Search

(Ἡράκλεια; Hērákleia). [German version] [1] H. Trachinia This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Peloponnesian War | Education / Culture (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία; H. hē Trachinía). City on a rock to the left of and above the exit of the gorge of the  Asopus [1] into the Spercheus plain, separated from Oete ( Oetaei, Oete) on the southern and western flanks by deep streambeds, where the Trachinian rocks rise up with their numerous tomb caves. The lower city has vanished without trace. H. was founded in …

[German version] Fortress of Leontini (eastern Sicily), in 422 BC the scene of disputes between the oligarchs and democrats of Leontini (Thuc. 5,4,4), probably near Colle S. Basilio (Scordia), where remains of walls (5th cent. BC), large silos, hewn into the rock, and an epitaph have been found. The late Byzantine period is documented through graves and a lead blade with a Greek prayer of exorcism. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography BTCGI s.v. B., G. Manganaro, in: Scritti classici e cristiani offerti a Francesco Corsaro, Università Catania 1994, 461f.

[German version] The bigger and northernmost of the two rivers that run into the south-west coast of Sicily near Camarina, modern Íppari ( Oanis), praised by Pindar (Ol. 5,12) as benefactor of Camarina, depicted on city coins as a horned youth. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. B. Curbera, Onomastic of River-Gods in Sicily, in: Philologus 142, 1998, 59f.

[German version] (Ὕκκαρα; Hýkkara). Sicanian town in the northwest of  Sicily; a few remains near the sea north of modern Carini (compare the two place names), west of Palermo. H. was conquered in 415 BC by the Athenians who were allied to Segesta [1] and its inhabitants were enslaved ( Peloponnesian War D.). The hetaera Lais [2] was among the captives (Plut. Alcibiades 39; Ath. 13,588c). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata)

[German version] (Κιμίσσα; Kimíssa). Town in Sicily, known from two silver coins ( lítra; hēmídrachmon) from the time of  Timoleon (mid 4th cent. BC); obverse: nymph's head, decorated with earrings, necklace and crown, bearing the legend ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ, reverse: altar with burning sacrificial fire and the legend ΚΙΜΙΣΣΑΙΩΝ (finding-place: Raffe di Mussomeli Agrigento); that is also the probably location of C. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography G. Manganaro, Homonoia dei Kimissaioi, Eunomia dei Geloi e la ninfa (termitana) Sardó, in: U. Fellmeth, H. Sonnabend…

[German version] (Εἱρκτή/ Heirktḗ, Pol. 1,56,3; Ἐρκτή/ Erktḗ, Diod. Sic. 22,10,4). Extensive mountain massif hard to access near Panormus, in 278/7 BC captured from the Carthaginians by Pyrrhus, in 248 won back again by them and defended for three years against Roman attacks (Pol. 1,56f.; Diod. Sic. 33,20). It clearly refers to Monte Pellegrino (606 m) north of Palermo. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography BTCGI 7, 1989, 343.

[German version] (Ἁλικύαι; Halikýai). Town of the  Elymi between Lilybaeum and  Entella [1. 168-171] in the Carthaginian sphere of influence. Allied with Athens during the Peloponnesian War (Thuc. 7,32,1; IG I2, 20), in 278/7 conquered by Pyrrhus, in 263 by the Romans (Diod. Sic. 22,10,2; 23,5). Cicero counted the Halicyenses among the civitates immunes ac liberae (Cic. Verr. 3,13; 91; 5,15), Pliny among the stipendiarii (Plin. HN 91). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 BTCGI 3. G. Bejor, Città di Sicilia, in: ASNP 12/3, 1982, 838f. G. Manganaro, La Sici…

[German version] (Ἀχραδίνη; Achradínē). District of  Syracusae with the agora, linked with Ortygia via a bridge (Cic. Verr. 2,4,52; 117; Str. 6,2,4). In 405 BC captured by Himilkon (Diod. Sic. 14, 63), 352 BC plundered by Nypsius on behalf of Dionysius II and liberated by Dion (Plut. Dion 42 f.).  Sicily Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography G. Manganaro, Iscrizioni, Epitaffi ed Epigrammi in Greco della Sicilia centro-orientale di epoca romana, in: MEFRA 106, 1994, 79-118, here 79-82 R. J. A. Wilson, Sicily under Roman Empire, 1990, 39 f., 160 (map), 359.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily (Ἑρβησσός; Herbēssós). Siculian town, modern Montagna di Marzo near Piazza Armerina (Sicily), clearly identified through bronze coins and silver litrai. Literary references: Diod. Sic. 14,7,6-8 (404 BC); 78,7 (396 BC); 20,31,5 (309 BC); 23,8,1; Pol. 1,18,9 (attests, in the report on 262 BC, the geographical proximity of H. to Acragas). Other references: coin hoards of 214-212 BC from M. di Marzo; inscriptions in the Siculian language and script; Greek graffiti; a new, onomastically interesting type of clay glandes…

[German version] Strait of Messina between Caenus and Pelorum, 12 stadia (Plin. HN 3,73) or 1,500 passus (Plin. HN 3,86), today 3 km wide, a rift valley, with frequent earthquakes, characterized by fluctuating tidal currents that result in dreaded whirlpools (cf. the myth of  Scylla and Charybdis). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 50f. P. Radici Colace (ed.), Mito, Scienza e Mare: Animali fantastici, mostri e pesci del Mediterraneo (Meeting, …

[German version] An archipelago between Lilybaeum and Carthage (modern Favignana and Levanza). In 250 BC the Carthaginian fleet anchored here when called to aid by Lilybaeum (Pol. 1,44,2). In 241 BC the naval battle between C. Lutatius Catulus and Hanno (Pol. 1,60,4ff.), which decided the First Punic War, took place within sight of Favignana [1. 248f.]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 Huss. R. J. A. Wilson, Sicily under the Roman Empire, 1990, 228, 393 no. 179 G. Purpura, in: SicA 15/48, 1982, 56f.; 18/57-58, 1985, 59-86 A. M. Fallico, Sicilia: XII. Fa…

[German version] (Κυτατταρῖνοι; Kytattarĩnoi). Community in the interior of Sicily; not located. Along with the Petrini and the Scherini the koinón of the C. paid a tax in wheat and barley to the synoikismós of  Entella [1. 264f. no. 208: 5th decree, l. 20]. In 254 BC the C. joined the Roman side in the 1st Punic War (Ἠνατταρῖνοι, Diod. Sic. 23,18,5). Ruined by Verres ( Cetarini, Cic. Verr. 2,3,103). Cf. [2]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 L. Dubois, Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile, 1989 2 G. Bejor, Città di Sicilia nei decreti di Entella…

[German version] (Ἀναπος; Ánapos) River in  Sicily, rising from Monte Lauro near  Acrae and flows into the harbour of  Syracusae. Its delta is swampy and caused disease amongst besieging armies. According to myth, the river god was the lover of the nymph of the stream Cyane, which flows into the A. (Ov. Met. 5,409 ff.). He was venerated in the form of an ephebic statue ( Ephebia) (Ael. VH 2,33).  Dionysius I built gymnasia along the river (Diod. Sic. 15,13,5). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica (Ko…

[German version] (Ἑργέτιον; Hērgétion). Small town in the interior of Sicily, near Grammichele, and north of  Hybla [1] Heraea; it is mentioned in the Delphian list of the theōrodókoi (col. IV 106; cf. [1. 434f.] with a suggested localization in Ferla, [2. 133ff.32]), and also in an oracle of Dodona [4. 85f.], as well as in Steph. Byz. s.v. Segesta. For the ethnicon cf. bronze coins from Syracuse [3. 203]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 G. Manganaro, Città di Sicilia e santuari panellenici nel III e II sec. a.C., in: Historia 13, 1964, 414-439 2 Id., Alla …

[German version] (Ἀμήσελον; Amḗselon). Settlement between  Centuripae and  Agyrium (Diod. Sic. 22,13,1) on Monte San Giorgio (Regalbuto) on the Salso; it was controlled by mercenaries (possibly  Mamertini), before its capture by  Hieron II in 270 BC, who divided its territory between the neighbouring towns of Centuripae and Agyrium. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography R. Calciati (ed.), Corpus Nummorum Siculorum 3, 1987, 333-336 G. Manganaro, Per la storia dei culti nella Sicilia greca, in: Il Tempio Greco in Sicilia, 1980, 148-165 Id., Per una storia …

[German version] Town of the Siculi, localized by Rizzo [1. 67] near the Sicilian S. Mauro di Caltagirone. Only mentioned by Diodorus twice: in the context of the battle against the Carthaginians alongside  Entella in 334 BC (Diod. Sic. 16,67,3) and in the context of the 312/311 BC revolt against Agathocles (Diod. Sic. 19,104). Archaeological finds: rare silver lítrai, originating from the area north-west of Mineo (cf. [2. 84-87; 3. 36-39]). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 G. E. Rizzo, Monete greche di Sicilia, 1946 2 K. Jenkins, in: Atti di IV Con…

[German version] (Σχέρα; Schéra). A city in western Sicily indicated by its ethnicon Σχερῖνοι/ Scherínoi in the 5th decree of the people's assembly of Entella (Z. 21, cf.  [2]) together with other cities that donated wheat and barley to the Synoikistoi ( Synoikismós ) of Entella. S. was partially destroyed by the Carthaginians in the first of the Punic Wars. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 G. Manganaro, Metoikismos. Metaphora di poleis à Sicilia, in: ASNP 20, 1990, 391-408, esp. 400, n. 41 2 G. Nenci, I decreti di Entella I-V, in: ASNP 21, 1991, 137…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily (Ἕρβιτα; Hérbita, Ἑρβίτα; Herbíta). Landlocked Siculian town. Archonides I of H. was a co-founder of Cale Acte (Diod. Sic. 12,8,2; 447/6 BC); Archonides II founded Halaesa after a fight and reconciliation with Dionysius I in 403 BC (Diod. Sic. 14,15,1; 14,16,1-4; 14,78,7). Other records: Cic. Verr. passim; decree of Entella (SEG 30, 1117); coins from M. Alburchia near Gangi [1]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 L. Dubois, Inscriptions grecques dialectales de Sicile, 1989, 25…

[German version] (Ἵπανα; Hípana). Small Siculan town (Pol. 1,24,8-13; Diod. Sic.23,9, manuscript Sittanan), mentioned in connection with the battles of the first Punic war in 261-258 BC. Steph. Byz. (s.v. Ἵ.) describes H. as a ‘town in the entourage of Carthage’ (πόλις περὶ Καρχηδόνα; pólis perì Karchēdóna). It was conquered with difficulty by the Romans in 258 BC. Its location on the Monte dei Cavalli near modern Prizzi is ensured by bronze coins with a bull (reverse) and legend ΙΠΑ (truncated), which were reminted using Punic models. Further finds: silver lítrai after an Agrigentin…

[German version] Hellenized town of the  Siculi in the interior of Sicily between Henna and Agyrium (Diod. Sic. 14,78,6) north of Dittáino (ancient  Chrysas; personification on Roman coins from A.), modern Assoro. Listed among the Delphian   theorodokoi in around 200 BC. From the fanum on the road to Henna,  Verres tried in vain to steal the statue of Chrysas (Cic. Verr. 2,4,96). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography L. Bernarbò Brea, Assoro, in: Notizie degli scavi di antichità, 1947, 249f. R. Calciati (ed.), Corpus Nummorum Siculorum 3, 1987, 259f. G. C. Gentil…

[German version] (Ἀγάθυρνον; Agáthyrnon). On the north coast of  Sicily between Tyndaris and Cale Acte, rather closer to Capo di Orlando than to S. Agata di Militello (location of a chorion ); founded by Agathyrnus, son of Aeolus [1] (Diod. Sic. 5,8), annexed by Tyndaris. In 210 BC, consul M. Valerius Laevinus deported 4,000 exiles from A., where they had settled, to  Bruttium (Liv. 26, 40, 16 f.). The eponymous hero, a standing youth, is depicted on a bronze coin (with corresponding legend). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography C. Franchina Scurria, Problemi del…

[German version] (Ἴνησσα; Ínēssa). Siculian city on the southern slope of Mount Etna ( Aetne [1]) between Catana and Centoripae, occupied, after the death of Hieron I in 461 BC, by the settlers driven out of Catana, renamed Aetne [2], with the consecration of Hieron as Founder (οἰκιστής; oikistḗs, Diod. Sic. 11,76,3; Str. 6,2,3; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.; cf. Thuc. 3,103,1; 6,94,3). Should be identified with Cività in Santa Maria di Licodia rather than Poira. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography G. Manganaro, La caduta dei Diomenidi e il Politikon nomisma in S…

(Ἀκεσίνης; Akesínēs). [German version] [1] River in Sicily River in  Sicily (Thuc. 4,25,8 Ἀχεσίνης; Achesínēs, Plin. HN 3,88 Asines), the modern Alcantara, which rises north of Randazzo, runs along the northern foot of Mount  Aetna [1] [2. 137], and flows, south of  Naxos, into the  Ionios Kolpos, identical with the Assinus (depicted as a horned youth on the obverse of a coin from Naxos, bearing the legend ΑΣΣΙΝΟΣ [1. 65 f., 93 f.]. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography 1 H. A. Cahn, Die Mz. der sizilischen Stadt Naxos, 1944 2 G. Manganaro, Per una storia de…

[German version] (Ἀδρανόν/ Adranón, Hadranum). Founded c. 400 BC by Dionysios I near the Siculan sanctuary of Adranus on the western slopes of the volcano Aetna [1] (Diod. 14,37,4) on the Adranus (coins), a tributary of the Symaethus; modern Adrano, ancient remains. Timoleon, in alliance with A., defeated Hicetas near there (Diod. 16,68-69). A. was conquered by the Romans in 263 BC (Diod. 23,4,1); A. was given Ius Latii (Plin. 3,91). Near A. was the Siculan centre of Mendolito with inscriptions (IG XIV 567-572), coins and prehistoric pottery ware (Siculan collect…

(Ὕβλα; Hýbla). [German version] [1] H. Megale/Heraea (Ὕ. Μεγάλη; H. Megálē, Ἡραία; Hēraía). The existence of H. is indisputable (differing: [6]), but the location of the city near Ragusa (on Sicily) is not clearly determined. Hippocrates, the ruler of H., died during the siege by the Siculans in 491 BC (Hdt. 7,155,1). H. had three bronze coin emissions with the legend Ὕβλας Μεγάλας, their circulation was limited to a small area (around Ragusa, Modica, Vizzini). Of great importance is the list of the theorodokoi of Delphi, in which Υβλας appears after Camarina and before Herget…

[German version] (Ἀκις; Ákis) Son of  Faunus and a daughter of the river god Symaethus, lover of the Nereid  Galatea, killed out of jealousy by the Cyclops  Polyphemus and turned into the river A. (Ov. Met. 13,780-897). A., most likely the fiume di Jaci, joining north of  Catana (cf. Theoc. 1,69), was proverbial because of its very cold water. Along the river, a temple of the Augustan period was found near Capo Mulini, and near Casalotto a Greek epigram, praising  Priapus, as well as a Latin inscri…

[German version] (Ἴνυκον; Ínykon). Place in Sicily (Hsch. s.v. Ἰνυκῖνος οἶνος; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.), whose wine was famous.  Charax identifies I. with Camicus, the residence of Cocalus (FGrH 103 F 58).  Hippocrates [4] of Gela held Scythes of Cos and Pythogenes captive in I., before they successfully escaped to Himera (Hdt. 6,23f.). The sophist Hippias is said to have earned more than twenty minai near the ‘small village of I.’ (Pl. Hp. mai. 282e). I. can be located between Selinus and Acragas, possibly near Camicus (modern S. Angelo Muxaro). Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bi…

[German version] (Κεφαλοίδιον, Κεφαλοιδίς; Kephaloídion, Kephaloidís, Cephaloedium). Town on a cape of the northern coast of Sicily, modern Cefalù, repeatedly mentioned in conjunction with  Dionysius [1] I and  Agathocles [2] (Diod. Sic. 14,56,2; 78,7; 20,56,3; 77,3), captured by the Romans in 254 BC during the First Punic War (Diod. Sic. 23,18,3), subsequently a civitas decumana. Plundered by Verres (Cic. Verr. 2,2,128; 3,103). Archaeology: Remains of archaic fortifications; on the acropolis a ‘Temple of Diana’ in pre-Greek layout. Copious coin co…

[German version] [1] Roman cloak Roman cloak of unknown form; known from literary sources but not identifiable with certainty from monuments. In contradistinction to the  toga, the abolla is the costume of the farmer and the soldier (Non. 538,16), and to satirists it is the cloak favoured by philosophers of the Cynic and Stoic schools (Mart. 4,53; Juv. 3,115). The abolla was evidently similar to the   chlamys , both in form and in the way it was worn (Serv. Verg. Aen. 5,421). Abolla is possibly a general term for the shoulder-cloak (cf. Juv. 4,76, mentioned as the cloak of the praefectus urbi). …

(Ἕννα/ Henna, Ἔννα/ Énna). [German version] [1] City of the Siculi This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | | Punic Wars Well-fortified city of the Siculi (Cic. Verr. 2,4,107; Diod. Sic. 5,3,2; though possibly founded by Syracuse, Steph. Byz. s.v. H., cf. [1. 7424; 2. 395]) on a steep, almost 1,000 m high mountain in the centre of Sicily, Hellenized from the 5th cent., besieged for a short time in 403, then on a long-term basis from 396 by Dionysius I (Diod. Sic. 14,14,6-8; 78,7), defected from Agathocles in 309 (Diod. Sic. 20…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Christianity | | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Ἀκράγας; Akrágas, Latin Agragantum/Agrigentum, in the Middle Ages Girgenti). River and town (modern Agrigento) on the south-west coast of  Sicily, 4 km inland on a steep rocky hill, which rises from 50 m in the south to 328 m in the north and 351 m in the north-east, encircled by the rivers  Hypsas in the west and A. (S. Biagio) in the east, which join south of…

(Ἀπολλωνία; Apollōnía). [German version] [1] City in southern  Illyricum This item can be found on the following maps: | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Delian League City in southern  Illyricum, in antiquity on the north bank of the Aous, c. 6 km from the sea, near modern Pojani (Albania). Founded by Corinthians at the beginning of the 6th cent. BC, with the participation of Corcyra (mythical oikist Gylax). Hdt. 9,93-95, Paus. 5,22,3 f. and inscriptions attest to the wealth of A. during the 5th cent. BC; …

(Ἡράκλεια). [English version] [1] H. Trachinia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Aitoloi, Aitolia | Bildung | Peloponnesischer Krieg (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία). Stadt auf einem Felsen links von und über dem Ausgang der Schlucht des Asopos [1] in die Spercheiosebene, an der Süd- und Westflanke durch tiefe Bachbetten von der Oite (Oitaioi, Oite) getrennt, wo die Trachinischen Felsen mit zahlreichen Grabhöhlen aufragen. Die Unterstadt ist h. restlos verschwunden. H. wurde 426 v.Chr. von den Spartanern, die v…