, a former Muslim-ruled princely ¶ state of Rohilk̲h̲and [ q.v.] in northern India. In British times, the state was under the political supervision of the government of the United Provinces. In the post-1947 Indian Union, Rāmpur became a district of Uttar Prades̲h̲, bounded on the north by Nainī Tāl, on the east by Bareilly, on the south by Badāʾūn and on the west by Murādābād districts, with an area of 2,318 km2/895 sq. miles and a population in 1961 of 701,537; in 1931, 45% of the population was Muslim. The early history of Rāmpur is that of the growth of Rohilla power [see rohillas …

, a hill fort lat. 19° 57′ N., long. 75° 15′ E., ten miles N.-W. of Awrangābād, now in Mahārās̲h̲tra State, was called Deogiri (properly Devagiri), “the Hill of God”, in pre-Muslim times as the capital of the Yādavas, originally feudatories of the Western Čālukyas but independent since 1183 A.D., after which they continued to rule the territory from Deogiri independently. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, nephew of Sulṭān D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Fīrūz K̲h̲ald̲j̲ī of Dihlī, actuat…

the central Indo-Aryan (Hindī and Urdū) form corresponding to the north-west Indo-Aryan (Pand̲j̲ābī, Lahndā) D̲j̲aťť, a tribe of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent found particularly in the Pand̲j̲āb, Sind, Rād̲j̲āsthān and western Uttar Pradēs̲h̲. The name is of post-Sanskritic Indian origin (Middle Indo-Aryan * d̲j̲at́t́a ), and the form with short vowel is employed by the Persian translator of the Čač-nāma (compiled 613/1216), the author of the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Sind ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Maʿṣūmī ) and S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī [ q.v.] in his Persian letters. For the Arabicized form Zuṭṭ [ q.…

, the “land of the Rohillas”, is the historical appellation of an area of about ¶ 12,800 square miles between the Himalayas and the Ganges, including Katahr [ q.v.] and the Mug̲h̲al districts of Sambhal and Badāʾūn. It became current from about 1153/1740 onwards, when groups of Indo-Afg̲h̲āns known as Rohīlas or, later, Rohillas, made their main settlement in India in the area thus denoted. Rohilla was simply an Indianised name for Afg̲h̲ān which developed in the 11th/17th century, but more specifically referred to the people from Rōh [ q.v.], the term which in the 11th/17th-century…

, a historic region of the western part of the Indian subcontinent, and now the name of a province in the Indian Union. It is bounded by the Pakistan provinces of Sind and Pand̲j̲āb on the west and northwest, and by the Indian states of Pand̲j̲āb, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the northeast, Madhya Pradesh on the east, southeast and south, and Gud̲j̲arāt on the south. With an area of 342,267 km2/132,149 sq. miles, it is the second largest state in the Indian Union (after Madhya Pradesh), but because of its climate and habitat, has a less dense population than any ot…

, Odra-deśa , conventionally Orissa, the land of the Oriyas, is a province of the Indian Union (between lat. 17° 49′ N., and 22° 34′ N., and between long. 81° 29′ E. and 87° 29′ E.). Spread over an area of 155,707 km2/60,178 sq. miles, it has a population of 31,659,736, of which 5,777,775 are Muslims. Its capital is Bhubaneswar to the south of Cuttack. Orissa covers the delta region of the Mahānadī and other rivers and is bounded by the Bay of Bengal on the east, West Bengal on the north-east, Madhya Pradesh on the west and Andhra Pradesh on the south. The st…

, one of five Deccani dynasties, with its capital at Aḥmadnagar [ q.v.] which emerged in South India as the Bahmanī [ q.v.] kingdom disintegrated. The chroniclers of the Niẓām S̲h̲āhīs emphasise territorial and power disputes and religious (and possibly racial) tensions. The history of the dynasty splits into four periods. Under the first four rulers, 895-994/1490-1586, there was the vigorous establishment of the kingdom. Under the five rulers from 994-1008/1586-1600, there was intensive internal dissension. The peri…

, formerly a princely State in India, lying between 22° 29′ and 23° 54′ N. and 76° 28′ and 78° 51′ E. with an area of 6,878 sq. miles, with a population of 838,474 in 1951. It was the second most important Muslim State, next to Ḥaydarābād [ q.v]. Bhōpāl was founded by a military adventurer, Dōst Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān, a native of Tīrāh (in the tribal area of present-day Pakistan) who belonged to the Mirzaʾī Ḵh̲ēl tribe of the Āfrīdī Pathans. In 1120/1708 he went to Delhi, at the age of 34, in search of employment, and succeeded in obtaining from Bahādur S̲h̲āh I [ q.v.], emperor of Delhi, the lease of Bērāsia par…

( Lahore ), the principal city of the Pand̲j̲āb [ q.v.], situated on the left bank of the Rāwī about 700 feet above sea level, at lat. 31° 35′ N. and long. 74° 20′ E. Its strategic location in the ¶ fertile alluvial region of the upper Indus plain has guaranteed it an important rôle in Indian history, very often as a frontier stronghold and more recently as the capital of the Sikh [ q.v.] empire. Since 1947 it has been included in the republic of Pākistān, of which it is the second largest city. 1. History. Popular etymology connects the foundation of Lāhawr with the mythical Lava (Lōh), …

, a province of India on the north-west of its coastline, lying east of the Raṇ of Kaččh [ q.v.] and broadly divided into Mainland Gud̲j̲arāt and Peninsular Gud̲j̲arāt (Kāt́hīāwāŕ, the ancient Sawrās̲h̲t́ra, modern Sōrat̂h). Mainland Gud̲j̲arāt is approximately the area of the plains in the lower reaches of the rivers Sābarmatī, Mahī, Narbadā and Tāptī, bounded north by the Mārwāŕ desert, east by the line of hills running south-east from Ābū to the Vindhyas. It takes its name (Sanskrit Gurjarātra ) from the widespread Gūd̲j̲ar (Skt. Gurjara ) tribe, who, it ha…

(p.) or S̲h̲ahrās̲h̲ūb (“upsetting the town”), a genre of short love poems on young craftsmen, often related to the bazaars of specific towns. 1. In Persian In Persian literature, the genre is usually referred to under the latter name. E.J.W. Gibb’s contention that the genre was invented by the Turkish poet Mesīḥī [ q.v.] of Edirne ( HOP, ii, 232), was challenged already by E.G. Browne who, pointing to Persian specimens mentioned by the Ṣafawid anthologist Sām Mīrzā [ q.v.], concluded that “though they were probably written later than Masíḥí’s Turkish S̲h̲ahr-angíz …

, town and head-quarters of the district of the same name in Bombay State (India), situated in 16° 49ʹ N. and 75° 43ʹ E., 350 miles south of Bombay. Population in 1951 was 65,734. It was the seat of the Yādavā kings for over a century from 586/1190 to 694/1294 when it was conquered by ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī for his uncle D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī [ q.v.], king of Delhi. In 890/1485-6 Yūsuf, an alleged son of the Ottoman Sulṭān, Murād II who, on the accession of his brother Meḥemmed II to the throne, was said to have escaped certain death through a stratagem…

, conventional spelling Mysore , a former princely state of British India, now the core of a component state of the Indian Union called Karnataka, with its capital at Bangalore, and also the name of the town which was the dynastic capital of the state. The native state was a landlocked one of South India, lying between lats. 11° 36′ and 15° 2′ N. and longs. 74° 38′ and 78° 36′ E. and with an area of 29,433 sq. miles. Its population in 1941 was 7,329,140…

an Indo-Muslim dynasty which ruled, latterly with decreasing effectiveness, 932-1274/1526-1858. 1. History. This article, like the section on History in hind, iv, above, aims at being no more than a guide to the numerous articles on the history of the Mug̲h̲al dynasty in India to be found elsewhere in the Encyclopaedia , and to relate these to a chronological framework. The Mug̲h̲als were given their first foothold in Indian territory in 800/1398 when Pīr Muḥammad, governor of Kābul and a grandson of Tīmūr, attacked Uččh and Multān, and established a gov…

, the name currently employed in Arabic for the Indian sub-continent. The current names in Persian were Hindūstān, Hindistān, “land of the Hindūs” [ q.v.], whence Ottoman Turkish Hindistān. The present article comprises the following sections: For Anglo-Muhammedan law, see s̲h̲arīʿa ; for political parties, see ḥizb ; for the development of the apparatus of modern government, see ḥukūma ; for the events leading to partition and for the history of Pakistan since independence, see pākistān . (Ed.) i.— The Geography of India according to the mediaeval muslim geographers. (a) The term “ Hin…

(< Skr. s̲h̲is̲h̲ya “disciple, learner”), a religious group of northern India whose beliefs and practices combine Islamic and Hindu elements and which was founded in the later 15th century by Nānak, the first Guru or teacher. 1. General. The authoritative rahit-nāma or manual of Sikhism of 1950, the Sikh Rahit Maryada , defines a Sikh as one who believes in Akāl Purakh (“the Eternal One”); in the ten Gurus (“preceptors”, identified with the inner voice of God) and their teachings; in the Ādi Granth (“the Ancient Book”, the chief Sikh scripture, and the initiation ( amrit …

, the Persian equivalent of the Arabic ʿaskar , d̲j̲und [ q.v.], or d̲j̲ays̲h̲ [ q.v.], and the term normally used by the Indian Muslim rulers for army. Though armies were generally organised according to the Perso-Turkish military traditions of the G̲h̲aznawids and the Sald̲j̲ūḳids, Mongol traditions were also assimilated later into the subsequent plans for the reorganisation of the las̲h̲kar . Composition and organisation. The las̲h̲kar of the Dihlī Sulṭāns, that of the 9th/15th century provincial dynasties, and that of the Mug̲h̲als was divided into the cav…

(a.), the name of apoem written in rhyming couplets. 1. In Arabic literature, see muzdawid̲j̲ . 2. In Persian. According to the prosodist S̲h̲ams-i-Ḳays (7th/13th ¶ century), the name refers to “a poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines ( abyāt-i mustaḳill-i muṣarraʿ ). The Persians call it mat̲h̲nawī because each line requires two rhyming letters— This kind ( nawʿ ) is used in extensive narratives and long stories which cannot easily be treated of in poems with one specific rhyming letter” ( al-Muʿd̲j̲am , ed. Tehran 1338/1959, 418f.). The fir…

, Arabic term often translated by “satire”, but more precisely denoting a curse, an invective diatribe or insult in verse, an insulting poem, then an epigram, and finally a satire in prose or verse. The etymological sense of the Arabic root h.d̲j̲.w may perhaps be deduced from the Hebrew root the basic sense of which is “to utter a sound in a low voice, to murmur” and hence “to meditate” (so too in Syriac), but also “to pronounce incantations in a low voice” (see L. Koehler, Lexicon in Vet . Test . libros , 1949, 224; König, Hebräisches Wörterbuch , 75; Genesius, Lexicon, Leipzig 1833, 266; Jast…

4. xi. Algeria When the French began their occupation of Algeria in 1830 there existed multiple legal traditions. The predominant Islamic tradition was the Mālikī one which had taken root in North Africa a thousand years earlier. In the 10th/16th century, Algeria’s Ottoman rulers had introduced the Ḥanafī tradition, which prevailed in the heartland of the empire. The Turkish military élite, and their offspring from marriages with local women, the Ḳulug̲h̲lī s [see ḳul-og̲h̲lu ], tended to follow the Ḥanafī tradition. Appeals, and particularly difficult cases, might be referred to a ma…