( Fevrī ), Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh , a 16th century Ottoman poet and scholar, was born a Christian. After his conversion to Islam he was called, in accordance with contemporary custom, ʿAbd Allāh-og̲h̲lu in the tad̲h̲kira s (v. Lāṭifī, Istanbul 1314, 269; Ḥasan Čelebī, Istanbul University Library, T.Y. 304, 253b). Fawrī was deeply influenced by Naḳḳās̲h̲ ʿAlī Bey, the father of his master Lāmiʿī and also by the müderris Dursun Efendi. Fawrī’s profound knowledge of theology and of Arabic, a language in which he wrote poetry ( Mas̲h̲āʿir al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ , 1st. Univ. Lib., T.Y. 2406, 253 et seq.; Ḥadā…

(1142-91/1730-77), Ottoman Grand Vizier, son of Yag̲h̲li̊kči̊ (“oilcloth merchant”) Ḳadrī Ag̲h̲a, was born in Istanbul in 1142/1730. (References to his having been born in 1146/1733-4 are probably wrong.) Derwīs̲h̲ Meḥmed ¶ Efendi entered the service of the State as assistant seal-keeper to the defterdār (treasurer) Behd̲j̲et Efendi. He then became dewātdār (secretary or steward) of Nāʾīlī ʿAbdullah Pas̲h̲a, Silāḥdār ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a and Saʿīd Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a, in that order. Promoted defterdār kesedāri̊ (treasury cashier), he became finance clerk ( māliyye ted̲h̲kired̲j̲isi …

, Ḥasan Čelebi (953-12 S̲h̲awwāl 1012/1546 14 March 1604), Ottoman scholar and biographer. He was born in Bursa where his father ʿAlī Čelebi (see the preceding article) was müderris at the Ḥamza Bey Madrasa. He first followed the lectures of Nāẓir-zāde Ramaḍān Efendi, who was müderris between 967/1560 and 973/1562 at the Yeñi ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a Madrasa founded by Semiz ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a in Istanbul. Afterwards he became a student of Abu ’l-Suʿūd (Ebüssuʿūd) Efendi. He began his career in 975/1567 as a müderris at Bursa. One year later, upon the assignment of his father as ḳāḍī …

(Orhan Seyfi Orhon), Turkish poet and journalist, born in 1890 in Istanbul, died in 1972. He was the son of Colonel Emīn and Niʿmet. After finishing Mekteb-i Ḥuḳūḳ (Istanbul Darülfünūn Ḥuḳūk Fakültesi, i.e. Faculty of Law) in 1914, the same year he became a secretary at the Ot̲h̲mānli̊ Med̲j̲lis-i Mebʿūt̲h̲āni̊ until its suspension. In 1913 he published a small book of poems Fi̊rṭi̊na ve ḳār in ʿarūḍ metre. His second book, Peri ḳi̊zi̊ ile čoban ḥikāyesi , a poetic tale with a Turkic theme written in syllabic metre, was published in 1919. He taught…

, “The Crystal Palace”; this is the title of a Turkish folk taie which gave its name to the oldest Turkish collection of such tales. Variations of this one can be found in Naki Tezel, Istanbul masallari (publications of the Eminönü Halkevi, no. x), Istanbul 1938, 202 ff.; W. Radloff, Proben der Volksliteratur der türkischen Stämme , St. Petersburg 1885 ff., viii (texts collected by I. Kúnos, 1899), part III, no. 19; Ignácz Kúnos, Materialien zur Kenntnis des rumelischen Türkisch , part I, Volksmärchen aus Adakale , Leipzig and ¶ New York 1907, 255-261, no. 50; 8 MSS of the tale of B…

…

, d̲j̲azarī , Ottoman officer and poet of the 9th/15th century; he belonged to a family who had come from Egypt and entered Ottoman service. His father was Meḥmed D̲j̲azarī, who had worked in the Imperial Dīvān and had become nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ in 869/1464-5. ( Külliyât-t Divan-i Kabulî , ed. İ. Hikmet Ertaylan, Istanbul 1949 p. 304 f.). Ḳāsim, like his father, entered the Dīwān-i̊ Humāyūn and served in various offices, rising to the position of defterdār , and was for a time in Amasya with Bāyezīd II (before his accession) and served as his defterdār. D̲j̲azarī Ḳāsim, who is known to have been nis̲h…

, ʿOt̲h̲mān , Ottoman poet, born at an unknown date, d. in 1824. As his name implies, he was educated in the Enderūn or Palace School, his mother being a niece of the commander of the Bostānd̲j̲i̊s [ q.v.], K̲h̲alīl Pas̲h̲a, who became Grand Vizier to Aḥmed III. His life was spent filling various court offices, including for Selīm III, to whom various of his poems are dedicated. At the accession of Muṣṭafā IV in 1807, he was promoted to the service of the Royal Chamber. In 1818 he retired from palace service and became administrator of the waḳf of Süleym…

(Ottoman form, ʿIṣmet), b. 1884, died 1973, Turkish military commander and statesman, who served on three occasions as Prime Minister in the Turkish Republic (October 1923-November 1924; March 1925-November 1937; and November 1961-February 1965) and once as President (1938-50). He played an important part in the Turkish War of Independence (1919-12), made significant contributions to the institutional framework of the new Turkish Republican state, initiated multi-party politics in 1945, acted as…

(t.), literally, “excepted, separated”, denoting those provinces of the Ottoman empire separated from the “normallyadministered” ones of the Anatolian and Rumelian heartland. In the heyday of the empire (10th-12th/16th-18th centuries) these usually comprised such provinces as Ṣaydā, Aleppo, Bag̲h̲dād. Baṣra, Mawṣil, Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb, Beng̲h̲azi…

, Rizâ Nur (1879-8 September 1942), Turkish medical doctor, politician, diplomat, man of letters and nationalist ideologue, born in the Black Sea town of Sinop in 1879. After graduating from the military medical college he taught at the Faculty of Medicine, but abandoned medicine for politics after the constitution was restored in July 1908. Elected to the parliament from Sinop, Ri̊ḍā Nūr joined the opposition Liberal party ( Aḥrār Fi̊rḳasi̊ ) against the Ittiḥād ve Teraḳḳī D̲j̲emʿiyyeti [ q.v.], the CUP. Suspected of playing a role in the abortive counter-revolution of A…

, Yaḥyā, the most important Ottoman religious poet of his period, as is apparent from his epithet Naʿt-gū , the singer of hymns. Born in 1059/1649 in Ḳāsi̊m Pas̲h̲a at Istanbul, he entered the Serai as a boy, where he received the education of the Enderūn and had the opportunity to acquire special proficiency in Arabic and Persian. He showed a talent for poetry and considerable musical ability. His beautiful voice and his work as a poet and composer ¶ gained him the favour of Sultan Murād IV. He was given important offices at the court as a result: the office of a ḳog̲h̲us̲h̲ ag̲h̲asi̊ to the kilār-i k̲h̲ā…

(1853-1925), late Ottoman historian and statesman. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān S̲h̲eref was born in Istanbul, the son of a chief clerk at the Imperial Arsenal ( Ṭopk̲h̲āneyi ʿāmire ), whose family hailed from Safranbolu in northwestern Anatolia. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān S̲h̲eref graduated from the famous Galatasaray Lycée in 1873. After this he taught at several different establishments, ¶ from the Mak̲h̲red̲j̲-i Aḳlām (a college for civil servants which existed between 1864 and 1876) to the Dār al-Fünūn (University), which was re-opened in 1900, having been closed si…

Süleymān Efendi , also known as Fi̊ndi̊ḳli̊li̊ Süleymān Efendi, 18th century member ¶ of the Ottoman ʿulemāʾ , provincial judge ( ḳāḍī ), and author of the Mürʾī ’l-tewārīk̲h̲ , was born in Fi̊ndi̊ḳli̊, Istanbul, at an unknown date. He was the son of a Tokat merchant, S̲h̲emʿdānī Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a, who reputedly stood up to rebels who were attempting to raid the Istanbul Customs Office during the events of the Patrona K̲h̲alīl [ q.v.] rebellion in 1143/1730. He was later recognised for his bravery by the Grand Vizier Yegen Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], who had been the Customs Officer in Istanbul at the time of the events in question (Aktepe, p. xvii). Süleymān Efendi, then, was a member of a prominent Istanbul family, which had settled in Istanbul at least by 1143/1730, if not earlier. He apparently preferred the religious profession over commerce, and chose to be a judge (Aktepe, p. xviii). Information on his career is scant, but a few details are scattered throughout his history. He is known to have been appointed judge at Ismāʿīl in Rum…

, Ṭayyārzāde ʿAtāʾ Allāh Aḥmad, known as ʿAṭāʾ Bey, Ottoman historian. He was born in Istanbul in 1225/1810, the son of a palace official. He himself was educated in the palace, and held various official positions. In 1293/1876 he went to the Ḥid̲j̲āz to take up an appointment as administrator of the sacred territory (ḥarām) of Mecca, and died in Medina in 1294/1877 or 1297/1880. His most important work is his five volume history, known as Taʾrīk̲h̲-i ʿAṭāʾ (Istanbul 1291-3/1874-6). Its chief interest derives fro…

Turkish folk poet of the 11th/17th century. Hardly anything is known about his life. He seems to have belonged to the Janissary corps and to have flourished during the reigns of ʿOt̲h̲mān II, Muṣṭafā I, Murād IV and Ibrāhīm, and to have found particular favour at the court of Murād IV. A contemporary of Ḳul Muṣṭafā and Kātibī, he was at his best in lyric and epic poems, the best known of which is his elegy for Murād IV. His poems, scattered in most of the 17th and 18th century allthologies of folk poets ( …

, Modern Turkish Mehmet Rauf (1875-1931), Turkish novelist of the late 19th and early 20th century. Born in Istanbul and trained as a naval officer, he entered the navy in 1893, was sent to Crete for further education, served as liaison officer in the launches of Foreign Embassies on the Bosphorus, retiring from the navy in 1908. Apart from publishing various periodicals for ladies and some attempts to carry on trade, he devoted his life to his writing. Already while a student in the naval college he sent his first literary experiments to Ḵh̲ālid Ḍiyāʾ [ q.v.] in Izmir, who published them …

, abū bakr , a prominent Ottoman poet and prose stylist of the 12th/18th century. He was a native of Toḳad, and although Ebu ʾl-Ḍiyā gives the date of his birth as 1124/1712, this conflicts with Edīb Efendi’s statement that he was still a young man ( new-d̲j̲ewān ) when he left for Istanbul. He received his education in Toḳad, where he also entered the order of the Mewlewī dervishes, becoming the disciple ( …

, Ri̊ḍā Tewfīk , modern Turkish orthography Riza Tevfi̇k Bölükbaşi , Turkish poet and writer (1866-1949). He was born in D̲j̲isr-i Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a in Rumelia (Dimitrovgrad in present-day Bulgaria, formerly Čaribrod) while his father Ḵh̲ōd̲j̲a Meḥmed Tewfīḳ Efendi, a civil servant and teacher, was ḳāyi̊maḳām there. His mother, a Circassian slave girl, died when Riḍā was eleven years old. His grandfather Aḥmed Durmus̲h̲ Bölükbas̲h̲i̊ was a guerilla leader from Debra in Albania who had fought against the Greeks during the rising in the Morea ([Feridun] Kandemir, Kendi ağzı…

, the most recent of the Imperial Ottoman palaces, situated on the heights above the European Bosphorus shore and above the quarter of Beşiktaş. The whole complex of buildings, set in a large park, covers almost 50 ha. Like other Imperial residences along the Bosphorus, it had its origin in a garden and a hunting ground. Mentions of pre-19th century buildings are confused. The first trace is of a fountain with an inscription from 1219 [/1804] which apparently went with a pavilion built by Selīm III for his mother Mihris̲h̲āh Sulṭān.…