Ruegger, Paul Keywords: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge | ABSTRACT Paul Ruegger assigned in this course the task of outlining the legal bases of the International Organization of the Red Cross. After an introduction to the universal awareness of the values of the Red Cross, the author presents the organizational evolution and the respective responsibilities of the various branches of the organiz…

Borel, Eugène Keywords: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge | ABSTRACT Eugene Borel presents the International Organization of the Red Cross in two parts: a historical part (origin of the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention, national societies and international conferences of the Red Cross, League of Nations) and a legal part (former Red Cross, 1863 resolutions, international conferences, International Committee, League of Societies of the Red Cross). Eug…

Schindler, Dietrich Keywords: Armed conflicts | International humanitarian law | National liberation waGeneva Conventions (1949) | Protocols | Mots clefs: Conflits armés | Droit humanitaire international | Guerres de libération nationale | ABSTRACT The Course of Dietrich Schindler, Professor at the University of Zurich, deals with four types of armed conflict distinguished by 1949 Geneva Conventions and two 1977 protocols: international armed conflicts, wars of national liberation, non-international armed conflicts under Articl…

Henri Coursier, M. Keywords: International humanitarian law | Geneva Conventions (1949) | Mots clefs: Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT Henri Coursier understands by international humanitarian law all the principles, customs, and rules that currently oblige nations toward themselves and toward other nations in order to take into account, at all times, the respect resulting from the human being. The author successively examines the evolution of international humanitarian law with regard to the following fi…

Pinto, Roger Keywords: Civil waLaws of war | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Guerres civiles | Droit de la guerre | Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT Contemporary international law, according to Roger Pinto, while not prohibiting the civil war, affirms the illegality of international war. Despite the de facto interferences between civil wars and international wars, the legal status of these two types of armed conflict is therefore distinct if not always different. The first task of the lawyer is ther…

Ruegger, Paul Keywords: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge | ABSTRACT Paul Ruegger assigned in this course the task of outlining the legal bases of the International Organization of the Red Cross. After an introduction to the universal awareness of the values of the Red Cross, the author presents the organizational evolution and the respective responsibilities of the various branches of the organiz…

Wilhelm, René-Jean Keywords: Non-international armed conflicts | Human rights | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Conflits armés non internationaux | Droits de l homme | Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT Rene-Jean Wilhelm considers three kinds of factors when dealing with the protection of the human person in non-international armed conflicts: the numerous internal conflicts that have occurred since 1949 and the application that has been made of article 3 of the Geneva Conventions in these situations, the …

Migliazza, Alessandro Keywords: Human rights | Laws of war | Use of force | International relations | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Droits de l homme | Droit de la guerre | Force | Relations internationales | ABSTRACT Alessandro Migliazza states that from the beginning of civilization, men faithful to the spirit of humanity have multiplied their efforts to prevent war and to regulate armed conflict. The efforts have laid the foundations of people’s rights: jus ad bellum and jus in bello are the first and perhaps the most important chapters in the science of int…

Thürer, Daniel Keywords: International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT Daniel Thurer, Professor at the University of Zurich, dedicates his course to international humanitarian law or "law of armed conflict" or "law of war". He studies the ways by which international law tries to "humanize" organized violence. But Daniel Thurer`s ambitions are not limited to the battlefield. In his study, he explores the complexity of the ways and means that the law uses to regulate th…

Sandiford, Roberto Keywords: Aerial warfare | Laws of war | Naval warfare | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Guerre aérienne | Droit de la guerre | Guerre maritime | ABSTRACT Roberto Sandiford, in the introduction of the course, explains that war gives rise to legal relationships between belligerents, on one hand, and between belligerents and States who do not take part in the war on the other hand, relationships which can have land, sea, or air as field. The author studies these relationships by starting with a p…

V. Freeman, Alwyn Keywords: Armed forces | State responsibility | Cultural heritage | Occupation | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Forces armées | Responsabilité des Etats | ABSTRACT Alwyn V. Freeman begins his course on the responsibility of the States for the unlawful acts committed by their armed forces by a description and analysis of the general principles of responsibility. He then examines the issue of responsibility for military activities. He then focuses on the acts of individuals soldiers in time of …

E. Nahlik, Stanisław Keywords: Combatants and non-combatants | International humanitarian law | Prisoners of war | Geneva Conventions (1949) | Protocols | Mots clefs: Combattants et non-combattants | Droit humanitaire international | Prisonniers de guerre | Conventions de Genève | Protocoles | ABSTRACT Among the problems faced in attempting to regulate the law of war, the fate of people in power of the enemy, prisoners of war, has been a subject of an interesting development. In the past, the prisoners were killed. Then, they were sent t…

Gab Park, Ki Keywords: DisasteNatural disasteInternational crises | Humanitarian assistance | Armed conflicts | Victims | International protection | International humanitarian law | Responsibility to protect | Mots clefs: ABSTRACT The notion of disaster, in the context of this course, is taken in a broad sense, taking the definitions proposed by the Institute of International Law and by the Research Centre for International Law in The Hague. The course is divided into two themes of study, disasters in peacetime and disasters…

Ronzitti, Natalino Keywords: Naval warfare | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Guerre maritime | Droit humanitaire | ABSTRACT In this course, Natalino Ronzitti, Professor at the University of Pisa, draws up a very complete picture of humanitarian law applicable to maritime armed conflicts. In his introduction, Professor Ronzitti presents the sources of law applicable to armed conflicts at sea and the autonomous status of naval conflicts compared to war on land or in the air. The author then focuses on t…

A. Marin, Miguel Keywords: Laws of war | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Droit de la guerre | ABSTRACT The aim of Miguel Marin's course is to study the status of the laws of war as it has been introduced in 1957, which implies that war is a fact and the laws of war have been a major concern of humanity throughout history. After tracing the historical evolution of the laws of war, the author focuses on development of the laws of war prior to and during the First World War, of the laws of war between the…

Gardot, André Keywords: France | Laws of war | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: France | Droit de la guerre | ABSTRACT Andre Gardot devotes his study to the law of war as understood by French captains of the 16th century. After an initial presentation of these people and their works, the author focuses on the issues that arise before the war, next on the issues that arise during hostilities, and of course on the issues that arise after hostilities. The last chapter focuses on the establishment of filiations and relations between the fundamental ideas of the sponsors. André Gardot …

Swinarski, Christophe Keywords: Human rights | International humanitarian law | International protection | Individuals ABSTRACT In this course, Christophe Swinarski begins by examining the meaning of the term “individual” and shows how the concept of individual’s protection be profiled from now on to accommodate the legal world hitherto reserved to the States? The author presents an overview of the synergies between international humanitarian law and international human rights law and discusses the concept of …

S. Pictet, Jean Keywords: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement | Geneva Conventions (1949) | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge | ABSTRACT In this course, Jean S. Pictet studies, as a whole, all the legal problems related to the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions, by focusing on the critical aspects. In a general section, the author describes the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions. In the special section, the author focuses on improving …

Draper, G.I.A.D. Keywords: International humanitarian law | Geneva Conventions (1949) | Protocols | Enforcement | Mots clefs: Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT G.I.A.D. Draper dedicates this course to the Implementation and Application of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and to the Additional Protocols of 1978. In the chapter dealing with the implementation of these instruments, the author speaks about protective power, dissemination and instruction, legal advisors in armed forces, use of qualified persons, im…

Aga Khan, Sadruddin Keywords: International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Commission indépendante sur les questions humanitaires internationales | ABSTRACT Sadruddin Aga Khan, Chairman of the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, recalls in this lecture on the ethical foundations for law and society that the role of the commission for which he is the chairman to recall the basic elements of an ethics whose spiritual significance is that evoked…

I. A. D. Draper, G. Keywords: Geneva Conventions (1949) | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Genève | Droit humanitaire international | Conventions | ABSTRACT G.A.I.D. Draper points out in his course of 1965 that the Geneva Conventions are the most recent and comprehensive developments in the humanist legal tradition as it emerged in the previous hundred years. The author first presents the general principles and common articles of the conventions. He then focuses on internal conflicts, the status of prisoners…

Oriol, Casanovas Keywords: Refugees | Armed conflicts | International humanitarian law | Internally displaced persons | Mots clefs: Réfugiés | Conflits armés | Droit humanitaire international | Personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays | ABSTRACT In his course, Professor Oriol Casanovas undertakes a tripartite analysis of the international protection of refugees and displaced persons in armed conflicts. In the first part, Professor Casanovas presents the different elements of the international regulation for protection while depl…

Werner, Georges Keywords: Prisoners of war | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Prisonniers de guerre | ABSTRACT The study of Georges Werner provides a legal statement of the issue of Prisoners of War and does not address the issue of the treatment of prisoners by various belligerents after the First World War, or the conditions of their repatriation. After a presentation of the quality of prisoner of war, the author studies the general principles related to capture and captivity as well as the conditio…

V. A. Röling, B. Keywords: Laws of war | Judicial competence | International criminal law | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Droit de la guerre | Compétence étatique | Droit pénal international | Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT B.V.A. Roeling's course discusses the relationship between the law of war and the repression of war criminals during the post-war period. The author successively examines the right and duty to punish war criminals, the jurisdiction of the court and some excuses or mitigating circumstance…

Momtaz, Djamchid Keywords: Non-international armed conflicts | International humanitarian law | Mots clefs: Conflits armés non internationaux | Droit humanitaire international | ABSTRACT Djamchid Momtaz, Professor at the University of Teheran, reminds us that with the end of the cold war, non-international armed conflicts of ethnic or religious origin have become widespread. These are conflicts with an enemy that is less abstract: he is known and one bears a grudge against him because he belongs to a certain social gr…