, founder of the “Sayyid” dynasty which ruled at Dihlī from 817/1414 to 855/1451. His designation as a sayyid is traced in the near-contemporary Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Mubārak S̲h̲āhī firstly to a remark hagiologically attributed to the Ṣūfī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī, and secondly to his own excellent character, and has been accepted by later historians like Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad, Badāʾūnī and Firis̲h̲ta; but this has been regarded as dubious by modern British and South Asian historians. The other nearcontemporary source, Bihāmad K̲h̲ānī’s Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i Muḥammadī (comp…

Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf , K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Taḳī (?-1049/?-1639), Mug̲h̲al Indian commander and imperial historian. He was born into an obscure family in Persia, but coming to India, he attained high honours in the reigns of D̲j̲ahāngīr and S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. He received in the third year of D̲j̲ahāngīr a military command and the title of Muʿtamad K̲h̲ān. Subsequently, he joined prince S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān in his campaign in the Deccan as a bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī (paymaster). On his return to court, in the 17th year of D̲j̲ahāngīr’s reign (1031/1622), he was entrusted w…

, the ancestor of the Ibrāhīm-K̲h̲ānzāde family, was the son of Selīm II’s daughter Esmāk̲h̲ān Sulṭān (d. 993/1585) by her first marriage, to the Grand Vizier Soḳollu Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. According to a late tradition ( Ḥadīḳat al-d̲j̲awāmiʿ , ii, 38), perhaps based on the misconception that the sons of princesses were not allowed to live [see dāmād ], his birth was at first concealed. He first appears as ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ , in Muḥarram 1003/September 1594. By 1019/1610 he was beglerbegi of Bosna—a promotion which was indeed contrary to Meḥemmed …

, founder of the Čag̲h̲atay Ḵh̲anate [ q.v.], the second son of Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān and his chief wife Börte Fud̲j̲in. Already in his father’s lifetime he was regarded as the greatest authority on the Yasa (the tribal laws of the Mongols as codified by Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān). Like his brothers he took part in his father’s campaigns against China (1211-1216) and against the kingdom of the Ḵh̲wārizm-S̲h̲āh (1219-1224). Urgānd̲j̲, the latter’s capital, was besieged by the three princes Ḏj̲oči, Čag̲h̲atay and Ögedey and taken in Ṣafar 618/27th March-24th April 1221. In the sam…

, muḥammad hās̲h̲im niẓām al-mulkī , historian; his title of K̲h̲wāfī K̲h̲ān was given him by Muḥammad S̲h̲āh and is derived from a family connection with K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.], a district of eastern Persia, famous for its distinguished men. He was a son of K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr, a confidential servant of Murād Bak̲h̲s̲h̲, youngest son of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. The place and date of his birth are not known, but it seem probable that he was born in India, and a statement in his history (i, 739) implies that his birth took place about 1074/1664. The statemen…

[see k̲h̲ānbali̊ḳ ].

, a high military title in mediaeval Indo-Muslim usage. The term K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] became popular as the designation of a high officer or nobleman and in a technical sense it was used for a commander of ten thousand soldiers. In reproducing the instructions of Bug̲h̲rā K̲h̲ān to his son, Kayḳubād, Barani ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Fīrūzs̲h̲āhī , Bibl. Ind., 145) makes the former speak of a book, Ādāb al-salāṭīn , which had been especially brought from Bag̲h̲dād for the sons of Iltutmis̲h̲ and which he had studied with K̲h̲wādia Tād̲j̲ al-Din Buk̲h̲ārī; in this the legendary Iranian ruler Ḏj̲ams̲h…

, an obscure general of the Mughal Emperor Awrangzīb [ q.v.]. He was the father-in-law of Tahawwur Ḵh̲ān, one of the principal supporters of Awrangzīb’s son Akbar during the rebellion of 1091-2/1680-1. When in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 1091/January 1681 Awrangzīb advanced to Dō-rāha, in the Ad̲j̲mēr region, ʿInāyat Ḵh̲ān was ordered to write to Tahawwur Ḵh̲ān inducing him to desert the prince’s army, ¶ then at Kurkī; Tahawwur Ḵh̲ān complied, but on his arrival in Awrangzīb’s camp some confusion arose in which he was killed. (P. Jackson) Bibliography Sir Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangz…

, Mīrzā , Nāẓim al-Dawla (1249-1326/1833-1908). Perso-Armenian diplomat, journalist and concession-monger, important in the history of 19th-century Iran for his early advocacy of governmental reform and thorough-going westernisation, themes he expounded first in a series of privately-circulated treatises and then in the celebrated newspaper Ḳānūn . He was born in the Iṣfahān suburb of D̲j̲ulfā [ q.v. in Suppl.] to an Armenian family whose ancestors had been transplanted there by S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās from Ḳarabāg̲h̲ [ q.v.] in the southern Caucasus. His father, Mīrzā Yaʿḳūb, w…

(see nad̲j̲īb al-dawla ).

, Commander-in-Chief of the ‘rebel’ native forces, with the unusual and pompous title of ‘Lord-Governor Bahādur General Bak̲h̲t Ḵh̲ān’, during the military uprising (also known as the Mutiny) of 1857 in India, was born at Sulṭānpūr (Awadh) C. 1212/1797, where his father ʿAbd Allāh Ḵh̲ān, a lineal descendant of G̲h̲ulām Ḳādir Rohilla, had settled after the dispersai of the Rohillas following the death of Ḥāfiẓ Raḥmat Ḵh̲ān [ q.v.]. ʿAbd Allāh Ḵh̲ān had married a princess of the deposed Awadh ruling family and thus claimed close relationship with Royalty (C. T. Metcalfe, Two-Native Narra…

, Indo-Muslim military leader. Known to Kas̲h̲mīr chroniclers as Sulṭān G̲h̲āzī S̲h̲āh Čak, he was the son of Kād̲j̲ī Čak, the leader of the Čaks [ q.v.] and a powerful chief. Nothing is known of G̲h̲āzī Ḵh̲ān’s early life except that in 933/1527 G̲h̲āzī with other chiefs defeated the Mug̲h̲als sent by Bābur to help Sikandar, son of Sulṭān Fatḥ S̲h̲āh, against Muḥammad S̲h̲āh the reigning Sulṭān of Kas̲h̲mīr. Next year, however, the Čaks were defeated, and G̲h̲āzī Ḵh̲ān, who fought under his father, was taken prisoner. I…

, the founder of the Mongol world-empire, was born in 1167 A.D. on the right bank of the Onon in the district of Deli’ün-Boldoḳ in the present-day Chita Region in eastern Siberia. The ultimate sources for the details of his early life are two Mongolian works, the Secret History of the Mongols , composed in 1240 (or perhaps as late as 1252), and the Altan Debter or "Golden Book", the official history of the Imperial family. This latter work has not survived in the original, but the greater part of it is reproduced in the Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Tawārīk̲h̲ of Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn and the…

[see berke k̲h̲an ],

, a Tatar K̲h̲ān of Siberia, in whose reign this country was conquered by the Russians. Abu ’l G̲h̲āzī (ed. Desmaisons, 177), is the only authority to give information regarding his origin and his genealogical relation to the other descendants of Čingiz K̲h̲ān. According to this source, he reigned for forty years in “Tūrān”, lost his eyesight towards the end of his life, was driven from his kingdom by the Russians in 1003/1594-5, took refuge with the Mang̲h̲i̊t (Nogay) and died among them. Refer…

[see fārūḳī ].

, educational reformer and founder of Islamic modernism in India (1817-98). Aḥmad Ḵh̲ān (often called after his two titles of honour Sir Sayyid) sprang from an ancient Muslim family of high nobility. His forefathers came from Persia and Afg̲h̲ānistān, settled down in India about the reign of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān (1628-66), and became closely connected with the Mug̲h̲al Court. He was born on 6 Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 1232/17 Oct. 1817 at Delhi. His mother, a sensible woman, gave him a good education, but the schooling he had was no more than that taught in a maktab . On the de…

, Ibn Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī D̲j̲ābir K̲h̲ān , S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of Muḥammara, born ca. 1860, died 27 May 1936. On the death of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī D̲j̲ābir K̲h̲ān in 1881, leadership of the Muḥasayn tribe, the great bulk of which resided in Persian territory, passed to Mizʿal Ḵh̲ān, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ D̲j̲ābir’s fifth son. His rule became unpopular on account of his meanness and avarice and on June 2 1897 Mizʿal and his nephew ʿAbd al-D̲j̲alīl were shot dead, as they were disembarking from a boat at Fallāḥiyya, by three negro …

[see s̲h̲ībānī ḵh̲ān ].

, son of S̲h̲āh Bandar Ḵh̲ān, amīr of the Donbolī. He was known under the name of Sulaymān Ḵh̲ān al-T̲h̲ānī. At the time of Sulṭān Murād’s attack on Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, he distinguished himself in the army of S̲h̲āh Ṣafī. He died in 1041/1631-2. (B. Nikitine) Bibliography M. E. Zaki, Mas̲h̲āhir al-Kurd wa-Kurdistān, 144 Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-Duwal wa ’l-Imārat al-Kurdiyya, 386, 387.