, son of Rāy Sahrā entitled Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, the founder of the Langāh dynasty of Multān, who had usurped the throne by treacherously ousting his son-in-law, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, succeeded to the rule on the death of his father in 874/1469. Adventurous by nature, he began his reign by launching a succession of campaigns against the neighbouring forts of S̲h̲ōr (modern S̲h̲orkōt́), Činiōt́ [ q.v.] and Kahrōŕ (modern Kahrōŕ Pucca), which he easily reduced. At this time S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, who had taken refuge with Buhlōl Lōdī, the king of Delhi, p…

[see al-ḥusayn al-k̲h̲alīʿ ].

, Indian lawyer and politician (1878-1937), born at Gadia, Bārābankī district, and educated at Lucknow and London (Barrister-at-Law). He received the Order of ʿOt̲h̲māniyya from the Sultan of Turkey, and proposed the idea of the And̲j̲uman-i K̲h̲uddām-i Kaʿba [ q.v. in Suppl.] (1913-18) for the protection of Mecca and other holy places as a reaction to the Turco-Italian and Balkan wars (Y.B. Mathur, Muslims and changing India, Delhi 1972, 145-64). He played a leading part in the K̲h̲ilāfat Movement [ q.v.] representing the militant trend within the movement, presiding over …

(Hüseyin Ḥilmi Paşa), twice Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, was born in Mitylene (Midilli) in 1855. He came from a modest background, being the son of Kütahyali̊zāde Muṣṭafā Efendi, an ordinary merchant. After receiving a traditional education—first in a medrese , then in a rüs̲h̲diye (secondary school), and learning fiḳh (Islamic jurisprudence) and French from private tutors—Ḥilmī entered the local bureaucracy in 1874. He remained in Mitylene for a further nine years and then saw service in Aydi̊n (1883), Syria (1885) and Bag̲h̲dād (1892); he became governor ( wālī …

, of the Kindī tribe of the Sakūn, a general of the Sufyānids. At Ṣiffīn, he fought in the Umayyad ranks. On the accession of Yazīd I, he was governor of the important district of Ḥimṣ. He then had to intervene with Yazīd for Ibn Mufarrig̲h̲ [ q.v.], who had been imprisoned by ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād. When the expedition against the holy cities of the Ḥid̲j̲āz was planned, Ḥuṣayn was appointed lieutenant of the commanderin-chief Muslim b. ʿUḳba al-Murrī [ q.v.] and, in this capacity, distinguished himself at the battle of the Ḥarra [ q.v.]. During the march on Mecca, the dying Muslim, in or…

[see (al-)ḥusayn b. al-ḍaḥḥāk ].

[see al-ḥallād̲j̲ ].

[see abū ʿabd allāh al-s̲h̲īʿī ; ibn k̲h̲ālawayh ].

(also known as Mīrza S̲h̲āh Ḥasan ) b. S̲h̲āh Bēg Arg̲h̲ūn, the founder of the Arg̲h̲ūn dynasty of Sind, was born in 896/1490 most probably at Ḳandahār which was then held by his father. On Bābur’s occupation of Ḳandahār in 913/1507 S̲h̲āh Bēg came to Sind and occupied the adjoining territories of S̲h̲āl and Sīwī (modern Sibī). In 921/1515 Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh fell out with his father and joined the service of Bābur, with whom he remained for two years. The domestic quarrel having been …

al-ʿĀs̲h̲ūrī al-Ḥusaynī al-Urmawī originated from Urmiya in western Persia. It is not known when he, or perhaps already his family before him, migrated to the Ottoman empire. Nor do we know much about his studies and career. He was apparently a protégé of the Grand Vizier Meḥmed Soḳullu (d. 987/1579) and of the influential K̲h̲ōd̲j̲a Saʿd al-Dīn [ q.v.] whom he ¶ praised as his benefactor in one of his works (Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish manuscripts in the British Museum , 53b, and H. Sohrweide in Der Islam , xlvi [1970], 292). In 1569 Selīm II appointed him as S̲h̲āhnāmed̲j̲i …

[see ibn mākūlā ; al-mag̲h̲ribī ; al-ṭug̲h̲rāʾī ].

[see karbalāʾ ].

[see meḥmed k̲h̲alīfe ; al-s̲h̲arīf al-rāḍī ].

(b. 20 August 1888, d. December 1956), Egyptian writer of the first rank. He participated, with several of his contemporaries (al-ʿAḳḳād, al-Māzinī, Ṭāhā Ḥusayn, etc.) in the formation in his country of a liberal way of thought and a modern literature marked by attachment to Muslim values, the influence of Europe and consciousness of an Egyptian specificity. Having graduated in law from Cairo in 1909, he won a scholarship to France, and in 1913 presented his thesis in law on “The Egyptian Debt”. On his return from Cairo, he published in 1914 his first novel, Zaynab , …

b. Abī Numayy , Abū ʿAwn , S̲h̲arīf of Mecca in the early 11th/17th century. He was born in 974/1566, and became S̲h̲arīf and governor of the Ḥid̲j̲āz in 1011/1602-3 after his brother Abū Ṭālib and in conjunction with his nephew Muḥsin. This division of power ended, however, in a fierce internal family dispute, apparently over Idrīs’s retinue and followers ( Ḵh̲uddām ), and in 1034/1624-5 the family deposed Idrīs from the governship of the Ḥid̲j̲āz in favour of Muhsin. The conflict was resolved by a truce, during the time of which Idr…

, Mullā (1229-65/1814-49), the first convert to Bābism [ q.v.], and a leading figure of the movement’s early period. Born in K̲h̲urāsān to a mercantile family, he pursued religious studies in Mas̲h̲had, Tehran, Iṣfahān and Karbalāʾ, where he studied under Sayyid Kāẓim Ras̲h̲tī [ q.v.], head of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ī school [ q.v.]. During a long residence, he acquired a private following, which gave grounds for believing he might become Ras̲h̲tī’s successor. Following the latter’s death in 1844, Bus̲h̲rūʾī left for Kirmān to interview another prospective leader, Karīm K̲h…

(d. 1069/1659), Ottoman general, was probably born at Yeñis̲h̲ehir (near Bursa). While serving in the Palace as a balṭad̲j̲i̊ [ q.v.], he attracted the attention of Murād IV by a display of physical strength (Naʿīmā, vi, 399 f.); he became an intimate ( muḳarreb ) of the Sultan and rose to be first Küčük and then Büyük Mīr-ak̲h̲ōr (Grand Master of the Horse, see mīr-ak̲h̲ōr ). On 4 Muḥarram 1044/30 June 1634 he was appointed Grand Admiral (Ḳapudān Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]), with the rank of vizier, and as such was present on the Erivan (Rewān [ q.v.]) campaign of 1045/1635. On the way back, at Diyā…

[see fāḍil bey ].

, famous Persian calligraphier, pupil of the celebrated Mīr Sayyid Aḥmad Mas̲h̲hadī and teacher of the no less famous Mīr ʿImād. His remarkable command of the art of calligraphy, so popular in Persia, brought him the title of honour mihīn Ustād (“greatest master”). His father Mīrzā S̲h̲ukr Allāh was mustawfī al-Mamālik to the Ṣafawid Ṭahmāsp I (930-84/1524-76); the master himself, according to the Oriental sources, was vizier to S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl Ii (984-5/1576-8) but lost the favour of the sovereign and was forced to flee to India, where he remai…

[see al-k̲h̲aḍir b. al-ḥusayn ].