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French diplomat, archaeologist and doctor. Forenames also: Paolo Emilio. Born Turin 6. 12. 1802 (Italy), died Achères (France) 29. 3. 1870. ¶ World tour 1826–1829 [4]; [6]. 1825 doctorate of medicine, Turin; 1830 departure for Cairo, where he was court physician to the Egyptian Khedive Mehmed Ali. Journeyed through Palestine. 1832 expedition to Nubia. In the French diplomatic service from 1833. 1833 consul-general at Alexandria; 1835–1836 research trip to Yemen. 1841 consul at Mosul. 1842 test digs on Tell Kuyunjik (…

Danish archaeologist and philologist. Born 17. 11. 1780 at Fruering, near Skanderborg, died Copenhagen 26. 6. 1842. Studied theology at Copenhagen, 1802 doctorate, 1806 habil. there. Travelled to Greece 1810–1813 after four-year preparations in Paris and Rome. 1813 prof. ext. of philology at Copenhagen. 1818 represented the Danish royal house at the Holy See. 1820 travelled to the Ionian Islands, Malta and Sicily. 1832 return to Copenhagen, where he was made Keeper of the Royal Cabinet of Coins …

[English version] Owing to its prominent position on the maritime route that connects the Aegean to the Levant, the urban site of Cnidus (C.) at the tip of the Cnidian peninsula (Tekir Cape, formerly Cape Krio) had become accessible for archaeological research at an early stage. Thus, first steps were taken in the wake of naval expeditions that opened up the Aegean coast of Asia Minor in the first half of the 19th cent. The important European naval powers of the time, especially England and France…

Kranz, Margarita I. Introduction (CT) [German version] A. The Ottoman Period (CT) The turn to Classical Antiquity (an un-Islamic, heathen past and a foreign, predominantly Greek history) had necessarily to come up against the rejection of the Turkish Muslims of the Ottoman period, and likewise of the nationalist Turkish Republic for religious and nationalistic reasons. An increased consideration of Antiquity may be observed in Ottoman Turkey (T.) around the middle of the 19th cent., as a result of the efforts at reform by Mahmud II (1808-1839), in the context of a Tanzımat ('reorganis…

Saleh, Mohamed (Cairo ) [German version] A. History (CT) A firman (decree) concerning the preservation of antiquities was issued in Egypt for the first time in 1835, after the country's monuments had for very many years been plundered by native and foreign treasure-hunters and sent to Europe. At the same time, the scholar Refaa el Tahtawi was commissioned by the Wali (governor) Mohamed Ali to set up a museum for Egyptian antiquities under his supervision, which was to be located in the Ezbakiah Garden in …

El-Abbadi, Mostafa (Alexandria RWG) I. History (CT) [German version] A. Late Antiquity (CT) In Alexandria (A.), as in other cities of the Roman Empire, the transition from the pagan Graeco-Roman times to Christian Late Antiquity was accompanied by violence. A decisive event was the destruction in AD 391 of the Serapeum and the library annexed to it. A church was built on its ruins and the ‘Great Church’ was founded on the site of the Caesareum. Christian A. soon acquired significance owing to its leading rol…

Saleh, Mohamed (Kairo) RWG [English version] A. Geschichte (RWG) Im J. 1835 wurde erstmals in Ägypten ein Firman (Dekret) für den Denkmalschutz erlassen, nachdem die Monumente des Landes über viele J. hinweg von einheimischen und ausländischen Schatzjägern geplündert und nach Europa verschickt worden waren. Der Gelehrte Refaa el Tahtawi wurde gleichzeitig von dem Wali (Gouverneur) Mohamed Ali beauftragt, ein Mus. für ägypt. Denkmäler unter seiner Aufsicht zu gründen und zwar im Ezbakiah Garden im Zentrum…