( G̲h̲ald̲j̲ī , G̲h̲ilzay ), a large western Afg̲h̲ān (Pas̲h̲to speaking) tribe with many subdivisions, mainly located between Ḳandahār and G̲h̲azna. Much has been written about the origins of the G̲h̲alzay and one may assume they are a mixture, including Hephthalite and Turkish elements. The name in Pas̲h̲to would mean ‘the son of G̲h̲al.’ which in turn means ‘thief’. This is the popular explanation of the name G̲h̲alzay. According to legends in the Mak̲h̲zan-i Afg̲h̲ānī , the G̲h̲alzays are descended from Mato, a daughter of Bitan (or Batnī) who…

, Muḥammad b. ʿAṭāʾ , Ṣufī saint and scholar of Muslim India. On becoming a Ṣūfī he came to be known as S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥamīd al-Dīn. Having travelled to different Muslim countries, he came to Dihlī during the reign of Iltutmis̲h̲ (607-33/1211-36 [ q.v.]) and soon developed an intimacy with S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Bak̲h̲tiyār Kākī, the leading Čis̲h̲tī saint of Dihlī. He himself belonged to the Suhrawardī order and was the k̲h̲alīfa or chief disciple of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī (539-632/1145-1234). Being fond of samāʿ (songs sung for the spiritual …

, author of historical and biographical works in 11th/17th century Mug̲h̲al India. Born in 1037/1627 at Sahāranpūr in what is now Uttar Pradesh, he was first taught by his father and then by S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ ʿAbd Allāh, called Miyān Ḥaḍrat, and S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Nūr al-Ḥaḳḳ b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ Dihlawī. After a few years, he himself began teaching in his native country. He first became a murīd or disciple of his father, and after the latter’s death attached himself to the famous religious leader and reformer S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Aḥmad Sirhindī [ q.v.]. He was persuaded by Iftik̲h̲ār K̲h̲ān, Mīr K̲h̲ān-sāmān,…

, the regnal name of the Kas̲h̲mīr Sultan S̲h̲āhī K̲h̲ān b. Iskandar, greatest of the line of S̲h̲āh Mīr Swātī, hence called Bud S̲h̲āh “Great King”, r. 823-75/1420-70. It was his merit to put an end to the persecutions of his father Sikandar But-S̲h̲ikan [ q.v.], who had forcibly converted Hindus and destroyed their temples. Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn now in effect abolished the d̲j̲izya , allowed the rebuilding of temples, etc. The realm was secured by strong military policies, and internal prosperity secured by such measures as the digging of …

, or “bitter repudiation (sc. of the beloved)”, a term of Perso-Urdu literary criticism which has two senses. First, it denotes a theme intrinsic to Persian love poetry which came to be prominently exploited for its own sake in the 10th/16th-century Persian g̲h̲azal by such sabk-i hindī poets as Waḥs̲h̲ī (d. 991/1553), although the exclusive association with the latter suggested by S̲h̲iblī ( S̲h̲iʿr al-ʿad̲j̲am , 3, 16) is to be questioned (P. Losensky, Welcoming Fighānī , Costa Mesa 1998, 82). Later, the term wā-sōk̲h̲t was used in the Urdu poetry of the…

, conventional form Monghyr, a town of Bihar in the Indian Union, situated on the south bank of the Ganges in lat. 25° 25’ N. and 86° 27’ E, and at an important communications point between Bengal and the middle Ganges valley. It is also the administrative centre of a District in the province of Bihar of the same name. Said to have been founded in Gupta times, Muḥammad Bak̲h̲tiyār K̲h̲ald̲j̲ī [ q.v.] was its first Muslim conqueror when he raided into Bihar in 589/1193. It subsequently became a place of military and administrative importance, with a fortress built in…

, the governor of a ṣūba [ q.v.] or province in the Mug̲h̲al empire, also known variously as sipāhsālār, nāẓim and ṣāḥib ṣūba . Though governors of large territories (e.g. Gud̲j̲arāt) were appointed before 989/1580, when Akbar organised the ṣūbas of his empire, a systematic form was given to the office only after this organisation. Depending upon the importance of the ṣūba, the office was one of great status, and only high nobles ( manṣabdār s [see manṣab and manṣabdār ]) were appointed to it. Akbar’s experiment of appointing co-governors was soon aban…

, one of the four pillars of Urdū literature and one of the greatest of Urdū poets, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr (with the tak̲h̲alluṣ of Dard) b. K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad Nāṣir “ʿAndalīb” al-Ḥusaynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī al-Dihlawī, claimed descent from K̲h̲wādia Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naḳs̲h̲band and in the 25th step from the Imām Haṣan al-ʿAskarī [ q.v.]. Born in 1133/1720-21 in the decadent Imperial Dihlī, Dard received his education at home, mostly from his father, a very well-read man and the author of Nāla-i ʿAndalīb , a voluminous Persian allegory dealing with metaphysical and a…

Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf , K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Taḳī (?-1049/?-1639), Mug̲h̲al Indian commander and imperial historian. He was born into an obscure family in Persia, but coming to India, he attained high honours in the reigns of D̲j̲ahāngīr and S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. He received in the third year of D̲j̲ahāngīr a military command and the title of Muʿtamad K̲h̲ān. Subsequently, he joined prince S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān in his campaign in the Deccan as a bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī (paymaster). On his return to court, in the 17th year of D̲j̲ahāngīr’s reign (1031/1622), he was entrusted w…

, g̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-dīn , son of S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲ and grandson of Tīmūr, was appointed by his father in 820/1417 to the office of chief judge at the court; in 823/1420 on the death of Ḳarā-Yūsuf, he took possession of Tabrīz and was appointed governor of Astarābād in Ṣafar 835/October 1431, but he never ascended the throne; the astrologers having predicted to him that he would not live more than forty years, he gave himself up to dissipation ¶ and died at Harāt on Saturday, 7 D̲j̲umāda 1837/19 December 1433, at the age of thirty-six. He was buried in the Mausoleum of Princess …

( Koh-i Noor ) a diamond, now weighing 1061/16 carats, but originally much larger; the early history of it is obscure, and authorities are not agreed as to whether it may be identified with the diamond mentioned by Bābur in his Memoirs ( Bābur-nāma , tr. Beveridge, 477, 702); but ca. 1656 it was presented by Mīr D̲j̲umla [see muḥammad saʿīd ] to the Mug̲h̲al emperor, S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān, and was seen in 1665 by Tavernier in the treasury of Awrangzēb; in 1739 it was carried off to Persia by Nādir S̲h̲āh, who gave it the name it now bears.…

, chief Emīr, commander-in-chief of the army. As the name shews this dignity was originally confined to the military command. But the pretorians continued to become more powerful, and already the first bearer of the title, the eunuch Mūnis, soon became the real ruler, for it was to him that the weak and incapable Caliph al-Muḳtadir owed his rescue on the occasion of the conspiracy on behalf of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Muʿtazz in 296 (908). After the appointment of Muḥammed b. Rāʾiḳ the governor of Wāsiṭ…

(d. in Dihlī on 6 Ramaḍān 1108/29 March 1697, one of the best of the Persian poets of India, who were by this time very numerous; their productions however are for the most part of little artistic value. Of his life we know only that he travelled a great deal but finally settled in ¶ Sirhind, where he enjoyed the favour of the governor Sayf K̲h̲ān Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ī and of the Amīr al-Umarāʾ D̲h̲u ’l-Fiḳār K̲h̲ān. His principal work is a version of the love story of Madhumalat and Manūhar in Persian verse, the original having …

, a fortified town of the Deccan [see dakhan ], 17 53′ N., 76 57′ E., about 37 miles west of Bīdar [ q.v.]. In the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries, it was the capital of the Late Western Čālukya rād̲j̲ās, passing later to the Yādavas of Devagiri (= Dawlatābād, [ q.v.]); after the foundation of the Bahmanī [ q.v.] dynasty at Devagiri, Kalyāni was annexed as one of the strongholds on their northern borders; but there had presumably been a previous ¶ Muslim conquest of the town since an inscription is preserved of a d̲j̲āmiʿ masd̲j̲id founded by Ulug̲h̲ K̲h̲ān (later su…

, Afg̲h̲ān commander in northern India during the 18th century, whose power-base was in Rohilkand, where he founded the town of Nad̲j̲ībābād [ q.v.]. Involved in the confused struggles for power in Dihlī during the reigns of the fainéant Mug̲h̲al Emperors Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Bahādur [ q.v.] and ʿAlamgīr II in the 1750s, as opponent of the Nawwāb-wazīr of Awadh (Oudh) [ q.v.] Ṣafdār D̲j̲ang, he worked closely with the Afg̲h̲ān ruler Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Durrānī [ q.v.] and received from him in 1757 the title of amīr al-umarāʾ and custodianship of the Emperor ʿĀlamgīr II. At…

, Muḥammad Akram , Indian poet who wrote in Persian, a descendant of a family of muftīs who originated from the village of Kand̲j̲āh five miles from Gud̲j̲rāt (Pand̲j̲āb). Nothing is known about his life and it is not proved that he was governor of Lahore from 1106 to 1108/1695-7, as is asserted by Éthé ( Gr. Ir. Ph ., ii, 251). He was in the service of Mukarram Ḵh̲ān at Gud̲j̲rāt and we do not even know the exact date of his death, which occurred, it is said, at the end of the 9th century A.H. (about 1690). He is best known for a mat̲h̲nawī , highly esteemed in India, entitled Neyrang-i ʿIs̲h̲ḳ …

, mīr muḥammad ʿaskarī , Mug̲h̲al official and commander. He came from a family of the Sayyids of K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.] in K̲h̲urāsān, but was born in India. He was in the service of Prince Awrangzīb from the very beginning. When Awrangzīb left the Deccan to contest the throne in 1068/1658, ʿĀḳil K̲h̲ān was left in charge of the city of Dawlatābād. Subsequently, he was promoted to the rank of 1,500/1,000 and was made fawd̲j̲dār [ q.v.] of the Dōāb. In 1092/1681 he was appointed as ṣūbadār of Dihli, and he held this post till his death in 1108/1696-7, having been promoted to the rank of 4,000/1,000. A work …

, Nawwāb , styled G̲h̲aḍanfar D̲j̲ang, was an Afg̲h̲ān chief of the tribe of Bangas̲h̲. The city of Farruk̲h̲ābād [ q.v.] in what is now Uttar Pradesh, was founded by him in the name of his patron, the Mug̲h̲al emperor Farruk̲h̲siyar. When Muḥammad S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] became emperor of Dihlī, he appointed him governor of Mālwa in 1143/1730, but as he could not stop the repeated attacks of the Marāt́hās [ q.v.], he was removed in 1145/1732 and appointed governor of Allāhābād. Muḥammad K̲h̲ān intended to reduce the Bundēlas, of whom Rād̲j̲ā Čhatursāl was chief. He capture…

, Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Ḳawāmī S̲h̲īrāzī ( ca. 979-80/1571-2 to 1050/1640), known as Mullā Ṣadrā, the leading Iranian S̲h̲īʿī philosopher of the Ṣafawid period. After elementary studies in S̲h̲īrāz, he completed his education in Iṣfahān, where his teachers included three of the chief thinkers of his day: Mīr Muḥammad Bāḳir Astarābādī (Mīr Dāmād [see al-dāmād ]), S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Bahāʾ al-Dīn ʿĀmilī [ q.v.] (S̲h̲ayk̲h̲-i-Bahāʾī), and—probably—Mīr Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Findiriskī [ q.v. in Suppl.]. Ṣadrā’s subsequent exposition of unorthodox doctrines, notably that of waḥdat al-wud̲…

, early ( e.g., Ḥudūd al-ʿālam , 113) named also Firab (Farab), in Ḳudāma (BGA vi, 203) as well as Yāḳūt (iii, 867) also called Ḳaryat ʿAlī or Ribāṭ Ṭāhir ibn ʿAlī, is a town opposite Āmul [ q.v., 2]. It lay a parasang north of the Oxus (Āmū Daryā, [ q.v.]) on the road to Buk̲h̲ārā and was the centre of a fertile region with many villages as well as the seat of an inspector for water-control ( Mīr-i rūd̲h̲ : Ḥudūd , see above). The city was protected by a fortress and possessed a Friday-mosque and an open space for public worship ( muṣallā ) with a hostel iur travellers who wer…