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[English Version] . Anhänger K.v. Schwenckfelds (»Bekenner der Glorien Christi«) gab es im 16.Jh. bes. in Schlesien und der Grafschaft Glatz sowie im südwestdt. Raum. Während das Glatzer Schwenckfeldertum durch die Gegenreformation vernichtet wurde, erlosch das südwestdt. erst Mitte des 17.Jh. Dagegen sammelten sich die Sch. in den schlesischen Fürstentümern Liegnitz-Brieg-Wohlau und Schweidnitz-Jauer in größeren Gemeinschaften, zunächst in Städten, seit 1550 fast ausschließlich in Dörfern. Kontak…

[English Version] Rosenbach, Johann Georg (Januar 1678 Heidelberg – 4.4.1747 Ebersdorf), Sporergeselle, radikaler Pietist, aufgewachsen in Heilbronn, erlebte 1701 in Erlangen durch den Notar Johann Adam Raab seine Bekehrung. Daraufhin wirkte er als Wanderprediger in Franken und Württemberg. Sein Aufenthalt im Nürnberger Territorium führte zu den sog. Rosenbachischen Händeln (1703/1707), einer lit. Kontroverse um Soteriologie und Ekklesiologie. 1705 zog er über Halle nach Berlin, schloß sich hier J.K…

[English Version] 1.  Samuel , (31.6.1685 Kirchheim, Teck – 20.4.1772 Augsburg), studierte Theol. in Tübingen (M.A. 1705, Konsistorialexamen 1707) und trat 1708 eine mehrjährige Bildungsreise (herzogliches Stipendium) durch Deutschland (in Halle Besuch bei A.H. Francke), Holland und England an. 1713 Pfarrer in Stetten im Remstal, 1714 Hofprediger und KonsR in Ludwigsburg, 1718 Suspendierung wegen Kritik an sittlichen Mißständen am Hofe Herzog Eberhard Ludwigs von Württemberg, 1720 Pfarrer und Spezia…

[German Version] (Dec 19, 1723, Frankfurt am Main – Dec 13, 1774, Frankfurt am Main), a Pietist author and poetess from a respected patrician family in Frankfurt. In her youth, she experienced a Lutheranism shaped by the Enlightenment and, under the influence of J. Fresenius, she turned to the Pietism of Halle around 1743. Since she was unable to accept its scheme of conversion, however, she affiliated with the Pietism of Herrnhut after 1751, primarily as the result of the mediation of F. Moser (B…

[German Version] (Nov 15, 1741, Zürich – Jan 2, 1801, Zürich). After studying theology at the Collegium Carolinum, Lavater undertook an educational tour to Germany, staying several months in Barth with J. Spalding and in Berlin, where he visited ¶ M. Mendelssohn. During his lengthy period of candidacy he was an active writer. Around 1768 Lavater – up to this point symphatetic to a moderate Enlightenment – underwent a religious reorientation: his attention became focused on Christ, whose continued work both in history and in the presen…

[German Version] K. v. Schwenckfeld had followers (“Confessors of the Glory of Christ”) in the 16th century, especially in Silesia and the county of Glatz (Kłodzko), as well as in southwestern Germany. While the Schwenckfelders in Glatz were eliminated by the Counter-Reformation, those in the southwest did not die out until the mid-17th century. Those in the Silesian principalities of Liegnitz-Brieg-Wohlau and Schweidnitz-Jauer formed larger communities, however – initially in cities and towns, af…

[German Version] (Aug 22, 1727, Braz, Austria – Apr 4, 1779, Pondorf/Donau), became an early sacristan in Dalaas in 1751 and parish priest in Klösterle (diocese of Chur) in 1758. He healed several sick persons by means of exorcism both in Klösterle and elsewhere (Ellwangen, 1774). He was court chaplain in Regensburg from 1775 (stays in Sulzbach and Amberg), and became pastor and dean of Pondorf in 1776. As a consequence of measures taken by civil and church authorities (including a papal brief in …

[German Version] (Feb 7 or 8, 1751, Marktoberdorf – Oct 12, 1812, Vöhringen/Iller), after studies in Kaufbeuren and Augsburg, became a novice in the Jesuit College in Landsberg/Lech in 769. He began the study of philosophy in Ingolstadt in 1771, and became a Gymnasium teacher in Regensburg in 1774. In 1779, ordained a priest, he was granted the early benefice in his home congregation. Through the mediation of J.M. Sailer he became Gymnasium professor in Dillingen in 1785, where he became involved …

[German Version] (Jan 1678 Heidelberg – Apr 4, 1747, Ebersdorf), a spur-maker’s apprentice who became a radical Pietist, grew up in Heilbronn; in 1701 he was converted by the notary Johann Adam Raab in Erlangen. After his conversion, he worked as an itinerant preacher in Franconia and Württemberg. His time in the Nuremberg territory led to the so-called Rosenbach Affair (1703/1707), a literary controversy over soteriology and ecclesiology. In 1705 he went to Halle and then Berlin, where he joined …

[German Version] (Mar 13, 1720, Geneva – Jun 20, 1793, Genthod), naturalist and philosopher. Bonnet studied jurisprudence from 1739 to 1743; yet his interests were in the natural sciences (1740, empirical demonstration of parthenogenesis in aphids). After completing his studies, he was especially interested in investigations in entomology and plant physiology. After 1762 (with worsening eyesight), he returned to philosophical questions and published several works, including La Contemplation de la nature (1764) and La Palingénésie philosophique (1769). …

[German Version] 1. Samuel (Aug 31, 1685, Kirchheim unter Teck – Apr 20, 1772, Augsburg). After studying theology at Tübingen (M.A. in 1705, consistorial examination in 1707), in 1708 he set out on several years of educational travel (with ducal support) throughout Germany (where he visited A.H. Francke in Halle), Holland, and England. In 1713 he was appointed pastor in Stetten in the Rems Valley; in 1714 he was appointed court chaplain and consistorial councilor in Ludwigsburg. He was suspended in …

[English Version] I. Zum Begriff Als präziser Fachterminus ist der Begriff S. durch die »Soziallehren« von E. Troeltsch geprägt. Er dient der Differenzierung der von Luther zusammenfassend als »Schwärmer« (Schwärmertum) charakterisierten Gruppen, innerhalb derer sich jedenfalls Spiritualisten und Täufer idealtypisch unterscheiden lassen. Gemeinsam ist den unter S. zusammengefaßten Vertretern die Orientierung an einer Unmittelbarkeit des Geistwirkens (Geist/Heiliger Geist) im Innern des Menschen, in Abgrenzung von der äußeren Wirkung du…

[German Version] I. Definition The use of spiritualism as a precise technical term was shaped by the Soziallehren of E. Troeltsch, who used it to distinguish between two groups Luther had lumped together as Schwärmer (“Enthusiasts”): spiritualists and Anabaptists. The common characteristic shared by the groups called spiritualists is their belief in the direct effect of the Holy Spirit (Spirit/Holy Spirit) within each individual, in contrast to the outward working of the Spirit through the words of Scripture. As a rule, this belief i…