b. ʿAlī , Amīr and “Grand S̲h̲arīf” of ¶ Mecca and the Ḥid̲j̲āz from 1326/1908 to 1335/1916, and King of the Ḥid̲j̲āz from 1335/1916 to 1343/1924, was the elder son of the second son, ʿAlī, of the first Sharifian Amīr of Mecca of the ʿAbādila family of the ʿAwn branch of the Meccan S̲h̲arīfs, the famous Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Muʿīn b. ʿAwn, who died in 1275/1858. In spite of almost-successful attempts by the long-dominant Zayd branch of the S̲h̲arīfs to regain the Meccan amrate, the descendants of Muḥammad ibn ʿAwn in fact retained it until its disappearance. Ḥusayn, born in Istanbul in 1270/1…

, who was known until his accession to the throne as Sulṭān Ḥusayn Mīrzā, was the eldest son of S̲h̲āh Sulaymān, the Ṣafawid monarch who reigned 1077-1105/1666-94. Ḥusayn, who was born in 1079/1668, was by nature quiet and studious, with an inclination in his earlier years to austerity. Having been brought up in the harem, in accordance with the pernicious practice inaugurated by S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās I, Ḥusayn was completely ignorant of state affairs and, indeed, of the world in general when, at the ag…

[see ḥusayn ].

Mīrzā b. Manṣūr b. Bayḳara was born in Harāt in Miḥarram 842/June 1438. At the age of 14 he entered the service of Abu’l-Ḳāsim Bābur. In 858/1454, when Abu’l-Ḳāsim Bābur made peace with Abū Saʿīd, Ḥusayn Mīrzā entered the service of the latter, but was imprisoned by him. After his release through the intervention of his mother, he returned to Abu’l-Ḳāsim Bābur, with whom he remained till his death (861/1457). He then joined Muʿizz al-Dīn Sand̲j̲ar, who held Marw, Māk̲h̲ān and D…

[see d̲j̲ahān-sūz ].

( Küčük Ḥüseyin Pas̲h̲a ) ¶ (1758-1803), Ottoman Ḳapudān Pas̲h̲a of Circassian origin. Since he was 46 years old at his death in 1803, he must have been born in 1758. He was presented to Sultan Muṣṭafā III by the Silāḥdār Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a, in 1181/1767-8. Although it has been asserted that he was the foster-brother of Selīm III ( K̲h̲arīṭa-i Ḳapudānān-i deryā , 105), it seems more likely that his first duty in the palace was in the service of Prince Meḥmed (b. 1767), the brother of Selīm III (Wāṣif, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , MS Ali Emiri (Millet Kütüp.) 609, fol. 197a; D̲j̲ewdet, Taʾrīk̲h̲, vii, 266). Küčük Ḥüse…

, in modern Turkish Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpinar (1864-1944), Turkish novelist and short story writer, who although outside all the literary currents and movements of his time, remained the most popular writer from the 1890’s until the late 1920’s. Ḥusayn Raḥmī was born in the Ayaspasa quarter of Istanbul on 17 August 1864, the son of Meḥmed Saʿīd Pas̲h̲a, an aide to Sultan ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. The family came originally from Aydi̊n. He lost his mother at the age of three, when his father was serving in Crete. He attended primary and secondary schools in Istanbul and later the Mak̲h̲red̲j̲-i aḳlām …

b. ʿAlī , Bey of Tunis (1705-35), founder of the Ḥusaynid dynasty. The son of a ¶ Greek renegade recruited into the ranks of the od̲j̲aḳ , Ḥusayn was āg̲h̲ā of the sipāhis at the time of the war between Algeria and Tunisia (1704-5). Proclaimed Bey after the capture of Bey Ibrāhīm by the Algerian troops, Ḥusayn first repulsed the Algerians, then got rid of the Dey, Muḥammad K̲h̲od̲j̲a, who was supported by the army, and finally also of Bey Ibrāhīm after he had been set free. Ḥusayn was recognized by the Ottoman Sultan, who gave him the title of Pas̲h̲a with the rank of Beylerbeyi …

( Banū Abī Ḥusayn ) Sicilian dynasty [see kalbids ].

, see Supplement.

(1889-1973): Egyptian critic, essayist, novelist, short story writer, historian, literary and political journalist, translator, editor, publisher and educator. (1) His formation. He was born in ʿIzbat al-Kīlū near Mag̲h̲āg̲h̲a in the governorate of Minyā, the seventh of thirteen children in a family of modest condition. At the age of two, he lost his eyesight. Local educational resources equipped him with little more than the memorisation of the Ḳurʾān. In 1902 he was sent to al-Azhar University under the care of an elder brother who ¶ was a disciple of its rector, Muḥammad ʿAbduh [ q.v.…

(mod. Turkish Hüseyi̇n cahi̇t yalçin , 1874-1957), Turkish writer, journalist and politician. His parents were from Istanbul. He was born at Bahkesir while his father ʿAlī Riḍā was serving as government accountant in the province. He attended the primary school at Serres in Macedonia and the lycée at Istanbul. On completing his studies at the School of Political Science ( Mülkiye ) in 1896 he became a civil servant in the Ministry of Education. In the meantime he had taught himself French. He taught Turkish and French in various schools and became the headmaster of the iʿdādī …

(1), Sayyid al-Sādāt ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abu ’l-Muẓaffar S̲h̲āḥ Ḥusayn Sulṭān (to quote his full titles) b. al-Sayyid As̲h̲raf al-Ḥusaynī al-Makkī , the founder of the Ḥusayn-S̲h̲āhī dynasty of Bengal, claimed descent from the S̲h̲arīf s of Mecca. His father migrated from Tirmid̲h̲ [ q.v.] and settled in Rādh, a small village in the district of Čāndpūr, where he received his education from the local ḳādī , whose daughter he later married. After completing his education he entered the service of the Ḥabs̲h̲ī Sultan S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muẓaffar S̲h̲āh ( reg . 897/1491-899/14…

[see karbalāʾ ].

(2), b. Maḥmūd S̲h̲āh S̲h̲arḳī ( reg . 840/1436-862/1458) was the last of the line of the S̲h̲arḳī Sultans of the independent kingdom of Ḏj̲awnpūr [ q.v.], who ascended the throne in 863/1458 after the death, in an armed conflict, of his elder brother Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, at that time engaged in hostilities against Buhlōl Lōdī [ q.v.], the king of Delhi. Ḥusayn, immediately on his accession, concluded a four-year truce with Buhlōl. He utilized the respite by leading a powerful army into Tirhut and Orissa, both of which he reduced, compelling the Hindu ru…

[see hoesein djajad iningrat , above].

, S̲h̲āh , Ṣafawid ruler, reigned 1105-35/1694-1722, the eldest son and successor of S̲h̲āh Sulaymān [ q.v.], born in 1080/1669-70 to a Circassian mother, and died in 1139/1726. He was crowned S̲h̲āh on 7 August 1694, nine days after his father’s death after divisions of opinion at court over the succession. S̲h̲āh Ṣultān Ḥusayn resembled his father in having grown up in the confines of the harem and in coming to power with limited life experience and virtually no training in the affairs of state. Exceedingly devout, he immediately fell under th…

(1853-1917), Sultan of Egypt under the British Protectorate from December 1914 to October 1917. A son of Khedive Ismāʿīl [ q.v.], he was born in Cairo. When he was eight years old, he entered the school at the Manyal Palace specially opened by his father for his sons and the sons of notables. In 1867, he accompanied his father to Istanbul on a visit to the Ottoman Sultan. Soon afterwards he visited Paris, and stayed at the court of Napoleon III. He returned briefly to Egypt for ¶ the official opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, after which he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Vic…

b. al-Ḥusayn , the last dey of Algiers, was born at Izmir and ruled from 1818 to 1830. When his predecessor ʿAlī K̲h̲od̲j̲a died of the plague on 1 March 1818 Ḥusayn was occupying the high office of k̲h̲od̲j̲at al-k̲h̲ayl (tribute collector). Ḥusayn was raised to the dignity of dey without having sought it, and being of a moderate disposition opened his reign by gestures of clemency. His reward was two attempts at assassination. Thereafter he remained mostly in the kasbah, which dominated the city of Algiers, surrounded by Kabyle guards. There was unrest in Algeria: the beys of Consta…

[see kās̲h̲ifī ].

, son of Rāy Sahrā entitled Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, the founder of the Langāh dynasty of Multān, who had usurped the throne by treacherously ousting his son-in-law, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, succeeded to the rule on the death of his father in 874/1469. Adventurous by nature, he began his reign by launching a succession of campaigns against the neighbouring forts of S̲h̲ōr (modern S̲h̲orkōt́), Činiōt́ [ q.v.] and Kahrōŕ (modern Kahrōŕ Pucca), which he easily reduced. At this time S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, who had taken refuge with Buhlōl Lōdī, the king of Delhi, p…

[see al-ḥusayn al-k̲h̲alīʿ ].

, Indian lawyer and politician (1878-1937), born at Gadia, Bārābankī district, and educated at Lucknow and London (Barrister-at-Law). He received the Order of ʿOt̲h̲māniyya from the Sultan of Turkey, and proposed the idea of the And̲j̲uman-i K̲h̲uddām-i Kaʿba [ q.v. in Suppl.] (1913-18) for the protection of Mecca and other holy places as a reaction to the Turco-Italian and Balkan wars (Y.B. Mathur, Muslims and changing India, Delhi 1972, 145-64). He played a leading part in the K̲h̲ilāfat Movement [ q.v.] representing the militant trend within the movement, presiding over …

(Hüseyin Ḥilmi Paşa), twice Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, was born in Mitylene (Midilli) in 1855. He came from a modest background, being the son of Kütahyali̊zāde Muṣṭafā Efendi, an ordinary merchant. After receiving a traditional education—first in a medrese , then in a rüs̲h̲diye (secondary school), and learning fiḳh (Islamic jurisprudence) and French from private tutors—Ḥilmī entered the local bureaucracy in 1874. He remained in Mitylene for a further nine years and then saw service in Aydi̊n (1883), Syria (1885) and Bag̲h̲dād (1892); he became governor ( wālī …

, of the Kindī tribe of the Sakūn, a general of the Sufyānids. At Ṣiffīn, he fought in the Umayyad ranks. On the accession of Yazīd I, he was governor of the important district of Ḥimṣ. He then had to intervene with Yazīd for Ibn Mufarrig̲h̲ [ q.v.], who had been imprisoned by ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād. When the expedition against the holy cities of the Ḥid̲j̲āz was planned, Ḥuṣayn was appointed lieutenant of the commanderin-chief Muslim b. ʿUḳba al-Murrī [ q.v.] and, in this capacity, distinguished himself at the battle of the Ḥarra [ q.v.]. During the march on Mecca, the dying Muslim, in or…

[see (al-)ḥusayn b. al-ḍaḥḥāk ].

[see al-ḥallād̲j̲ ].

[see abū ʿabd allāh al-s̲h̲īʿī ; ibn k̲h̲ālawayh ].

(also known as Mīrza S̲h̲āh Ḥasan ) b. S̲h̲āh Bēg Arg̲h̲ūn, the founder of the Arg̲h̲ūn dynasty of Sind, was born in 896/1490 most probably at Ḳandahār which was then held by his father. On Bābur’s occupation of Ḳandahār in 913/1507 S̲h̲āh Bēg came to Sind and occupied the adjoining territories of S̲h̲āl and Sīwī (modern Sibī). In 921/1515 Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh fell out with his father and joined the service of Bābur, with whom he remained for two years. The domestic quarrel having been …

al-ʿĀs̲h̲ūrī al-Ḥusaynī al-Urmawī originated from Urmiya in western Persia. It is not known when he, or perhaps already his family before him, migrated to the Ottoman empire. Nor do we know much about his studies and career. He was apparently a protégé of the Grand Vizier Meḥmed Soḳullu (d. 987/1579) and of the influential K̲h̲ōd̲j̲a Saʿd al-Dīn [ q.v.] whom he ¶ praised as his benefactor in one of his works (Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish manuscripts in the British Museum , 53b, and H. Sohrweide in Der Islam , xlvi [1970], 292). In 1569 Selīm II appointed him as S̲h̲āhnāmed̲j̲i …

[see ibn mākūlā ; al-mag̲h̲ribī ; al-ṭug̲h̲rāʾī ].

[see karbalāʾ ].

[see meḥmed k̲h̲alīfe ; al-s̲h̲arīf al-rāḍī ].

(b. 20 August 1888, d. December 1956), Egyptian writer of the first rank. He participated, with several of his contemporaries (al-ʿAḳḳād, al-Māzinī, Ṭāhā Ḥusayn, etc.) in the formation in his country of a liberal way of thought and a modern literature marked by attachment to Muslim values, the influence of Europe and consciousness of an Egyptian specificity. Having graduated in law from Cairo in 1909, he won a scholarship to France, and in 1913 presented his thesis in law on “The Egyptian Debt”. On his return from Cairo, he published in 1914 his first novel, Zaynab , …

b. Abī Numayy , Abū ʿAwn , S̲h̲arīf of Mecca in the early 11th/17th century. He was born in 974/1566, and became S̲h̲arīf and governor of the Ḥid̲j̲āz in 1011/1602-3 after his brother Abū Ṭālib and in conjunction with his nephew Muḥsin. This division of power ended, however, in a fierce internal family dispute, apparently over Idrīs’s retinue and followers ( Ḵh̲uddām ), and in 1034/1624-5 the family deposed Idrīs from the governship of the Ḥid̲j̲āz in favour of Muhsin. The conflict was resolved by a truce, during the time of which Idr…

, Mullā (1229-65/1814-49), the first convert to Bābism [ q.v.], and a leading figure of the movement’s early period. Born in K̲h̲urāsān to a mercantile family, he pursued religious studies in Mas̲h̲had, Tehran, Iṣfahān and Karbalāʾ, where he studied under Sayyid Kāẓim Ras̲h̲tī [ q.v.], head of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ī school [ q.v.]. During a long residence, he acquired a private following, which gave grounds for believing he might become Ras̲h̲tī’s successor. Following the latter’s death in 1844, Bus̲h̲rūʾī left for Kirmān to interview another prospective leader, Karīm K̲h…

(d. 1069/1659), Ottoman general, was probably born at Yeñis̲h̲ehir (near Bursa). While serving in the Palace as a balṭad̲j̲i̊ [ q.v.], he attracted the attention of Murād IV by a display of physical strength (Naʿīmā, vi, 399 f.); he became an intimate ( muḳarreb ) of the Sultan and rose to be first Küčük and then Büyük Mīr-ak̲h̲ōr (Grand Master of the Horse, see mīr-ak̲h̲ōr ). On 4 Muḥarram 1044/30 June 1634 he was appointed Grand Admiral (Ḳapudān Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]), with the rank of vizier, and as such was present on the Erivan (Rewān [ q.v.]) campaign of 1045/1635. On the way back, at Diyā…

[see fāḍil bey ].

, famous Persian calligraphier, pupil of the celebrated Mīr Sayyid Aḥmad Mas̲h̲hadī and teacher of the no less famous Mīr ʿImād. His remarkable command of the art of calligraphy, so popular in Persia, brought him the title of honour mihīn Ustād (“greatest master”). His father Mīrzā S̲h̲ukr Allāh was mustawfī al-Mamālik to the Ṣafawid Ṭahmāsp I (930-84/1524-76); the master himself, according to the Oriental sources, was vizier to S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl Ii (984-5/1576-8) but lost the favour of the sovereign and was forced to flee to India, where he remai…

[see al-k̲h̲aḍir b. al-ḥusayn ].

, Indian Muslim poet, who wrote in Urdu under the pen-name of Akbar. Born in 1846 in Bāra, a small village near Allāhābād, he received a casual and desultory schooling. After several years’ practice as a lawyer, he spent many years of his life as a judge in the service of the British government, till his retirement in 1903. He died in Sept. 1921. His chief characteristic is his use of humour and satire to enforce his views on political and social subjects. The employment of jeux de mots, of which he made frequent and effective use, greatly added to his popular appeal. His command o…

b. Ḥamdūn b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ ... al-ʿAdawī al-Tag̲h̲libī , the first member of the Ḥamdānid family [see ḥamdānids ] to play an important part in the history of the caliphate at the end of the 3rd/9th and the beginning of the 4th/10th century who, unlike his father Ḥamdān, was active not only locally in the D̲j̲azīra but also in Bag̲h̲dād and in other regions of the empire of the caliphs. At first a K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī, he began his career by an opportunist support of the caliph al-Muʿtaḍid by giving up to him in 282/895 Ar…

( ca. 1016-81/1607-70), a Persian poet. Mullā Nāẓim, son of S̲h̲āh Riḍā Sabzawārī, was born in Harāt about 1016/1607 and spent the greater part of his life there. Little is known of his career, except that he made a journey to India and, after spending several years in D̲j̲ahāngīrnagar, returned to his native town where he died in 1081/1670-71. He was court poet of the Beglerbegis of Harāt and his greatest work, the Yūsuf ¶ u Zulayk̲h̲ā , begun in 1058/1648 and finished in 1072/1661-2, was dedicated to one of these governors, ʿAbbās Ḳūlī K̲h̲ān S̲h̲…

[see sīdī raʾīs ].

(d. 1114/1702), Ottoman Grand Vizier, was a nephew of Köprülü Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [see köprülü ], his nickname ʿAmūd̲j̲a-zāde, T. ʿAmd̲j̲a-zāde “uncle’s son”, being given to him by his cousin Fāḍil Aḥmed Pas̲h̲a. He was present on the campaign against Vienna in 1094/1683 (Silāḥdār, Taʾrīk̲h̲, ii, 67), but after the defeat and execution of the Grand Vizier Ḳara Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a he, with other officials, was sent under guard to the Porte ( op. cit., ii, 123); he was appointed governor of S̲h̲ehr-i Zūr ( op. cit., ii, 125), but very soon afterwards was transferred as military governor ( muḥāfiẓ) of …

, Ottoman general and Grand Vizier under Sultan ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, was born at Gelendost, a village of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Isparta ( wilāyet of Konya) in 1236/1820-1; his father was a poor peasant named Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a. He came to Istanbul at the age of sixteen and entered the Mekteb-i Ḥarbiye (Military Academy), from where he was promoted to staff captain in 1264/1848. After a few years of teaching at the same institution, on the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853) he joined the army with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He distingu…

, Ottoman vizier ¶ noted for his leadership in the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826, was born at Edirne in 1190/1776-7. His father, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Muṣṭafā, believed to be from Rusčuk [ q.v.], moved to Bender [ q.v.], where Ḥusayn enlisted in the 9th Janissary bölük [ q.v.] and reached Istanbul in 1203/1788-9. He had begun his career as a porter, then took part in the campaign against Russia in 1807-12. Ḥusayn became an usta (sergeant) and associated with (Silāḥdār) ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a, who recommended Ḥusayn to Maḥmūd II between 1811 and 1817 when ʿAlī was the sultan’s swordbearer (Ḏj̲ewdet. Taʾr…

b. Muṣʿab b. Ruzayḳ, called D̲h̲u ’l-Yamīhayn (? “the ambidextrous”), b. 159/776, d. 207/822, the founder of a short line of governors in K̲h̲urāsān during the high ʿAbbāsid period, the Ṭāhirids [ q.v.]. His forebears had the aristocratic Arabic nisba of “al-K̲h̲uzāʿī”, but were almost certainly of eastern Persian mawlā stock, Muṣʿab having played a part in the ʿAbbāsid Revolution as secretary to the dāʿī Sulaymān b. Kat̲h̲īr [ q.v.]. He and his son al-Ḥusayn were rewarded with the governorship of Pūs̲h̲ang [see būs̲h̲and̲j̲ ], and Muṣʿab at least apparently governed Harāt also. …

Zaydpurī, one of the earliest Muslim historians of Bengal, migrated from his home-town Zaydpur, near Bāra Bańkī in Awadh, to English Bāzār or New Mālda (Bengal), also called Ańgrēzābād, and became D́āk Muns̲h̲ī , or Postmaster, there under George Udny (Udney), the Commercial Resident of the East India Company’s factory at that place. Apparently a well-educated man, he undertook to write, at the request of Udny, a history of Bengal, which he named Riyāḍ al-salāṭīn (chronogram of 1207/1787-8, the date of completion). ¶ This work is divided into a muḳaddima and four rawḍās …

[see hid̲j̲āʾ . iv. Urdu].

[see al-rāg̲h̲ib al-iṣfahānī ].

, the laḳab of a granddaughter of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. There are different versions of her name; she is called either Umayma (according to Muḥammad b. al-Sāyib al-Kalbī, al-Fihrist , Cairo, n.d. 140), or Amīna or Āmina ( Ag̲h̲ānī 3, xvi, 139-41); there is a preference for the last of these names because of the k̲h̲abar cited by al-Madāʾinī about the origins of the character differences between her and her eldest sister Fāṭima: wa-(i) smuhā Āmina wa-hād̲h̲ā huwa al-ṣaḥīḥ , her authentic name is certainly Āmina ( K. al-Murdifāt min Ḳurays̲h̲ , in Nawādir al-mak̲h̲ṭūṭāt , Cairo 1392/1972, i, 68; Ag̲…

, son of Maḥmūd langāh ( reg . 904/1498-9—931/1524-5), the ruler of Multān, was still a minor when he succeeded to the throne on the death of his father in 931/1524-25. Taking advantage of the ruler’s minority and prompted by Bābur [ q.v.], Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh Arg̲h̲ūn [ q.v.], the ruler of Sind, set out against Multān. Maḥmūd Langāh marched out to defend his kingdom, but while he was only one or two stages away from his capital he suddenly died, poisoned, it was believed, by Langaŕ K̲h̲ān Langāh, the commander of his army, who later deserted to Ḥ…

, the third ruler of the Niẓām S̲h̲āhī sultanate of Aḥmadnagar, reg . 961-72/1554-65. He was the eldest son of Burhān I Niẓām S̲h̲āh, whose example he followed in adopting the S̲h̲īʿa forms of worship (for the political implications of this in the Deccan see niẓām s̲h̲āhīs ); he succeeded him as al-Muʾayyad min ʿind Allāh Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh (regnal title from Burhān-i maʾāt̲h̲ir ; no coins of this reign are known) without difficulty, having been able to remove other possible claimants from Aḥmadnagar city during his father’s lifetine, but w…

( Celāl Ḥüseyin Çelebi ), Turkish poet. He was born in Monastir, the son of a sipāhī (?-978/1571?). As a young man he went to Istanbul to study, later wandered in Syria where he found protectors through whose help he entered the court of prince Selīm, who liked his easy manner and gaiety and who kept him at his court when he ascended the throne as Selīm II. Ḏj̲alāl remained a boon-companion of the Sultan until he became involved in political intrigues and religious controversies; he then had to leave court life and returned to his home-town where he died. His dīwān has not come down to us. Many…

al-Bāhilī , Abū ʿAlī , with the nicknames As̲h̲ḳar and, more particularly, al-K̲h̲alīʿ “the Debauched”, a Baṣra poet who spent almost the whole of his life in the entourage of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and who can be regarded as the perfect type of court poet, at least at a court dominated by the taste for pleasure, indeed for debauchery. His family, which originated in K̲h̲urāsān, had for a long time been connected with the ¶ mawālī of the Bāhila when Ḥusayn was born, probably in the 150’s, since he could remember an incident that occurred in 160/775. With his childhood friend Abū Nuwās [ q.v.] he stu…

, Amīr of Transjordan (S̲h̲arḳ al-Urdunn), afterwards king of Hās̲h̲imite Jordan (al-Mamlaka al-Urdunniyya al-Hās̲h̲imiyya), second son of the s̲h̲arīf al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī [ q.v.] king of Ḥid̲j̲āz. Born in Mecca, in 1882, he studied in Istanbul. After the revolution of 1908, he represented for some time the Ḥid̲j̲āz in the Ottoman parliament. Just before the first world war he joined the Arab Union, an association founded in Cairo by the Syrian Muḥammad Ras̲h̲īd Riḍā [ q.v.]. In April 1914 he had interviews in Egypt with Lord Kitchener and Ronald Storrs and thus took par…

, a saint ( walī ) of Ethiopia, whose ḳubba , in the Bale or Bali region of Oromo province, is the goal of an important popular pilgrimage. There are various orthographies of his name: Scec Hussèn, Schech Ussen (Italian), S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥusayn (Arabic), Shék Husén (Oromo, Amharic), Sheekh Xuseen (Somali), etc. ¶ S̲h̲. Nūr Ḥusayn is said to have lived ca. A.D. 1200. Coming from Merca, on the Somaliland coast, or possibly from Harar, he was reputedly the first great preacher of Islam in the region. He was a thaumaturge, who also had the gift of ubiquitousness.…

, muḥammad b. ʿalī b. al-ṭayyib b. al-ḥusayn , Muʿtazili theologian. Little is known about his education and early career. He originated from Baṣra where he heard ḥadīt̲h̲ . As he studied kalām and uṣūl al-fiḳh with Ḳāḍī ʿAbd al-D̲j̲abbār [ q.v.], he must have visited Rayy for some time. With the Christian Abū ʿAlī b. al-Samḥ, a student of Yaḥyā b. ʿAdī, he studied philosophy and sciences, presumably in Bag̲h̲dād. This is attested by a manuscript containing his redaction of the notes of Ibn al-Samḥ on the Physics of Aristotle. He may have also studied and prac…

[see ʿalī b. ḥanzala , above].

[see ibn sīnā ].

al-S̲h̲īrāzī , Abu ’l-Faḍl , vizier. At the death of al-Muhallabī in 352/963, al-ʿAbbās, head of the Dīwān of Expenses, was charged by the Būyid Muʿizz al-Dawla with the functions of a vizier, together with another secretary, Ibn Fasānd̲j̲as, but without succeeding to the title. After the death of Muʿizz al-Dawla in 356/967, he was appointed vizier by the son and successor of Muʿizz al-Dawla, Bak̲h̲tiyār. He succeeded in suppressing the rebellion of another son of Muʿizz al-Daw…

al-Ḥasanī b. Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī al-Mulk Naṣīr al-Dawla S. Hidāyat ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān “Ḍamir”, Bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī to S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam (reigned 1173/1759-1221/1806), b. S. ʿĀlīm Allāh b. S. Fayḍ Allāh Ṭabāṭabāʾī, was born at Delhi (S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahānabād) in 1140/1727-8 in a poor family. When he was five years old the family migrated to Murs̲h̲idābād [ q.v.], where Allāh Wirdī Ḵh̲ān Mahābat Ḏj̲ang, a kinsman of his mother, was then living in the service of S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ al-Dawla, the Nāẓim of Bengal. Soon afterwards, when Allāh Wirdī Ḵh̲ān was appointed the Nāẓim of ʿAẓīmābād (Patna), S. Hidāyat ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān wen…

, grandson of the Prophet and son of Fāṭima [ q.v.], famous because of his revolt which ended tragically at Karbalāʾ on 10 Muḥarram 61/October 680. Childhood and youth. (Al-)Ḥusayn was born at Medina, according to the majority of the sources in the beginning of S̲h̲aʿbān 4/January 626. He was thus still a child when the Prophet died and could therefore have very few memories of his grandfather. A number of ḥadīt̲h̲s mention the affectionate phrases which Muḥammad is said to have used of his grandsons, e.g., “whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me” and “al-Ḥas…

, Algerian corsair and Ottoman admiral (d. 1113/1701); he owes his Italian nickname “halfdead” (in Turkish ‘mezemorṭa’) to the fact that as a young man he had been wounded, apparently fatally, in a sea-fight with the Spaniards. Nothing certain is known about his origin: according to A. de La Motraye ( Voyages , La Haye 1727, i, 206) he was born in Majorca. He first appears, as a well-known corsair, in 1674 (Grammont, Relations entre la France et la Régence d’Alger au XVII e siècle , Algiers 1955, 52), and gradually made himself one of the most prominent fig…

, ʿAlid who led a revolt at Medina during the caliphate of al-Hādī ila ’l-haḳḳ [ q.v.] and was killed at Fak̲h̲k̲h̲ on 8 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 169/11 June 786 (the date 170 suggested in some sources is incorrect, since al-Hādī died on 16 Rabīʿ I 170/15 September 786, and it is certain that the insurrection took place in the last months of the year). His father was the ʿAlī al-ʿĀbid (or al-K̲h̲ayr or al-Ag̲h̲arr), famous for his piety and his noble sentiments, who wished to share the fate of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Mut̲h̲annā (= ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib [ q.v.]) and the…

(1898-1970 or 1972), fourth son of the Grand S̲h̲arīf of Mecca, al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī [ q.v.] by a Circassian wife. His involvement in Hās̲h̲imī activities and politics was limited. He participated as a leader in the early stages of the Arab Revolt in Ḥid̲j̲āz in 1916. He was his father’s representative in 1924 at a British-sponsored conference in Kuwayt which tried to resolve Hās̲h̲imī-Suʿūdī border differences. In 1947 he was a minister in London for ʿIrāḳ after Britain decided to refer the Palestine problem to the United Nations. (Hussein Sirriyeh) Bibliography R. Baker, King Husain and …

, great-grandson of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and Fāṭima and leader of the revolt that gave rise to the Zaydiyya [ q.v.] branch of the S̲h̲īʿa. He was born in Medina in 75/694-5 according to his son al-Ḥusayn. This date seems more reliable than the year 79/698 or 80/699 usually mentioned by the Sunnī sources. He was thus at least 18 years younger than his brother Muḥammad al-Bāḳir, who became the head of the Ḥusaynids after the death of their father ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn in 94/712-13 and was widely recognised as the imām by the S̲h̲īʿa. Zayd’s mother was a woman of slave o…

[see Kas̲h̲mīr ].

[see al-rūdhrawarī ].

[see zayn al-ʿābidīn ],

(“[man of] a thousand skills”, i.e., “polymath”), Ottoman man of letters of the 11th/17th century, was the son of a certain Ḏj̲aʿfer, a native of Cos (Turkish: Istanköy). After completing his education in Istanbul he was for a time in government service as a Treasury official, and then devoted himself to writing and teaching. The generally accepted date for his death, 1103/1691-2, appears to rest solely on a deduction of G. Flügel ( Handschriften . . . Wien , ii, 104); since he was already about 70 years old in 1671 (Babinger, 228, n. 2), the date gi…

, preceptor and favourite of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrāhīm [ q.v.], was born at Zaʿfarānborli̊si̊ (Safranbolu, now a kaza of the vilâyet of Zonguldak), the son of a certain S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Meḥmed, son of S̲h̲eyk̲h̲ Ibrāhīm; he claimed to be descended from Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḳonewī [ q.v.]. He came to Istanbul and entered one of the medrese s of the Süleymāniyye, supporting himself by practising sorcery, which he had learned from his father at Safranbolu; this gained him the nickname Ḏj̲ind̲j̲i (“sorcerer”). He was not an able student, but h…

Zayn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍāʾil al-Ḥusaynī , often called al-Sayyid Ismāʿīl, a noble and celebrated physician who wrote in Persian and in Arabic. He went to live in K̲h̲wārizm in 504/1110 no and became attached to the K̲h̲wārizms̲h̲āhs Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Muḥammad (490/1097-521/1127), to whom he dedicated his D̲h̲ak̲h̲īra , and Atsi̊z b. Muḥammad (521/1127-551/1156), who commissioned him to write a shorter compendium, al-K̲h̲uffī al-ʿAlāʾī , so called because its two volumes were small enough to be taken by the prince on his journeys in his boots ( k̲h̲uff ). He later mov…

, surnamed Mak̲h̲dūm-i Ḏj̲ahāniyān D̲j̲ahāngas̲h̲t , one of the early pīr s of India, was the son of Sayyid Aḥmad Kabīr whose father Sayyid D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn-i Surk̲h̲ had migrated from Buk̲h̲ārā to Multān and Bhakkar [ q.v.]. A descendant of Imām ʿAlī al-Naḳī, his father was a disciple of Rukn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Fatḥ, son and successor of Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakariyyā [ q.v.]. Born 707/1308 at Uččh, where he also lies buried, he was educated in his home-town and in Multān but seems to have left for the Ḥid̲j̲āz at a very young age in search of more knowledge. He is re…

[see al-ahdal ].

, Yamanī Zaydī Imām. He was born in 378/988-9 as one of the younger sons of Imām al-Manṣūr bi’llāh [ q.v.] al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAlī al-ʿIyānī. In Ṣafar 401/September-October 1010 he proclaimed his imāmate at Ḳāʿa in al-Bawn and gained the support of tribes of Ḥimyar, Hamdān and ¶ the Mag̲h̲ārib region. He faced the opposition of the Ḥusaynī ʿAlid Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim al-Zaydī, based in Ḏh̲amār, and of the descendants of Yaḥyā al-Hādī, the founder of the Zaydī imamate in Yaman, whose stronghold was in Ṣaʿda. In 402/1011-12 he gained control of Ṣanʿāʾ…

[see al-k̲h̲aḍir , muḥammad b. al-ḥusayn ].

[see kalbids ].

b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. Ḥamdān al-Bag̲h̲dādī . Ḥanafī faḳīh who was born and who died at Bag̲h̲dād (362-5 Rad̲j̲ab 428/972-24 April 1037). He was head of the Ḥanafī school in ʿIrāḳ, and had occasion to lead several public discussions, in which he defended his own viewpoint, with his contemporary, the S̲h̲āfiʿī Abū Ḥāmid al-Isfarāʾinī, whom he however especially revered. A number of pupils gathered around him, the most famous of whom was al-K̲h̲aṭīb al-Bag̲h̲dādī [ q.v.]. As well as various works like his K. al-Nikāḥ on marriage and his K. al-Tad̲j̲rīd …

, Muḥammad Ḥusayn [see muḥammad ḥusayn tabrīzī ]. ¶

[see ḥusayn pas̲h̲a ].

[see ḥusayn hezārfenn ].

[see ḥusayn hezārfenn ].

[see ḥusayn d̲j̲ind̲j̲i ].

[see ḥusayn ḥilmī pas̲h̲a ; ibrāhīm ḥilmī pas̲h̲a ].

, Muḥammad Ḥusayn b. Ḵh̲alaf [see burhān ].

, a small town in the Bulands̲h̲ahr district of Uttar Pradesh, founded in 1704 by Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, a descendant of Sayyid Ḏj̲alāl al-Ḥusayn of Buk̲h̲ārā. (C. Collin-Davies)

, called Ḥusaynābād the Great ( buzurg ), is to be distinguished from two other Ḥusaynābāds, one of which existed in the modern Murshidabad district and the other in the 24 Parganas. Ḥusaynābād the Great was a town, now in the Malda district of West Bengal, which flourished during the times of the Bengal sultans Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh, Naṣrat S̲h̲āh, Fīrūz S̲h̲āh and Maḥmūd S̲h̲āh III. The name appears on the coins and inscriptions of Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh, but only on the coins of the other three…

b. Nād̲j̲iya b. Kaʿnab b. ʿAttāb b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. ʿAmr b. Hammām al-Riyāḥī , al-Yarbūʿī , al-Tamīmī came at the head of a troop of 1000 horsemen from al-Ḳādisiyya as a vanguard of the forces sent by ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād, the governor of al-ʿIrāḳ against al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib [ q.v.]. The latter was advancing at the time with a group of his kindred and followers in the direction of al-Kūfa. Al-Ḥurr was ordered to follow closely the group of al-Ḥusayn so as to bring him to ʿUbayd Allāh in al-Kūfa; he was however not told to fight. Accordi…

, the honorific title of two members of the S̲h̲ansabānid or G̲h̲ūrid [ q.v.] dynasty which ruled in Afg̲h̲ānistān and adjoining lands during the 6th-early 7th/12th-early 13th centuries: 1. Sayf al-Dīn Sūrī b. ʿIzz al-Dīn Ḥusayn, succeeded his father as ruler in G̲h̲ūr 540-3/1145-8, killed in battle with the G̲h̲aznavid Bahrām S̲h̲āh [see g̲h̲ūrids . 1. at II, 1100]. 2. Sayf al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusayn, ruler in the G̲h̲ūrid capital of Fīrūzkūh [ q.v.] 556-8/1161-3 [see ibid., at II, 1101].

founder of a line of governors of Baṣra (Āl Afrāsiyāb). He was an officer of unknown racial origin, who purchased the government of Baṣra from the local pas̲h̲a about 1021/1612. Afrāsiyāb was succeeded by his son ʿAlī in 1034/1624-5, during an attack on Baṣra by Persian forces, which failed in face of ʿAlī’s resistance. A second Persian attempt in 1038/1629 was equally unsuccessful. During the Turco-Persian struggle for Bag̲h̲dād, ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a took neither part and continued to govern his provin…

or Mirzā , a Persian title, from Mīr-zāda or Amīr-zāda , and originally meaning “born of a prince’’ (cf. Malik-zāda and Sarhang-zāda , which occur in Saʿdī, etc.). 1. In Persian usage. The title, in addition to bearing its original significance, was also given to noblemen and others of good birth, thus corresponding to the Turkish Āg̲h̲ā. Since the time of Nādir S̲h̲āh’s conquest of India, it has been further applied to educated men outside of the class of mullās or ¶ ʿulamāʾ . In modern times, but not formerly, the title is placed after the name of a pri…

, Ḥusayn b. Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn al-Maʿnī (Maʿn-og̲h̲lu) son of the famous Druze amīr , Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn II [ q.v.]; [see also maʿn , banū ], born on 14 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 1030/29 October 1621, his mother being the niece of Yūsuf Pas̲h̲a Sayfa, the Sunnī Turkoman chieftain in the regions of ʿAkkār and Tripoli. When he was an infant, his father sent him several times in delegations to receive senior Ottoman officials passing via the Syrian coast. Through bribery and other cunning methods, his father was in 1031/1621 able to get an imperial order entrusting Ḥusayn with the sand̲j̲aḳ …

, ḥusayn (in modern Turkish huseyi̇n kâzim kadri̇ ), 1870-1934, Turkish writer and lexicographer. His father, Ḳadrī Bey, the son of the vizier Edhem Pas̲h̲a, was a civil ¶ servant and the unpopular but colourful governor of Trabzon for ten years (1892-1902) under ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II. After attending various schools, Ḥusayn Kāẓi̊m graduated from the English School of Commerce in Izmir. He taught in schools, briefly tried journalism after the promulgation of the Constitution of 1908 and later served as a governor in the provinc…

, a place in ʿIrāḳ some 60 miles SSW of Bag̲h̲dād celebrated by the fact that the Prophet’s grandson al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī was killed and his decapitated body buried there ( Ḳabr al-Ḥusayn ). For all these events, see al-ḥusayn b. ʿalī . When it became a place of pilgrimage, Karbalāʾ became known as Mas̲h̲had (al-) Ḥusayn. The name Karbalāʾ probably comes from the Aramaic Karbelā (Daniel, III, 21) and from the Assyrian ¶ Karballatu, a kind of headdress; see G. Jacob, Türkische Bibliothek , xi, 35, n. 2. It is not mentioned in the pre-Islamic period. K̲h̲ālid b…

b. al-Ḥasan al-Mut̲h̲annā, Umm al-Ḥusayn, the mother of the Ḥasanid ʿAlid martyr al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, Ṣāḥib Fak̲h̲k̲h̲ [ q.v.], who led a revolt in Medina in 169/786 during the caliphate of Mūsā al-Hādī. According to Abu ’l-Farad̲j̲ al-Iṣfahānī, Maḳātil al-ṭālibiyyīn , Nad̲j̲af 1385/1965, 285-6, she and her husband were so famed for their religious devotion that they were known as “the pious couple”, al-zawd̲j̲ al-ṣāliḥ . (Ed.) Bibliography See also Muḥsin al-Amīn al-ʿĀmilī, Aʿyān al-S̲h̲īʿa, Damascus-Beirut 1356-74/1938-55, xxxiii, 169 no. 6825 and for her paternal ancestors,…

, Egyptian journalist who became Rector of al-Azhar [ q.v.]. ¶ Born in Egypt in 1882 (according to Y.A. Dāg̲h̲ir, Maṣādir ) or in 1885 (al-Ziriklī, Aʿlām ) and dying in 1946 or 1947, he belonged to a rich and aristocratic family. He was the son of Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a ʿAbd al-Rāziḳ and the brother of ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Rāziḳ, his junior by several years and famed for the “scandal” raised by his book al-Islām wa-uṣūl al-ḥukm in 1925, a little before the one which Ṭāhā Ḥusayn provoked with his al-S̲h̲iʿr al-d̲j̲āhilī . Despite being on a very different social level, Muṣṭafā ʿA…

(b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, al-Malik al-Ẓāfir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn), was the last prince of the house of the Banū Ṭāhir; he ruled in Yemen 894/1488-923/1517. Already in 922/1516, the Egyptian admiral Ḥusayn occupied the capital of Yemen, Zabīd, because ʿĀmir refused to supply the fleet sent out against the Portuguese with provisions. Ḥusayn left his brother Barsbay behind in the city; and in the following year ʿĀmir, who had taken flight together with his brother ʿAbd al-Malik, fell in a battle with Barsbay. As…

, tak̲h̲alluṣ of Muḥammad Ḥusayn b. Ḵh̲alaf al-Tabrīzī, compiler of the Persian dictionary Burhān-i Ḳāṭiʿ , completed in 1062/1651-2 at Ḥaydarābād and dedicated to Sulṭān ʿAbd al-Allāh Ḳuṭb S̲h̲āh, ruler of Golconda. A new revised, annotated and illustrated edition of the Burhān-i , Ḳāṭiʿ was published in Tehran in 4 vols., 1330-5 s./1951-6 (ed. Muḥammad Muʿīn). A Turkish translation was presented to Sulṭan Selim III by the historian ʿĀṣim [ q.v.]. (Ed.)