor  Leo VI, he became abbot of the monastery of Psamathias, which the emperor had built for him specifically. After the deposition of the patriarch of Constantinople,  Nicolaus I Mysticus, he assumed that office; in agreement with the other patriarchs and …

[German version] A legend from  Edessa tells of a young Byzantine man (5th cent.) who left his wife on their wedding night to live an ascetic life [1. 36-44]. The figure of A., who became the archetype of the ascetic, was also known in Constantinople in the 9th cent., where Melodus († 833) composed a hymn in honour of A. The discovery of a Greek version that had escaped notice for a long period and which agrees in its main traits with a Syriac version of the 6th cent., but without being its translation [2. 56c], again raises the question of the original's language. Other Greek versions of the A.- vita…

[German version] (Ταβώρ/ Tabṓr). Conically tapering mountain with a broad plateau at the peak (about 1,200 m × 400 m) in the Plain of Jezreel in Israel. According to Jos 19:22, the territories of the tribes of Zebulun, Issachar and Naphtali bordered on Mount T. In the Biblical texts, no indications are given of any cultic function of the mountain. Neither is there any connection with the cult of the Rhodian god Zeus Atabyrios ([1]; Rhodes). It has been possible to demonstrate Iron Age settlement [2…

[German version] (Ταράσιος; Tarásios). Patriarch of Constantinople ( c. AD 730-806), of noble descent, secretary to the empress Irene, who had him elected patriarch in 784 in connexion with her efforts to restore iconolatry. The Synod (Synodos II.D.) at Nicaea in 787, convened by him to solve the iconoclasm controversy (Syrian dynasty), was able at the second attempt to resolve to restore the worship of icons. It is to him that resolutions made at the synod are due; he had already written them in 754. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography Editions: PG 98, 1424-1428 (Apologeticus)  PG …

[German version] (τροπάριον/ tropárion, from τρόπος/ trópos in the sense of 'mode, note'). Originally a short strophe in free-rhythm Byzantine prose with the character of a prayer and a melody resembling psalmody. The troparion was present at the beginning of  Byzantine hymnography (Hymnos IV.) and was initially sung in antiphony to every verse of a psalm. From the 5th cent. it was expanded and integrated into the ending of psalms (between the 3-6 last verses). It also found entry into the kontákion and the kanṓn [2]. For the most part transmitted anonymously, the troparion experienced…

[German version] (Isaac). S. I (the Great), born between AD 340 and 350, died AD 438/9. Patriarch of Armenia, son of the patriarch Nerses the Great; last representative of the Gregorians (descendants of Gregory the Illuminator, Armenia [B]). S. grew up in Constantinople and studied there. Named patriarch of the Armenian Church in 387 in a time of internal conflict after Armenia was divided between Byzantium and Persia, his election was intended to reinforce Armenia's ties to Byzantium to counter t…

[German version] (Παυλικιανοί/ Paulikianoí; Armenian Pawlikeank'). Heretical Christian group of Armenian origin in the Byzantine Empire, whose teachings survive only in secondary sources of Orthodox polemic. The accounts of the Armenian katholikós John of Odzun (8th cent. AD) and of Petros Sikeliotes (9th cent. AD) are particularly important. According to these the Paulicians were described as an offshoot from the Manichaeans (Mani), whose dualistic doctrine postulated only an individualistic approach to faith and rejected the OT (Bible), the sacraments ( sacramentum …

[German version] Christian religious community going back to the Syrian hermit Maro(n) (Μάρω(ν)/ Márō(n), Syriac Morun; 4th/5th cent. AD), the patron saint of a monastery on the Orontes near Apamea [3] in Syria, which became the centre of the resistance against the Monophysitism. After the death of the patriarch Anastasius II (died 609), the Antiochene ( Antioch [1]) patriarchal see remained vacant (Persian invasions); in 636, the region came under Arab rule. Its isolation in terms of geography and Church poli…

[German version] (Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων; Epitomè chrónōn). The chronicon paschale (also chronicon Alexandrinum, chronicon Constantinopolitanum, Fasti Siculi, according to where the particular codex was discovered) was written by a cleric between 631 and 641 at the instigation of the patriarch  Sergius. In its introduction, the ‘Easter Chronicle contains explanations of the Easter cycle. The chronology originally went from Adam to the year 629, but the record breaks off after 628. The chronicler is an eyewitness to ev…

[German version] The A. refer to themselves as hayk', while the term A. is used by the Persians (Behistun inscription) and the Greeks (Herodotus and Xenophon). In the 6th cent. BC, the A. immigrated and intermixed with the autochthonous Urartians. After enduring Median, Persian, Macedonian and Seleucid domination, the A. King Artashes won the fight for independence in AD 189. Following the Christianization of the country, Armenian literature (AL) emerged in the early 5th cent., with Maštoc's ( Mesrop in…

Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) [German version] [1] Persian martyr, died in 599 (Σιρή; Sirḗ). Persian martyr, died 559 AD. S. was the daughter of a respected Persian magus, who after her conversion to Christianity was publicly executed by hanging under the Persian king Chosroes [5] I. Bibliography P. Devos, Saint Šīrīn Martyr Khosrau Ier Avrošarvan, in: Analecta Bollandiana 64, 1946, 87-131. [German version] [2] see Schirin See Shirin.

[German version] (Παφνούτιος; Paphnoútios), died around AD 360. According to Socrates [9] (Hist. eccl. 1,11), P. attended the first Council of Nicaea [5] (AD 325) as bishop of Upper Thebias. During the persecution of Christians, perhaps under Maximinus [1] Daia, he lost an eye. He was held in high regard by emperor Constantinus [1] and considered an ecclesiastical authority because of his strict monastic lifestyle. It is uncertain whether remarks attributed to him by Socrates ( loc. cit.) regarding the celibacy of priests (retention of clerical marriages entered into pri…

[German version] A collection of apocryphal acts of the Apostles in Latin ( Historia Certaminis Apostolici or Historiae Apostolicae) frequently used in the MA, is attributed to A., supposedly the first bishop of  Babylon and a contemporary of  Origenes. It consists of 10 books purportedly compiled in Hebrew by A. and then translated by  Eutropius into Greek and by Julius, who was known to write in Greek, into Latin. However, the collection presupposes  Rufinus' History and must have been created in the 6th-7th cents.  Apocrypha Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography W. Smith and H. …

[German version] (Ἀποφθέγματα πατρῶν; Apophthégmata patrôn). Anonymous collection of ‘Patristic sayings’ belonging to the most copied works of early monasticism. It contains short anecdotes of early monastic life and the   anachoresis in the Egyptian desert. They are teachings, prophetic predictions and miraculous acts that describe the daily routine of the monks. Particularly characteristic of the apophthegmata patrum are those sayings that are formulaically introduced by the plea of a believer who petitioned the anchorite in search of advice: ‘Tell …

[German version] (τὸ διὰ τεσσάρων [εὐαγγέλιον]; tò dià tessárōn [euangélion]). The Diatessaron is the earliest extant harmonization of the gospels, dating back to Tatian, who in the latter third of the 2nd cent. combined the four canonical gospels into one homogenous presentation by embedding the synoptic tradition within the chronological framework of the gospel of John. He also used some apocryphal material and furthermore showed his encratitic, anti-Jewish, and docetic ( Docetics) leanings. Whether the Diatessaron was originally written in Greek or Syriac, in Rom…

[German version] The C. (Turkish, roughly ‘vagabonds’) belong to the group of Turkish-Altaic peoples and are attested from the 3rd/4th cents. AD. Originally nomadic, in the 7th cent. they founded an autonomous empire reaching from the Black Sea to the Don. Their king (Qağan) was political and religious leader. Although they did not develop their own written language they left behind loan words in Arabic, Greek, Armenian, Georgian, Hebrew and Persian i.a. Their campaigns of conquest reached as far …

[German version] (Σωφρόνιος/ Sōphrónios). Patriarch of Jerusalem (634-638), Greek-Byzantine saint, poet and author. S. was probably from Damascus and taught rhetoric. He became a monk in Palestine and with his friend Iohannes [29] Moschus travelled to the monastic settlements there. As a staunch opponent of Monotheletism in 633 he tried but failed to persuade Cyrus of Phasis, patriarch of Alexandria [1], to abandon it. S. was able to agree a compromise with the patriarch of Constantinople (Sergios …

[German version] A. ( 340/345 in  Cappadocia, † after 394) was a student of  Libanius and rhetorician in Constantinople. In 370 he returned to Cappadocia and at the instigation of  Basilius the Great became bishop of  Iconium in the newly created province of  Lycaonia in 373. He created an ecclesiastical administration in his episcopacy and defended it against the  Messalians and other heretics. Through his cousin  Gregorius of Nazianze, who converted him, a close friendship developed with the Cappadocians and later with circles in the capital.  Gregorius of Nyssa Savvidis, Kyriak…

[German version] (Συνοδικόν; Synodikón). Liturgical formula of the Orthodox Church. The synodìkon originated in the period of iconoclasm in AD 843, on the initiative of Methodius, patriarch of Constantinople, as a document of the victory of the patriarchate over the iconoclasts (Syrian dynasty). It continued the tradition of the diptycha . At the beginning of the 11th cent., the synodìkon was granted the more general function of a liturgical formula, which contained a commemoration list of emperors and patriarchs (in the prov…

[English version] In der 1. H. des 5. Jh. Bischof von Tyana. Als überzeugter Anhänger des Nestorios widersetzte er sich den Anathematismen des Kyrillos von Alexandreia. Im J. 431 wurde er auf der Synode von Ephesos exkommuniziert. Er schloß sich Iohannes von Antiocheia an und bezog Stellung gegen die sich anbahnende Einigung zw. ihm und Kyrillos. Als diese 433 zustande kam, trennte er sich von Iohannes. Daraufhin verlor er sein Amt und wurde zum Exil nach Skythopolis verurteilt. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography M. Tetz, Eine Antilogie des E. von Tyana, (Patristische Te…

[English version] Die Ch. (türk., etwa “Vagabunden”) gehören zur Gruppe der turk-altaischen Völker und sind seit dem 3./4.Jh. n.Chr. bezeugt. Urspr. Nomaden, gründeten sie im 7.Jh. ein unabhängiges Reich, das vom Schwarzen Meer bis zum Don reichte. Der König (Qağan) war polit. und rel. Oberhaupt. Obwohl sie keine eigene Schriftsprache entwickelten, hinterließen sie Lehnwörter u.a. im Arab., Griech., Armen., Georg., Hebr. und Pers. In ihren Eroberungszügen drangen sie bis Chersonesos und bis zum h.…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Byzantion, Byzanz | Christentum | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kolonisation | Limes | Pompeius | Regnum Bosporanum | Sāsāniden | Schwarzmeergebiet | Syrien | Urarṭu | Xenophon | Straßen (Τραπεζοῦς; lat. Trapezus; h. Trabzon, Türkei). [English version] I. Geographische Lage Griech. Stadt im Gebiet der Kolchoi/Kolchis (Xen. an. 4,8,22; 5,3,2) an der SO-Küste des Schwarzen Meeres (Pontos Euxeinos) in günstiger Siedlungslage mit sicherer Akropolis. T. wurde evtl. schon 756 v. Chr. (vgl. Eu…

[English version] Eine Legende aus Edessa berichtet über einen jungen Byzantiner (5. Jh.), der seine Frau in der Hochzeitsnacht verläßt, um ein asketisches Leben zu führen [1. 36-44]. Die Gestalt des A., die zum Typos des Asketen wurde, ist auch in Konstantinopel im 9. Jh. bekannt, wo Melodos († 833) zu A. Ehren einen Hymnus verfaßte. Die Entdeckung einer lange unberücksichtigt gebliebenen griech. Fassung dieser Legende, die in den Hauptzügen mit der syr. Version des 6. Jhs. übereinstimmt, ohne de…

[English version] Die A. bezeichnen sich selbst als hayk', A. wird von Persern (Behistun-Inschr.) und Griechen (Herodot und Xenophon) gebraucht. Im 6.Jh. v.Chr. sind die A. eingewandert und haben sich mit den autochthonen Urartäern vermischt. Nach medischer, persischer, maked. und seleukidischer Herrschaft erkämpfte der armen. König Artasches 189 n.Chr. die Unabhängigkeit. Die A.L. setzt mit der Erfindung der armen. Schrift durch Maštoc' (ab dem 8.Jh. Mesrop in den Hss.), dem Schüler des Katholikos Saha…

[English version] (Ποταμιαίνα). Märtyrerin († um 360 n. Chr.; Fest 7. bzw. 28. Juni). Schülerin des Origenes [1] in Alexandreia. Nach dem Bericht des Eusebios [7] (Eus. HE 6,4) erlitt sie unter Septimius Severus (193-211) das Martyrium. Sie bekehrte den Soldaten Basileides, der sie zur Hinrichtung eskortierte. Zusammen mit ihrer Mutter Markella wurde sie durch Übergießen mit heißem Pech hingerichtet. Nach drei Tagen soll sie Basileides erschienen sein, der wegen seiner Bekehrung inhaftiert wurde und danach ebenfalls das Martyrium fand. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography J…

[English version] (* um 834 n.Chr. in Seleukeia, † 917). Nach einer Zeit als Mönch auf dem bithynischen Olympos wechselte er zum Theodoros-Kloster vor Konstantinopel. Als Beichtvater Kaiser Leons VI. wurde er Abt des Psamathias-Klosters, das der Kaiser eigens für ihn errichten ließ. Nach Absetzung des Patriarchen von Konstantinopel, Nikolaos. I. Mystikos, nahm er dessen Position ein und willigte in Übereinstimmung mit den übrigen Patriarchen gegen das byz. Kirchenrecht in die vierte Ehe des Kaiser…

[English version] (Ełišē) verfaßte in armen. Sprache eine Gesch. der Vardeank und der armen. Kriege, welche den Aufstand des armen. Volkes 450/1 n.Chr. unter der Führung des Mamikoniterfürsten Vardan gegen die sāsānidischen Besatzer beschreibt. E. war kein Augenzeuge der histor. Ereignisse, die er beschreibt, sondern muß im 6. Jh. gelebt haben. Sein Ziel war es, die Gründung der armen. Kirche martyrologisch zu verankern. Armenia; Armenier, armenische Literatur; Sāsāniden Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography E. Ter-Minassjan, Vasn Vardanay ew Hayoc paterazmic, …

(Τύχων). [English version] [1] ithyphallischer Gott Ithyphallischer Gott (Strab. 13,1,12), mit Priapos (Diod. 4,6,4), v. a. aber mit Hermes (Clem. Al. Protreptikos 102,1; Theognostos, Anecdota Oxoniensia 2, p. 33,31 Cramer) verbunden, so im einzigen inschr. Beleg aus Magnesia [2] am Maiandros [2] [2. 136 Nr. 203]; daneben auch mit Aphrodite (Herodian. 1,37,15 Lentz; Hesych. s. v. T.; vgl. Apollophanes PCG 2 fr. 6). Seine Wirkmacht galt als gering (Anth. Pal. 9,334,1), doch verehrte Alexandros [15] von…

[English version] Armenische Sammlung wichtiger theolog. Briefe, die die Gesch. der armen. Kirche und ihre Beziehungen zu den Nachbarkirchen (Syrien, Georgien, Byzanz) dokumentieren, so die Trennung der georg. Kirche von der armen. um 600. Das B. ist in drei chronologische Phasen gegliedert: 5.-7., 8.-11. und 11.-13.Jh. Byzanz; Georgien; Syrien Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography Girk T̀`ġtoc`, 1901  E. Ter-Minassiantz, Die armen. Kirche in ihren Beziehungen zu den syr. Kirchen. Bis zum Ende des 13.Jh. Nach den armen. und syr. Quellen bearbeitet (Texte und Unt. 4), 1904  N.…

[English version] ( catena; συναγωγὴ/συλλογὴ ἐξηγήσεων; “Kette”). K. meint die florilegistisch aneinandergereihte, fortlaufende Kommentierung biblischer Schriften unterschiedlichen Umfangs. Dabei können die Auslegungen eines oder mehrerer Kirchenväter redaktionell durch den Kompilator überarbeitet werden und den Bezug zum urspr. Exzerpt verlieren. Florilegium; Scholia Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography U. und D. Hagedorn, Die älteren griech. Katenen zum Buch Hiob Bd. 1 (Patristische Texte und Stud. 40), 1994.