Search

Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Walther, Gerrit" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Walther, Gerrit" )' returned 170 results. Modify search

Sort Results by Relevance | Newest titles first | Oldest titles first

Decadence

(1,413 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe idea that empires and cultures, having risen to power and greatness, must necessarily undergo decline, commonplace among ancient historians after Polybius, was revisited and reformulated by the Humanists. Until around 1800, “decadence” (also “decline”; Latin   inclinatio, ruina, depravatio; Italian  decadenza, declino, caduta; French  déclin, décadence; German  Verfall, Dekadenz) was therefore a basic category of political, social, and aesthetic discourse. As a constitutive element of a cyclical view of history, the concept den…
Date: 2019-10-14

Moralist literature

(1,308 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionAt its first appearance in 1690 in Antoine Furetière’s Dictionnaire universel, the term  moraliste (“moralist”) simply meant an author who treated moral questions. By around 1700, however, the pejorative secondary meaning “rigorist” had been coined, referring specifically to adherents of Jansenism. Volume 10 of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D’Alembert once more denigrated the moralist, defining him in 1765 as a vain, unsystematic littérateur aiming more to amaze than to enlighten [9. 48–52]. The term  moralist literature (German Moralistik), by contra…
Date: 2020-04-06

Morality, history of

(1,148 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Definition and modelsIn the late 18th and 19th centuries, “history of morality” was the phrase used to denote the genre of cultural history that paid special attention to the mores and everyday world of a bygone epoch, culture, nation (Nation, nationalism), or society (Society [community]). The German equivalent, Sittengeschichte, used by Kant in contrast to Naturgeschichte (Natural history), remained limited to German [3]. Ever since Humanism, however, the concept of a historical presentation that seeks to draw conclusions about the civilized …
Date: 2020-04-06

Scandal

(1,230 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionThe term scandal – from Greek  skándalon, “(trigger of a) snare” (Latin  scandalum, especially biblical, “cause of offence,” “stumbling block”) – appeared in French in the 17th century as a (pejorative) synonym for “public sensation”; like the verb scandalize (create a sensation), it was then borrowed by the other European languages (German at the beginning of the 18th century [4]. It denotes both a sensational public event and the sensation itself, that is, discussion of it.  Scandal can thus be defined as the sum of reactions to a flagrant offense again…
Date: 2021-08-02

Sprezzatura

(880 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe early modern term sprezzatura (from the Italian sprezzare, “to neglect,” and Late Latin  expretiare, “devalue”) covered a spectrum of meaning ranging from laxity and nonchalance by way of elegance to understatement and dissimulation, and thus denoted the most important ideal of conduct in Renaissance and Baroque court society. Unlike the words from which it derived, sprezzatura was always positive in connotation [5]; [9]. Sprezzatura was coined as “a new word” ( una nova parola), if not literally invented, around 1520, by Baldassare Castiglione in C…
Date: 2022-08-17

Spinozism

(1,342 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionIn many European languages in the 17th and 18th centuries, the word  Spinozism, first documented in 1699 but clearly older, was a vague collective term for all positions associated with the teachings of the Netherlandish Jewish philosopher Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677). The thinkers who affirmed these teachings or were accused of doing so were called Spinozists. Both terms were exonyms and were almost always used polemically, since contemporaries were unanimous in their belief that Spinoza’s phi…
Date: 2022-08-17

Honnête homme, honnête femme

(1,229 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionThe term  honnête homme, first attested in 1538, is defined in the  Dictionarium latinogallicum of Robert Estienne as a “cultured courtly gentleman without presumption.” Since the early 17th century, it expressed the quintessence of courtly urbanity, the social model of the new court society of the age of Louis XIV. Unlike related French words such as  courtisan, homme de qualité, homme de bien, homme galant, and  gentilhomme, the  honnête homme (and the  honnête femme) was not socially predefined; he was the classless ideal of an individual who alw…
Date: 2019-10-14

Dame

(1,564 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Concept The term, which came into English in the Middle Ages from the French dame (compare Italian dama/ donna, German Dame), derives from the Latin  domina (“mistress”). Dame in English is generally confined to an honorific title; where derivatives of domina in other languages denote a woman of high social rank or status, English uses “lady” (Old English hlafdige = “[woman] who kneads bread”) as Spanish uses señora. As a courtly title, “Dame” was mostly used in conjunction with the possessive “my” or  ma ( Madame, Madonna, Madam, My Lady/Milady). Domina derivatives denote th…
Date: 2019-10-14

Manners

(1,434 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. A social idealManners were understood from the late 15th century as the sum of all behaviors that expressed politeness or courtesy (German Höflichkeit; Italian  cortesia, gentilezza; Spanish  cortesía; French  politesse, civilité, towards ladies also  courtoisie and  galanterie; Dame) in practice. These were therefore more than merely forms of conduct corresponding to applicable social rules. Such prescribed conduct differed in the early modern period according to gender, estate, profession, confession, and social, ethnic, and…
Date: 2019-10-14

Temperament

(1,186 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ModelThe model of the four temperaments (from the Latin temperamentum, “proper measure”) remained in the early modern period, as it had been throughout classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, the norm for describing the character of individuals. The classification of four basic types (sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic), completed in ancient times by Aristotle and Galen, provided the categories whose specific combinations explained the individual subject. Although – in the words of the Baron …
Date: 2022-11-07

Character

(1,502 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptAt the beginning of the early modern period, the Greek term charaktḗr (‘stamp’ or ‘engraving’), which Patristic writers includingAugustine had been the first to introduce into literary Latin, had an abstract and technical meaning. As in the writings of Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus, it denoted both a permanent mark, distinguishing feature, or symbol, and a prevailing moral quality [5]. The combination of the two senses proved so inspiring and fruitful that by the end of the 18th century, ‘character’ had undergone a rapid change of meaning in…
Date: 2019-10-14

Memoirs

(1,443 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Concept and definitionThe plural term “memoirs” adopted into all European cultural languages and derived from the Latin memoria and the French  mémoire (“memory,” “remembrance”) meant, like its Latin counterparts commentarii (“[legal] record”) and  adversaria (“[journal recording] what is before one's eyes”), a juristic, official, or diplomatic record describing the prior history and problem context of a conflict requiring negotiation. Academies also often titled their publication as “memoirs.” In its most significant connot…
Date: 2019-10-14

Enlightenment history

(1,631 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionThe modern term is a collective designation for all works of history, historiography, and philosophy of history (History, philosophy of) published during the Enlightenment by authors subscribing to Enlightenment ideas and values.Gerrit Walther2. Questions and modelsThe Enlightenment shaped a fundamentally new conception of history. It broke with the Christian-theological view of history that had only recently reached its virtuoso apogee in Jacques Bénigne Bossuet’s Discours sur l’Histoire universelle (1681). Bossuet characterized history as the …
Date: 2019-10-14

Bildung

(7,073 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Terminology During the early modern period, the languages of the civilized European world had a wide range of words to express the process of formation designed to transform individuals through education and their own efforts into persons conformed as well as possible to the norms defined by society. From the beginning, the vernacular derivatives of Latin educatio (“education,” German Erziehung), eruditio (“literacy,” German Belesenheit), and scientia (“knowledge," German Wissen) were dominant. The English and French terms formation—a combination of learning and outw…
Date: 2019-10-14

Late Humanism

(2,030 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Definition The term Late Humanism is frequently applied to a cultural epoch between Humanism and Baroque, but it is seldom defined. All current usages agree on just one thing: that it should be viewed as both a social phenomenon and an ensemble of cultural and educational phenomena. Still in common use only in German-language scholarship, it was introduced into literary studies in 1931 by Erich Trunz [12], who described Late Humanism as a “class culture” of mostly Protestant scholars in the Old Empire around 1600. The historian Gerhard Oestreich extende…
Date: 2019-10-14

Dissimulation

(2,195 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Concept and overviewIn most of the cultural languages of Europe, dissimulation at the beginning of the early modern period was denoted using the Latin terms simulatio and  dissimulatio that had been current since Cicero and that Tacitus, in particular, made his own. While the latter meant concealing one's own views and intentions, the former meant simulating ideas and plans other than those one really had in mind. Although dissimulation, as a form of lying (Lie), was strictly frowned upon - telling the truth was a comm…
Date: 2019-10-14

Uomo universale

(651 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe Italian expression uomo universale (universal man) denotes an individual who displays extraordinary abilities in all areas of life, knowledge, and creativity and accomplishes great things. The term was popularized by Jacob Burckhardt, whose  Cultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860; “Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy”) described the emergence of the model of a universally talented and educated person as the pinnacle of the “evolution of the individual” typical of the Renaissance (Individuality): “When this impul…
Date: 2022-11-07

Egyptology

(1,550 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Theology and languageModern Egyptology was born on September 27, 1822, when Jean-François Champollion (1790-1832) presented his Lettre à M. Dacier to the Paris Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. The document provided the basis for the decipherment of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs [8]; [9]. European scholars had begun researching the writing, language, and culture of Ancient Egypt from the 15th century, but they had done so mostly from the perspective of the theological problem of the relationship between Egyptian and…
Date: 2019-10-14

Antiquarianism

(2,164 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Terminology and form Before 1800 the Latin word antiquitates (“antiquities”; French antiquités, German Antiquitäten), made popular by the famous (but fragmentary) antiquarian treatise Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum (“Antiquities of Human and Divine Institutions”) of the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE) was used synonymously with archaeology. It referred to written accounts or material remains (such as coins, monuments, works of art, everyday objects) that could provide information about cults…
Date: 2019-10-14

Geschmack

(1,772 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland
1. BegriffAus jenem der fünf Sinne, der dem Mund zugehört, wurde G. (lat. gustus bzw. sapor, ital. und span. gusto, franz. goût, engl. taste) spätestens im 17. Jh. zu einem universalen Begriff für die Begabung, das Schöne wahrzunehmen, zu schätzen, zu beurteilen und ggf. zu (re)produzieren. In diesem Sinne stand er zugleich für die Fähigkeit, in jeder Lebenslage das jeweils Angemessene (lat. aptum; Decorum) und Würdige zu tun bzw. zu verkörpern.Gerrit Walther2. Träger, Funktionen, OrteDie Begriffe und Leitideale des G. speisten sich aus der klassischen Rhetorik, die …
Date: 2019-11-19

Orden

(2,745 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Mertens, Benedikt
1. Begriff und DefinitionO. (von lat. ordo, das so zentrale polit.-soziale Kategorien wie Ordnung, Stand und Rang [3. 935 f.], im christl. Latein dann »Klerus«, »klösterliche Gemeinschaft« bezeichnete) war in der Nz. ein mehrdeutiger, aber stets hohes Prestige assoziierender Begriff. Allgemein bezeichnete er eine exklusive Gemeinschaft, deren Mitglieder sich unter Führung einer vornehmen oder charismatischen Persönlichkeit verbunden und durch einen Eid gelobt hatten, gemeinsam für bestimmte als fundamental anerkannte Ziele zu wirken. Bei …
Date: 2019-11-19

Forschung

(3,968 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Gierl, Martin
1. Allgemein 1.1. BegriffFür das Streben, das vorhandene Wissen gezielt zu erweitern, gab es in der Nz. auffällig viele Bezeichnungen. Neben den gebräuchlichen lat. Begriffen explorare (»erkunden«), scrutari (»ergründen«), experiri (»erproben«) und probare (»ausprobieren«) nannten Enzyklopädien des 17. Jh.s etwa lat. aucupari, ( per) contari, requitare, rogitare, ( in) vestigare, quaerere, inquirere, sciscere, ( sci) scitari. Wer dergleichen tat, war ein scrutator, percontator, rimator, ( in) vestigator oder in- bzw. perquisitor. Aus diesen Begriffen entstanden E…
Date: 2019-11-19

Methode

(1,726 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Schliesser, Eric
1. Bedeutung und BegriffEine M. – ein planmäßiges, standardisiertes Verfahren, Informationen zu gewinnen, zu prüfen und zu einer Wissensordnung zu formieren – ist in allen Wissensgesellschaften ein unabdingbares Moment gelehrter Tätigkeit. Charakteristisch für die Entwicklung der M. im nzl. Europa war ihre fortschreitende Emanzipation von den Inhalten dieses Wissens. Hatte sie anfangs als Lehr- und Beweis-Verfahren von Theorien und Dogmen, Traditionen und Autoritäten gedient, die unabhängig von ihr entstanden und bestanden, rückte sie im Laufe der N…
Date: 2019-11-19

Kanon

(2,082 words)

Author(s): Dücker, Burckhard | Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffDer griech. Begriff kanṓn (ursprgl. »Maßstab« des Handwerkers, »Richtschnur«) besaß in der Antike diverse Bedeutungen, die alle eine generell gültige Norm ausdrückten. In der bildenden Kunst bezeichnete er etwa seit Polyklet (5. Jh. v. Chr.) die Proportionslehre des menschlichen Körpers, in der Musik seit den Pythagoreern (5. Jh. v. Chr.) ein zwölfgeteiltes Messinstrument zur Bestimmung der Intervalle, in der Erkenntnistheorie seit Demokrit (4. Jh. v. Chr.) den Sinn für das Wahre und die Fähigkeit zur Kritik, in der Rhetorik seit Cicero (1. Jh. v. Chr.) ein s…
Date: 2019-11-19

Barbar

(1,759 words)

Author(s): Grünberger, Hans | Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffDer schon bei Homer verwendete Begriff wurde seit dem 14. Jh. zu einem zentralen Schlagwort europ. Kulturkritik. Polemisch bezeichnete er jeden, der die Werte, Forderungen und Vertreter humanistischer Bildung ignorierte oder gar aktiv bekämpfte (Humanismus), bzw. jeden, dessen soziale Machtansprüche nicht durch eine entsprechende Aufgeschlossenheit für nzl. Kultur und für urbane Formen gesellschaftlichen Umgangs legitimiert schienen. Besondere polemische Kraft erhielt der Vorwurf, ein B…
Date: 2019-11-19

Subjektivität

(1,513 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Christophersen, Alf
1. Allgemein 1.1. BegriffUnter S. (von lat. subiectum, »das Daruntergelegte«; als Terminus der klassischen Rhetorik: »das [einer Aussage] Zugrundeliegende«) versteht man seit dem Ende des 18. Jh.s eine philosophische Einstellung oder Haltung, die Welt und Wirklichkeit nicht als etwas objektiv Gegebenes ansieht, sondern als eine Vorstellung bzw. Schöpfung des sie wahrnehmenden Subjekts. Dieser Akzent auf der Wahrnehmung unterschied S. von Anfang an von ähnlichen Kategorien wie dem Charakter (als Wesensart und sittliche Beschaffenheit eines Subjekts; Tugend) oder der Indiv…
Date: 2019-11-19

Gräzistik

(3,329 words)

Author(s): Landfester, Manfred | Walther, Gerrit
1. Begriff und FunktionDer erst seit der 2. Hälfte des 20. Jh.s übliche Begriff G. bezeichnet die wiss. Beschäftigung mit der »schönen«, philosophischen und fachwiss. Literatur und Sprache der griech. Antike (8. Jh. v. Chr.–6. Jh. n. Chr.). Zusammen mit der Latinistik oder Lat. Philologie bildet die G. seit dem 19. Jh. die Klassische Philologie. Die Renaissance definierte die wiss. Erschließung der griech. – wie auch der lat. – Literatur und Sprache durch deren Funkton als studia humanitatis (»Studien der Humanität«; C. Salutati, L. Bruni) und hob damit auf ihren u…
Date: 2019-11-19

Genealogie

(2,350 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Graf, Klaus
1. Begriff und FormenSeit Hekataios von Milet im 6. Jh. v. Chr. genealogíai (»Nachrichten über [adelige] Geschlechter«) sammelte, bezeichnet G. die Kunst, die Stellung eines Subjekts innerhalb seiner biologischen Verwandtschaft (lat. genus bzw. gens) zu ermitteln bzw. die Abfolge der Generationen innerhalb einer Familie zu rekonstruieren und darzustellen. Die genealogische (= gen.) Betrachtung dürfte das weltweit älteste und verbreitetste Verfahren sein, Stand und Rang eines Menschen in der Gesellschaft zu bestimmen bzw. Vergangenheit zu erinnern, zu erzählen, auf…
Date: 2019-11-19

Fortschritt

(2,025 words)

Author(s): Sparn, Walter | Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffDas um 1770 aus dem franz. progrès gebildete Wort »F.« bezeichnet wie dieses und seine Äquivalente (engl. progress, improvement, advancement; ital. progresso) die spezifisch nzl. Auffassung geschichtlicher Bewegung und Veränderung im Unterschied zu älteren Bewegungsbegriffen wie »Weg«, »Wachstum« oder »Entwicklung«. Zwar können auch schon die lat. Wortwurzeln (lat. progressus, profectus, processus) die Veränderung der Dinge hin zum Besseren bedeuten; das an kosmischen Zyklen orientierte Weltbild der Antike, aber auch die christl. Vorst…
Date: 2019-11-19

Progress

(2,200 words)

Author(s): Sparn, Walter | Walther, Gerrit
1. The termThe English noun  progress (in the sense of advancement or improvement; from Latin progressus via Old French  progres) came into use around 1600. Like its equivalents (French  progrès, German Fortschritt, Italian  progresso), it denotes the specifically early modern view of historical movement and change in contrast to earlier concepts of movement such as journey, growth, and development. It is true, though, that the related Latin roots ( progressusprofectus, processus) can mean the change of things for the better; both classical cosmology, based …
Date: 2021-03-15

Concluding chapter 7: Bildung, culture and communication

(5,284 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Behringer, Wolfgang
A. Bildung and culture 1. Epochs 1. 1. The year 1450: an appropriate beginning?The question whether the middle of the 15th century marked the beginning of a new epoch can clearly be answered affirmatively for the history of European culture and  Bildung. From the perspective of other historical disciplines such as economic history, social history, or gender studies, there may be good reasons to challenge such a definition; for the domain of culture and Bildung, however, any expert will agree. Seen historically, the current concept of the early modern period as …
Date: 2023-11-14

Greek studies

(3,561 words)

Author(s): Landfester, Manfred | Walther, Gerrit
1. Definition and function The term  Greek studies, which did not come into common use until the second half of the 20th century, denotes academic study of the classical Greek language and Greek belletristic, philosophical, and technical literature from the 8th century BCE to the 6th century CE. Since the 19th century, Greek studies together with Latin studies or Latin philology have constituted classical philology. The Renaissance defined the academic study of both Greek and Latin and their literatures as  studia humanitatis (“studies of humanity”; C. Salutati, L. Bru…
Date: 2019-10-14

Order (association)

(3,188 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Mertens, Benedikt
1. DefinitionIn the early modern period, order (from Latin  ordo, which denoted such central political and social categories as order [system], the estates of the realm, and rank [3. 935 f.], then in Christian Latin “clergy” and “monastic community”) was an ambiguous term, but always associated with high prestige. Generally speaking it denoted an exclusive community, whose members had joined together under the leadership of an aristocratic or charismatic personality and had bound themselves by oath to work together for c…
Date: 2020-10-06

Barbarian

(1,952 words)

Author(s): Grünberger, Hans | Walther, Gerrit
1. Concept This term, already used by Homer, became a key term in cultural critique from the 14th century onwards. Used polemically, it meant anyone who ignored the values, demands and representatives of humanist education, or indeed opposed them ( Bildung; Humanism), or anyone whose social claims to power did not appear legitimated by a corresponding openness to Early Modern culture and to urban forms of social intercourse. There was special polemical force in the accusation of being a barbarian, precisely because of the variety of …
Date: 2019-10-14

Method

(1,806 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Schliesser, Eric
1. Concept and meaningA method - a planned, standardized procedure for obtaining and verifying information and arranging it into a knowledge system, is an indispensable element of learned activity in all knowledge societies. The development of method in early modern Europe was characterized by its gradual emancipation from knowledge content. To begin with, method served as a procedure of teaching and demonstrating (Proof) theories, dogmas, traditions, and authorities that arose and endured independ…
Date: 2019-10-14

Subjectivity

(1,567 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Christophersen, Alf
1. Overview 1.1. ConceptSince the late 18th century, the term  subjectivity (from Latin subiectum, “something placed underneath”; as a term of classical rhetoric: “basis [of a statement]”) has been understood as a philosophical mindset or attitude that views the world and reality not as something objectively given but as an idea or a creation of the subject perceiving it. From the outset, this emphasis on perception distinguished subjectivity from similar categories like character (the nature and moral qual…
Date: 2022-08-17

Taste

(1,867 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland
1. DefinitionOf the five senses, the one associated with the mouth (taste; Latin  gustus or  sapor, Italian and Spanish  gusto, French  goût, German  Geschmack) became by the 17th century, at the latest, a universal term for the ability to perceive beauty, to prize it, to assess it, and in some cases to (re)produce it. In this sense, it also stood for the ability to do or embody what is appropriate (Latin  aptum; Decorum) and worthy in any situation.Gerrit Walther2. Tastemakers, functions, placesThe concepts and guiding ideals of taste were supplied by classical rhetoric, …
Date: 2022-11-07

Canon

(2,488 words)

Author(s): Dücker, Burckhard | Walther, Gerrit
1. Term The Greek word kanṓn (orig. craftsman’s ‘measure’, ‘standard’) had a range of meanings in Antiquity, all of which referred to a generally valid norm. In art, for instance, it denoted from around the time of Polyclitus (5th century BCE) the proportion theory of the human body. In music, beginning with the Pythagoreans (5th century BCE) it was a twelve-part measuring instrument for determining the intervals. In epistemology from Democritus (4th century BCE) it was the sense of truth and the fac…
Date: 2019-10-14

Research

(4,192 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Gierl, Martin
1. General survey ​1.1. TerminologyThe early modern period had a surprisingly large number of terms for deliberate efforts to expand the existing store of knowledge. Besides the common Latin terms  explorare (explore), scrutari (plumb), experiri (test), and probare (try out), the 17th-century encyclopedias used Latin  aucupari, ( per) contari, requitare, rogitare, ( in) vestigare, quaerere, inquirere, sciscere, and ( sci) scitari. A person engaged in that effort was a  scrutator, percontator, rimator, ( in) vestigator, or in- or  perquisitor. These terms gave rise to eq…
Date: 2021-08-02

Genealogy

(2,589 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Graf, Klaus
1. Concept and forms Ever since Hecataeus of Miletus collected genealogíai (“information about [noble] families”) in the 6th century BCE, the term ‘genealogy’ has denoted the art of ascertaining the place of a subject within his or her biological kin (Latin genus or  gens), or of reconstructing and portraying the succession of generations within a family. The genealogical perspective may be the world's oldest and most widespread method for determining the class (Estates of the realm) and rank of a person in society and for recalling, recording, and presenting the past.In the e…
Date: 2019-10-14

Antiquarianism (Humanism until 1800)

(6,902 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit (Frankfurt/Main RWG)
Walther, Gerrit (Frankfurt/Main RWG) [German version] A. Concept, Content and Form (CT) During the period covered here, antiquities antiquitates, antiquités, ‘Antiquitäten’, ‘Alterthümer’ were understood as the totality of written documentation or material remains (such as coins, monuments, objects of art and everyday items) that might provide information about the daily conditions, customs, practices, cults, institutions, in short the culture, of an ancient people. An antiquarius was an authority, a collector and archivist of such documents and fragments. A…

Historiker

(1,977 words)

Author(s): Blanke, Horst Walter | Walther, Gerrit
1. Allgemein 1.1. Begriff Ein H. ist den meisten Lexika des 19. und 20. Jh.s zufolge ein »Geschichtsforscher und -schreiber«, so auch bei Grimm [1] (vgl. Historiographie). Autoren, die sich mit geschichtlichen Sachverhalten beschäftigen, gab es seit Beginn der Schriftlichkeit in Europa (Homer und Moses, oder Herodot, Thukydides, Livius, Polybios und Tacitus). Erst seit der Spätaufklärung bildete sich aber ein eigenständiger Beruf des H. heraus.In seiner Einleitung zur Übersetzung eines Texts des franz. H. Mably ( Von der Art die Geschichte zu schreiben) differenzierte A. L. Sc…
Date: 2019-11-19

Weltgeschichte

(6,036 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Nolte, Hans-Heinrich
1. Universalgeschichte 1.1. Begriff und AufgabeW. ist diejenige Gattung der Historiographie, die die Geschichte aller Länder, Nationen, Völker und Kulturen im Gesamtzusammenhang darzustellen sucht, also eine vollständige Geschichte der Menschheit anzielt – und zwar möglichst von den frühesten Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Sie teilt diesen Anspruch mit der Universalgeschichte (= Ug.; von griech. kathólu historía, lat. historia universalis), die als Begriff älter ist (um 310 bei Eusebius von Caesarea [14. 347]), während »W.« – zunächst nur als Pluralwort – erst am End…
Date: 2021-07-29

World history

(6,345 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Nolte, Hans-Heinrich
1. Universal history 1.1. Concept and purpose World history is the genre of historiography that seeks to present the history of all countries, nations, peoples, and cultures in an overall context – in other words, a complete history of humankind – if possible from the earliest beginning to the present. It shares this aspiration with universal history (from Greek  kathólu historía, Latin  historia universalis), an earlier term (c. 310 used by Eusebius of Caesarea [14]), while  world history (initially only in the plural) first appeared in the late 17th century. Initially,  world…
Date: 2023-11-14

Historian

(2,106 words)

Author(s): Blanke, Horst Walter | Walther, Gerrit
1. General 1.1. Terminology Most 19th- and 20th-century lexicons define a historian as a person who studies and writes about history; Grimm calls a Historiker (historian) a  Geschichtsforscher  und -schreiber (researcher and writer of history) [1] (see Historiography). There have been writers dealing with historical events since the beginning of literacy in Europe (Homer and Moses, or Herodotus, Thucydides, Livy, Polybius, and Tacitus). Only since the late Enlightenment, however, have there been professional historians. In his introduction to a translation of a…
Date: 2019-10-14

Altertumskunde (Humanismus bis 1800)

(5,986 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit (Frankfurt/Main) RWG
Walther, Gerrit (Frankfurt/Main) RWG [English version] A. Begriff, Gehalt, Form (RWG) Unter antiquitates, antiquités, antiquities, “Antiquitäten” bzw. “Alterthümern” verstand man in der hier behandelten Epoche eine Summe einzelner schriftlicher Nachrichten oder materialer Überreste (wie Münzen, Monumente, Kunst- und Gebrauchsgegenstände), die Auskunft über die alltäglichen Lebensumstände, Sitten, Gebräuche, Kulte, Institutionen, kurz: die Kultur eines ant. Volkes geben konnten. Ein Antiquarius war ein Kenner, Sammler und Ordner solcher Nachrichten und …

Emanzipation

(2,832 words)

Author(s): Klippel, Diethelm | Walther, Gerrit | Klein, Birgit E.
1. Allgemein 1.1. ÜberblickDer (in alle europ. Sprachen übernommene) Begriff stammt aus dem röm. Privatrecht (lat. emancipatio) und bedeutet ursprünglich die Entlassung aus der väterlichen Gewalt (Elternrecht). Er erlebte seit Beginn der Nz. eine erstaunliche Karriere, obwohl sich die genannte familienrechtliche Bedeutung in der Rechtssprache bis weit in das 19. Jh. hinein in Europa erhielt. Während er, abgesehen von der juristischen Bedeutung, zunächst den Beiklang von moralischem Egoismus annahm, wurde er zusehends zum Gegenstand naturrechtlicher und politischer Freih…
Date: 2019-11-19

Wappen

(3,759 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Lück, Heiner | Biller, Josef H.
1. Begriff, Entstehung und FormenW. (von mhdt. wâpen, »Waffen«; franz. armoiries; engl. [ coat of] arms [1]) waren in der abendländischen Ständegesellschaft des MA und der Nz. wichtige Symbole für den Rang und Stand, die Abkunft und die Beziehungen eines Individuums, einer Familie (Familienwappen) oder einer Korporation. Sie entstanden um 1100 in jenen Regionen (Mittel-)Europas, in denen die Feudalgesellschaft am tiefsten verwurzelt war: in (Nord-)Frankreich, Burgund, England, Schottland und im Westen des Alten Reichs. Von do…
Date: 2019-11-19

Katholische Reform

(4,745 words)

Author(s): Decot, Rolf | Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland
1. BegrifflichkeitDie Reaktion auf die Reformation seitens der kath. Kirche (in der Reformationszeit meist Alte Kirche genannt) setzte erst allmählich ein. Um sie zu charakterisieren, hat die Geschichtswissenschaft unterschiedliche Begriffe entwickelt. Es gibt gegenwärtig allerdings keinen Terminus, der sowohl die Reformbemühungen innerhalb der kath. Kirche während des 16. Jh.s als auch den Versuch, das verlorene politisch-gesellschaftliche Terrain zurückzugewinnen, umfassend kennzeichnet. Konkurrierende Begriffe sind K. R., Gegenreformation (= G.), kath. Konfe…
Date: 2019-11-19

Epoche

(3,297 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland | Riedl, Peter Philipp
1. Geschichte 1.1. BegriffDas griech. Wort epoch椃 (»das Anhalten«) meinte in der antiken Alltagssprache das Innehalten in der Rede oder in einer Bewegung, in der Astronomie das Zusammentreffen zweier Himmelskörper und in philosophischen Zusammenhängen den Verzicht darauf, ein Urteil zu fällen (Skepsis). In der Nz. dominierten zunächst die beiden letzten Bedeutungen. Einen histor. Sinn nahm der Begriff erst allmählich an. Bis ins 18. Jh. bezeichnete er dabei nicht einen bestimmten Zeitabschnitt, sondern das Ereignis, das diesen eröffnete. Noch 1771 konnte J. Ch. Gatterer in…
Date: 2019-11-19
▲   Back to top   ▲