, a word of Persian origin designating on the one hand a staging-post and lodging [see also manzil ] on the main communication routes, on the other a warehouse, later a hostelry [see also funḍuḳ ] in the more important urban centres. I. The highway k̲h̲ān. The economic functions served by this institution have changed little from the Middle Ages to the present day. It had its roots in the beginnings of organised highway trade in the earliest times, but it flourished with particular vigour in the Islamic world. The K̲h̲ān was born of the need to ensure safe lodgi…

, a Turkish title ( k̲h̲an or ḳan ) first used by the Tʿu-chüeh apparently as a synonym of ḳag̲h̲an , the later k̲h̲āḳān [ q.v.], with which its relationship is obscure; it was afterwards normally applied to subordinate rulers. The title is first recorded in Muslim lands on the coins of the Ḳarak̲h̲ānids or Ilek K̲h̲āns [ q.v.]. Under the Sald̲j̲ūḳs and K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs, k̲h̲ān was the highest title of the nobility taking precedence over malik and amīr . It was applied by the Mongols to the head of an ulus [ q.v.], ḳāʾan , i.e. k̲h̲āḳān, being reserved for the Great K̲h̲ān in Ḳaraḳorum o…

[see ḳarak̲h̲ānids ].

, Naṣīr al-Dīn , the founder of a short-lived dynasty ruling in Kālpī [ q.v.] in the first half of the 9th/15th century. He was the son of Malikzāda Fīrūz b. Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn Turk, the wazīr of G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Tug̲h̲luḳ II, who was killed with his sovereign in Dihlī in 791/1389; after that event he fled to Kālpī, his iḳṭāʿ , gave it the honorific name of Muḥammadābād, and “aspired to independence” ( dam az istiḳlāl mīzad ). This was not difficult to attain in the disrupted conditions of the Dihlī sultanate after Tīmūr’s sack and withdrawal, and Maḥm…

, a Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a-sarāʾī (eunuch) who ultimately rose to the high office of a provincial governor under the emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]. Originally in the service of a grandee of Akbar’s court, on his death he joined the service of the Great Mogul who appointed him nāẓir (comptroller) of the household of Prince Salīm (later Ḏj̲ahāngīr) on his birth in 977/1569. He served the prince well and soon after his accession to the throne Salīm rewarded him by assigning to him the district of Gwāliyār as his d̲j̲āgīr in 1025/1607. Thereafter he received one promotion aft…

[see mahdī ʿalī k̲h̲ān ].

, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn al-Ḥasan b. Manṣūr al-Farg̲h̲ānī . 6th/12th century Ḥanafī jurist (d. Ramaḍān 592/August 1196), a native of Transoxania, who wrote commentaries on those works of Muḥammad al-S̲h̲aybānī, Abū Ḥanīfa’s disciple, recognized as ẓāhir al-riwāya (authentic version). A few manuscript copies of his commentaries are extant, notably a S̲h̲arḥ al-D̲j̲āmiʿ al-ṣag̲h̲īr and a S̲h̲arḥ al-Ziyādāt in the Cairo National Library. Ḳāḍī K̲h̲ān’s fame rests on his Fatāwā , also called al-Fatāwā al-k̲h̲āniyya , not, as the name would seem to suggest, a…

, a noble of the Indian Mug̲h̲al emperor Awrangzīb. He stemmed from Ḵh̲wāf [ q.v.] in Ḵh̲urāsān, but no information about his early career is available. In 1077/1666-7 he was appointed head of the dīwān-i Ḵh̲āliṣa ( dīwān of crown lands). In 1079/1668-9 he was promoted to the rank of 900 d̲h̲āt and 100 suwār . In 1080/1669-70 he reported that the expenditure had increased since the time of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān and that there was a large deficit; Awrangzīb thereupon ordered an enlargement of the Ḵh̲āliṣa lands and a reduction in expenditure. In 1082/1671-2 he was appointed fawd̲j̲dār [ q.v.] (comma…

Muḥammad Sāḳī , historian of Mug̲h̲al India. Born about 1961/1650, he was brought up as an adopted son by Muḥammad Bak̲h̲tāwar K̲h̲ān, whom he faithfully assisted in various capacities. After the death of his patron he passed into the service of Awrangzīb [ q.v.]. In the reign of S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam Bahādur S̲h̲āh I (1118-24/1707-12 [ q.v.]), he became the secretary of ʿInāyat Allāh K̲h̲ān. son of Mīrzā S̲h̲ukr Allāh, the minister of Bahādur S̲h̲āh, and by his desire Mustaʿidd K̲h̲ān composed the history of the reign of Awrangzib entitled Maʾāt̲h̲ir-i ʿĀlamgīrī . Part 1…

, a Kas̲h̲mīrī of obscure origin, whose name was Muḥammad Murād, was originally in the service of Bahādur S̲h̲āh I ( reg . 1119/1707-1124/1712), enjoying a rank of 1,000 and the title of Wakālat Ḵh̲ān. On the accession to the throne of the ill-starred Farruk̲h̲siyar [ q.v.] in 1125/1713 his name was included among those listed for execution but on the intercession of the (Bārha) Sayyid brothers, ʿAbd Allāh Ḵh̲ān and Ḥusayn ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān, known as king-makers ( Bāds̲h̲āh-gar ), he was spared, promoted to a high office, appointed as basāwal (harbinger) of the army, a…

, founder of the kingdom of Mālwa [ q.v.], whose real name was Ḥasan (Firis̲h̲ta, Nawalkishore ed., ii, 234); or Ḥusayn (Firis̲h̲ta, Briggs’s tr., iv, 170; so also Yazdani, op. cit. below); or ʿAmīd S̲h̲ah Dāwūd ( Tūzuk-i Ḏj̲ahāngīrī . tr. Rogers and Beveridge, ii, 407, based on the inscriptions of the D̲j̲āmiʿ masd̲j̲id (= Lāt́ masd̲j̲id) in Dhār, cf. Zafar Hasan, Inscriptions of Dhār and Mānḍū , in EIM, 1909-10, 11-2 and Plates III and IV). He was believed to be a lineal descendant of ¶ Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sām, S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn G̲h̲ūrī, and this belie…

or Munʿim Beg , K̲h̲ān-i K̲h̲ānān (902-83/1497-1575), a leading Tūrānī noble of the Indian Mug̲h̲al emperors Humāyūn and Akbar, was the son of Mīram Beg Andid̲j̲ānī. As a foster-brother of Bābur’s son ʿAskarī, he was counted among the important nobles of Humāyūn as early as 940/1534. Humāyūn appointed him governor of K̲h̲ōst [ q.v.] in 952/1545, and he accompanied his master on the Balk̲h̲ campaign of 956/1549. In 960/1553 he was appointed ataliḳ (principal adviser) of Akbar, and a year later of Akbar’s brother Muḥammad Ḥākim [ q.v. in Suppl.] at Kābul. In 967/1560 Akbar recalled …

, properly āḳā ḵh̲ān , title applied to the Imāms of the Nizārī [ q.v.] Ismāʿīlīs. It was originally an honorary title at the court of the Ḳād̲j̲ār S̲h̲āhs of Persia, borne by Ḥasan ʿAlī S̲h̲āh, who, after the murder of his father Ḵh̲alīl Allāh in 1817, gained the favour of Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh and received the hand of one of his daughters in marriage. ¶ In consequence of intrigues at the court under the reign of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, Ḥasan ʿAlī S̲h̲āh revolted in 1838 in Kirmān, but was defeated and fled in 1840 to Sind, where he rendered valuable services to Sir Ch.…

, a favourite eunuch, confidant and personal attendant of Awrangzīb [ q.v.] who entered his service in 1065/1654 while the latter was still a prince. In 1080/1669 he was appointed Dārōg̲hā-i Ḵh̲awāṣṣān . He died after a short illness at Aḥmadnagar on 15 Rabīʿ I, 1096/168 5 after faithfully serving Awrangzīb for 30 years. His death was personally mourned by the Emperor who led the funeral prayers and carried the bier for some paces. His dead body wa brought to Delhi where he was buried in a tomb that he had built for himself in…

, the Uyg̲h̲ur Turkish leader of a Muslim rebellion at Ḳomul [ q.v. in Suppl.] in Eastern Turkistan or Sinkiang [ q.v.] during the 1930s, b. 1888, d. ? in the mid-1970s. In 1928 the second Republican Chinese governor of Sinkiang, Chin Shu-jen, overthrew the last autonomous k̲h̲ānate of Central Asia, that of Ḳomul in the extreme eastern end of the province, adjacent to the frontiers ¶ with Mongolia and Kansu. His anti-Muslim policies provoked a rebellion there in April 1931 of the Uyg̲h̲urs, and possibly some of the Tungans [ q.v.], under the joint leadership of Yulbārs K̲h̲ān, who had…

Abu ’l-Ḥasan, second son of Ḏj̲ahāngīr’s wakīl-i-kul Iʿtimād al-Dawla G̲h̲iyāth Bēg and elder brother of Nūr Ḏj̲ahān. After Nūr Ḏj̲ahān’s marriage to Ḏj̲ahāngīr in 1020/1611 Abu ’l-Ḥasan became Ḵh̲ān-sāmān with the title of Iʿtiḳād Ḵh̲ān- In 1021/1612 his daughter Ard̲j̲mand Bānū Begam Mumtāz Maḥall married Prince Ḵh̲urram, the future S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān. He himself received the title of Āṣaf Ḵh̲ān in 1023/1614 and attained in 1031/1622 the rank of 6,000 dhāt and suwār and was appointed sūbadār of Bengal in 1033/1623. In 1025/1616 the imprisoned Prince…

(also known as S̲h̲āhī Beg, S̲h̲āh Bak̲h̲t, and S̲h̲ībaḳ/S̲h̲ībak) Muḥammad b. S̲h̲āh Budāḳ (g̲h̲) b. Abi ’l-K̲h̲ayr, conqueror of most of western Central Asia between 1500 and 1509 and reviver of the Činggisid k̲h̲ānate. His genealogical claim to the Činggisid legacy rested on his lineal descent from S̲h̲ībān, the fifth son of D̲j̲oči b. Činggis K̲h̲ān. His royal clan is therefore called the S̲h̲ībānid one, although it should more properly be known as the Abu ’l-K̲h̲ayrid/S̲h̲ībānid one (to dis…

b. aḥmad b. muḥammad maʿṣüm b. ibrāhīm ṣadr al-dīn al-ḥusaynī al-madanī , author of biographical works and a book of travels, b. 15 Ḏj̲umādā I 1052/12 August 1642 in Medina; he was a descendant of G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn al-S̲h̲īrāzī. His father was since 1055/1644 in the service of the prince S̲h̲āhins̲h̲āh ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad Ḳuṭb S̲h̲āh. ʿAli joined him in Ḥaydarābād in 1068/1657. His father died in 1083/1672, a year after the death ¶ of his patron, S̲h̲āhins̲h̲āh ʿAbd Allāh, and ʿAli himself incurred the displeasure of the ruler, Abu’l-Ḥasan. He succeeded, however,…

(Tk. "Great Khan"), a title borne by various of the ethnically Turkish Dihlī Sultans in 7th-8th/13th-14th century Muslim India, including the Slave King G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Balban (664-86/1266-87 [ q.v. in Suppl.] and then, as a prince, Sultan Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ (724 or 725-52/1324 or 1325-51 [ q.v.]. It was further borne by non-Turks, including several Ḥabs̲h̲īs, hence of servile black East African origin, above all in the sultanate of Gud̲j̲arāt [see Ḥabs̲h̲ī , at Vol. III, 16a]. (Ed.)

, military leader in Mug̲h̲al India. Zamāna Beg (later known as Mahābat K̲h̲ān) was the son of G̲h̲ayyūr Beg Kābulī, a Riḍawī Sayyid, who migrated from S̲h̲īrāz to Kābul during the reign of Akbar and settled there. Zamāna Beg entered the service of Akbar’s son Salīm as an aḥadī (cavalry trooper) and rose to the rank of 500. After D̲j̲ahāngīr’s accession (October 1605) he was promoted to the rank of 2,000 and given the title of Mahābat K̲h̲ān, becoming a trusted noble of that Emperor. He led a rather unsuccessful campaign…