, Indian Muslim noble and traveller to the West, the son of Nawwāb Muʿazzaz K̲h̲ān (Nawwāb in 1769), descended from ʿAbd Allāh Beg, the Mug̲h̲al governor of Broach, a town in Gud̲j̲arat [see bharoč ], situated on the right bank of the Narbada river about 30 miles from its mouth. Since the town of Broach was an important trading and manufacturing centre and the Nawwāb would not allow the English to establish a factory there, the governor of Bombay decided to seize it. Under the pretext that the Nawwāb had violated the treaty with the East India …

(1909-78) first president of Afg̲h̲ānistān. His father was Sardār Muḥammad ʿAzīz, the half-brother of Muḥammad Nādir S̲h̲āh. Dāwūd was educated at Amāniyya School, Kābul, and in France. In 1931 he entered the army, was created major-general in 1932 and from then until 1947 held various military commands and provincial governorships. In 1947 he became minister of defence in the government of his uncle, S̲h̲āh Maḥmūd, resigned and returned as minister of the interior, 1949-50. From 20 September 1953 un…

the most outstanding vizier of the later Nawwābs of Awadh. He started his career from the early reign of Nawwāb Saʿādat ʿAlī K̲h̲ān (1798-1814) as a čhakladār (an officer of one of the revenue districts) of čhakla Muḥammadī and then of Fayḍābād. His administration made the čhaklas under his control exceedingly prosperous. He himself became fabulously rich and was made a minister. Early in the reign of Saʿādat ʿAlī K̲h̲ān’s successor G̲h̲āzī al-Dīn Ḥaydar (1814-27), Mahdī ʿAlī lost his position because of his resentment…

[see menglī girāy ].

, foster-brother of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh, King of Delhi (1161/1748-1167/1754) was born in Delhi c. 1140/1727. His father Mīrzā ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān “Nukta” was a courtier of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. His uncle Īrad̲j̲ Ḵh̲ān was the nāẓim of Murs̲h̲idābād during the reign of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh. A composer of poetry in both Urdu and Persian, he wrote under the pen-name of “fug̲h̲ān ” ( fig̲h̲ān ) and enjoyed the title of “Ẓarīf al-Mulk Kokaltās̲h̲ Ḵh̲ān Bahādur”, conferred on him by Aḥmad S̲h̲āh. He lived in Delhi till the dethronement of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh in 1167/1754, when he left for Murs̲h̲idābād. He …

, younger son of the governor of Bengal under S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh, Sulaymān ¶ Kararānī, who later asserted his independence, was raised to the Bengal throne in 980/1572 by the Afg̲h̲ān nobles who had deposed his elder brother Bāyazīd. Intoxicated by a sense of power he defied the Mug̲h̲al emperor Akbar and attacked his outpost at G̲h̲āzipur in 982/1574. Munʿim K̲h̲ān [ q.v.], sent to oppose him, occupied his capital at T́ānd́ā and compelled him to retreat into Uŕisā; he counterattacked at the important battle of Tukarōʾī [ q.v.] (= Mug̲h̲almārī), but when Mug̲h̲al reinforcements arrived…

, amīr al-umarāʾ , a military commander of Kurdish origin, was one of the prominent nobles of S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās of Persia. During the reign of S̲h̲āh Ṣafī (1038-52/1629-42) he came under a cloud. He thereupon went over to the Mug̲h̲al Emperor S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān (1037-68/1628-58) and handed over the fort of Ḳandahār [ q.v.] to the Mug̲h̲als. He was given the rank of 5,000/5,000 by his new master in 1048/1638 and was appointed governor of Kas̲h̲mīr. In 1050/1640 he was promoted to 7,000/7,000 and was appointed governor of the Pand̲j̲āb. In 1641 he was app…

, said to have been the brain of the political upheaval (known as the Mutiny) of 1857 in India, came of a poor Pathān family which had settled in Cawnpore long before the famine of 1837-8 (George Dunbar, A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day , London 19433, ii, 483). An orphan, saved from starvation by a Christian missionary, he began life as a k̲h̲idmatgār in an Anglo-Indian family of Cawnpore (Mowbray Thompson, The Story of Cawnpore , London 1859, 54; G. O. Trevelyan, Cawnpore, London 1907, 58), who sent him to school, where he learnt English and French, an…

, Mīrzā, Mug̲h̲al commander and governor, d. 1010/1601-2. The son of Mīrzā Aḥmad Riḍwī, he was appointed by the Emperor Akbar ṣūbadār or governor of Kas̲h̲mīr in 995/1586-7. He imposed Mug̲h̲al authority in the Kas̲h̲mīr valley and secured the submission of the Čak [ q.v. in Suppl.] chiefs. Yūsuf K̲h̲ān himself rebelled against the Mug̲h̲als in 1001/1592-3, but came back into favour and in 1003/1594-5 was dārūg̲h̲a or superintendent of the Ṭop-k̲h̲āna or arsenal. (Ed.) Bibliography Mohibbul Hasan, Kashmir under the sultans, Calcutta 1959, index A.R. Khan, Chieftains of the Mughal …

, 1768-1834, the famous Paṭhān predatory chief and associate of Ḏj̲aswant Rāo Holkar, was born at Sambhal in the Murādābād district of Rohilkhand. As a young man he and his adherents were employed by various zamindārs and Marāṭha officials as sihbandi troops for the collection of the revenues. He rapidly developed into a leader of banditti and as such was successively employed by the rulers of Bhopāl, Indore and Ḏj̲aypūr. In 1798 he received the title of nawāb from Ḏj̲aswant Rāo Holkar. The following year he plundered Saugor and the surrounding coun…

(1752-1806), the son of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Muḥammad Beg, of Turkish descent, was born at Lucknow. His early years were spent in Murs̲h̲idābād at the court of Muẓaffar Ḏj̲ang. With the accession of Āṣaf al-Dawla (1775) he returned to Oudh and was appointed ʿamaldār of Itāwah and other districts. He also served as a revenue official under Colonel Hannay who farmed the country of Sarwār. He was later employed by Nathaniel Middleton, the English Resident, and was connected with Richard Johnson in the management of the confiscated d̲j̲āgīrs of the Begams of Oudh. He re…

( ca. 995-1040/m. 1587-1631), military commander under the Mug̲h̲als of India. Pīr K̲h̲ān (Mīr in the printed text of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Farīd Bhakkarī, D̲h̲ak̲h̲īrat al-k̲h̲awānīn , ii, Karachi 1970, is a misprint) was the younger of the two sons of Dawlat K̲h̲ān Lōdī, an officer in Akbar’s army and a nephew of the well-known Afg̲h̲ān nobleman, bearing the same name, who had invited Bābur to invade the kingdom of Sulṭān Ibrāhīm Lōdī. The date of Pīr K̲h̲ān’s birth is not recorded, but, as has been stated…

, honorary secretary of the All-India Muslim League from 1936 to 1947 and prime minister of Pakistan from 1947 to 1951, was born in the Karnāl district of east Pand̲j̲āb on 1 October 1895. He was the second son of a well-to-do landlord, Nawwāb Rustam ʿAlī K̲h̲ān of the Mandal family, which claimed to have migrated 500 years previously from Iran and to descend from the Sāsānid king Anūs̲h̲irwān (K̲h̲usraw I, 531-79 A.D.); British officials on the other hand considered the Mandais to be of Pat́hān…

, Mīrzā Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad , son of Ḥakīm Fatḥ al-Dīn S̲h̲īrāzī, a Persian author, was born in India and came of a family several of whom had been distinguished physicians in their ancestral home in S̲h̲īrāz. He entered the service of the state under S̲h̲āh-D̲j̲ahān (1037-68/1628-57) and was appointed keeper of the crown jewels with the title of dārūg̲h̲a-yi d̲j̲awāhir-k̲h̲āna . He attained his highest honours under Awrangzīb (1069-1118/1659-1707), who gave him the title of Niʿmat K̲h̲ān (1104/1692-3), which was later changed to Muḳ…

, ruler in Transoxania of the Uzbeks or Özbegs [ q.v.] 940-6/1533-9. He was the son of Maḥmūd Sulṭān, son of S̲h̲āh-Būdāg̲h̲, son of the founder of the Uzbek confederacy, Abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayr Ḵh̲ān, a descendant of Čingiz Ḵh̲ān’s grandson S̲h̲ībān (hence the epithet “S̲h̲ībānī,” or “S̲h̲aybānī” [see s̲h̲ībānids ]). During his youth, ʿUbayd Allāh accompanied his uncle Muḥammad S̲h̲ībānī Ḵh̲ān ( r. 905-16/1500-10) on his sweeping victories over the Tīmūrids throughout Central Asia and Ḵh̲urāsān in order to re-establish Čingizid rule in the area. On 7 Muḥarram 913/…

, Persian statesman, was the third son of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Hās̲h̲im, the headman, or kadk̲h̲udā-bās̲h̲ī , of the Ḥaydarīk̲h̲āna quarters of S̲h̲īrāz in the reign of Nādir S̲h̲āh. His ancestors were said to have been converts to Islam from Judaism. One of them emigrated from Ḳazwīn to Iṣfahān and is said to have married into the family of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Qawām al-Dīn S̲h̲īrāzī. Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Maḥmūd ʿAlī, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ibrāhīm’s grandfather, was a wealthy merchant of S̲h̲īrāz. After the death of Mīrzā Muḥammad, the kalāntar of S̲h̲īrāz in 1200/1786, D̲j̲aʿfar K̲h̲ān Zand made Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ibrāhīm kal…

, a ruler of the Čag̲h̲atay Ḵh̲ānate. A grandson of Mö’etüken, who fell before Bāmiyān, his father, Yesün-To’a, had been banished to China for his part in the conspiracy against the Great Ḵh̲an Möngke. Burāḳ himself began his career at the court of Möngke’s successor, Ḳubilay Ḵh̲an (1260-94). When in March 1266 Mubārak-S̲h̲āh, the son of Ḳara-Hülegü, was elected to the Čag̲h̲atay Ḵh̲ānate, Ḳubilay dispatched Burāḳ to Mā warāʾ al-Nahr with a yarlīg̲h̲ or rescript appointing him co-regent with his cousin. Burāḳ at first concealed the yarlīg̲h̲ and then, having gained the support of…

, ruler of Ḵh̲īwa and Čag̲h̲atāy historian, born probably on 16 Rabīʿ i, 1012/24 Aug., 1603, son of ʿArab Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān, of the Özbeg dynasty of the S̲h̲aybānids [ q.v.], and of a princess of the same family. He spent his youth in Urganč (at that time largely depopulated owing to the change of course of the Oxus), at the court of his father, who was k̲h̲ān of this place.. In 1029/1619 he was appointed to be his father’s lieutenant in Kāt̲h̲, but when his father was killed soon afterwards in a rebellion of two of his other …

, ruler in Transoxania, from his capital Buk̲h̲ārā, of the Turco-Mongol S̲h̲ībānid [ q.v.] or Abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayrid dynasty, ruled 968-91/1561-83. Iskandar was in fact a weak and ineffective ruler. Real power was in the hands of his son ʿAbd Allāh, who had shown his ability against rival families in Transoxania as early as 958/1551 and who became the greatest of the S̲h̲ībānids; after his father’s death he was to reign unchallenged for a further sixteen years [see ʿabd allāh b. iskandar ]. For the course of events in these decades, see s̲h̲ībānids and R.D. McChesney, EIr art. Central Asia . vi. In th…

, Ḵh̲ān-i Ḵh̲ānān , general, statesman and scholar, was born in Lahore, 14 Ṣafar 964/16 Dec. 1556, the son of Akbar’s first wakīl , Bayram Ḵh̲ān [ q.v.]. He belonged to the Bahārlu, a branch of the Ḳara Ḳoyunlu Turkmens, and his mother was a daughter of Ḏj̲amāl Ḵh̲ān Mewātī, whose elder daughter the emperor Humāyūn had married. When he was four his father was murdered and he was thereafter brought up by Akbar himself, who gave him an excellent education and training, and from whom he received the title of Mirzā Ḵh̲ān. In …