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Rizwān Begowič. [See rizwān begowič.]

Dāmād, Turkish statesman and general born at the village of Seloz, on the banks of Lake Nicæa, succeeded the Abaze Sulaimān as Siliḥdār; became the favourite of Sultan Aḥmed III, who gave him his daughter Fāṭima, then aged four years, in marriage (6 Rabīʿ I 1121 = May 16, 1709); succeeded in bringing about the dismissal from office of his enemy, ʿAlī Pās̲h̲a of Čorlū, and the appointment ¶ in his stead of the incapable Noʿmān Köprülü, afterwards of Balṭad̲j̲i Muḥammed Pas̲h̲a; the Ḳapūdān-pas̲h̲a, Ibrāhīm Ḵh̲od̲j̲a, who had been appointed Grand Wezīr, plotted to…

Muḥammed Emīn, Turkish diplomatist and statesman, was born at Constantinople in Rabīʿ I 1230 (Feb. 1815). He was a pupil of Ras̲h̲īd Pas̲h̲a, chargé d’affaires at London (1838), ambassador (1841), president of the Tanẓīmāt (reform) Wezīr Council, Grand (1855), plenipotentiary at the Congress of Paris (1856) while the Ḵh̲aṭṭ-i humāyūn was being proclaimed (Feb. 18), the result of his efforts and those of Fuʾād Pas̲h̲a; Grand Wezīr 1857 and 1861, and also in 1867; went to Crete in person to treat with the insurgents (Oct. 4), but without success…

is a name and title borne by numerous statesmen and generals of the Ottoman Empire. — 1. Vizier and general of Murād I Ḵh̲udāwendigiār, rejected the proposals of peace made by ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, prince of Ḳaramān, at the time of the advance of the Ottomans on Ḳonya, was then ordered to invade Bulgaria; he captured Tirnovo, Shumla and Nicopolis, where the Krai Sisman capitulated (791 = 1389); chosen as minister by Bāyazīd I, he aided the latter to indulge in his shameful debauches, while at the same time he introduced improvements in the administration; ¶ he obtained from the Sultan the appoin…

Mubārak, officer of the Egyptian engineer corps, statesman, and man of letters, was born in 1239 (1823-1824) at New Berumbāl (Daḳahlīye, Nile Delta). Though of humble origin and of the peasant class, his industry, ambition and ability enabled him to become a pupil of different schools. It was decisive for his later career that, in 1251 (1835-1836), he went to the school of Ḳaṣr al-ʿAinī, afterwards (in 1252) to that of Abū Zaʿbal at Cairo, and that in 1260 (1844) he was sent to Paris with the “M…

[see muḥammad ʿalī pas̲h̲a ].

[Voir Muḥammad ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a ].

[See ochialy.]

[Voir Ṭorg̲h̲ud ].

[see ṭorg̲h̲ud ].

[see ʿulūd̲j̲ ʿalī ].

[see riẓwān begowič ].

[Voir ʿUlūd̲j̲ ʿAlī ].

[Voir Riẓwān Begowič ].

, see ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a, i. 294b et seq. ( sub 8). ¶

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born at Ok̲h̲ri between 1620 and 1622, died at Rhodes 16 Shaʿbān 1104/21 April 1693. Af first imām to various eminent people, then ketk̲h̲udā , he became ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries in. 1101/1689, and later wazīr and ḳāʾim-maḳām of the imperial stirrup. Through the support of the ḳāḍi ’ l-ʿasker Yaḥyā Efendi and the Shayk̲h̲ al-Islām Abū Saʿīdzāde Feyḍ Allāh Efendi, he succeeded Köprülüzāde Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a, killed at Szalankamen as Grand Vizier, on 6 Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 1102/30 Augu…

, grand-vizir ottoman. Né à Okhri entre 1620 et 1622, mort à Rhodes le 16 s̲h̲aʿbān 1104/21 avril 1693. D’abord imām de divers grands personnages, puis ketk̲h̲udā, il devient āghā des Janissaires en 1101/1689, puis vizir et kaʾimmaḳām (kaymakam) de l’étrier impérial. Grâce à l’appui du ḳāḍī l-ʿ asker Yaḥyā Efendi et du s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-islām Abū Saʿīd-zāde Feyẓullāh Efendi, il succède à Köprülü-zāde Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a, tué à Szalankamen, dans les fonctions de grand-vizir, le 6 d̲h̲ū l-ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 1102/30 août 1691. Peu soucieux de se mettre à la tête de …

(d. 1407), son of Čāndārli̊ Ḵh̲alīl Ḵh̲ayr al-Dīn Pas̲h̲a, was, like his father, ḳāḍī , then ḳāḍī ’ l-ʿasker, and finally Grand Vizier, and also combined the functions of wazīr, that is to say head of the administration and finance, and of army commander, perhaps after the death of his father in 1387. After having directed a campaign in Anatolia against the Ḳaramānid ʿAlī Bey, he conducted the skilful operations in Bulgaria which led to the capture of several fortresses (Pravad, Ti̊rnova, S̲h̲ehirköyü etc.) before the battl…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born in Dimetoka, he entered the financial administration and was eventually appointed defterdār in 1688; he was dismissed the following year, but in 1103/1691 was again defterdār and wazīr . Successively governor of Cyprus and Tripoli in Syria, he became Grand Vizier on 16 Rad̲j̲ab 1105/ 13 March 1694 in the place of Bozoḳlu Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a, and conducted the Hungarian campaign, during which he unsuccessfully besieged Peterwardein. Sulṭān Muṣṭafā II, on his accession, retained ʿAlī…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born at Brazza in Herzegovina, he was carried off at an early age during a dews̲h̲irme operation to be brought up at Istanbul; in 953/1546 he became ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries, and later beylerbeyi of Rumelia. Appointed governor of Egypt in 1549, he took part in Sulaymān I’s Persian campaign, and succeeded Rustam Pas̲h̲a as Grand Vizier in Shawwāl 968/July 1561, a post which he held until his death in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 972/June 1565. Immediately after his appointment, he negotiated with the …

(1645-1695), grandvizir ottoman. Originaire de Dimetoka, il entre dans l’administration des finances et finit par être nommé defterdār en 1688; il est destitué l’année suivante, mais est de nouveau defterdār et vizir en 1691 (1103). Par la suite gouverneur de Chypre, puis de Tripoli de Syrie, il devient grand-vizir le 16 rad̲j̲ab 1105/13 mars 1694 à la place de Bōzōḳlū Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a, et dirige la campagne de Hongrie, au cours de laquelle il assiège en vain Peterwardein. Le sultan Muṣṭafā II, à son avènement, maintient Alī…

(m. 1565), grand-vizir ottoman. Né à Brazza, en Herzégovine, et enlevé très jeune dans une opération de devşirme pour être élevé à I̊stanbul, il devient en 1546 (953) āg̲h̲ā des Janissaires, puis beylerbeyi de Roumélie. Nommé gouverneur d’Égypte en 1549, il participe à la campagne d’Iran avec Sulaymān Ier et succède à Rustem Pas̲h̲a comme grand-vizir en s̲h̲awwāl 968/ juillet 1561, poste qu’il occupe jusqu’à sa mort en d̲h̲ū l-ḳaʿda 972/juin 1565. Dès sa nomination, il négocie avec l’ambassadeur autrichien Busbecq la paix qui est finalement signée à Prague le 1er juin 1562. Mais la p…

(m. 1407), fils deČāndārli̊ Ḵh̲alīl Ḵh̲ayral-dīn Pas̲h̲a, fut, comme son père, ḳāḍī, puis ḳāḍī l-ʿ asker, enfin grand-vizir, et cumula de même les fonctions de vizir, c’est-à-dire chef de l’administration et des finances, et de commandant de l’armée, peut-être dès la mort de son père en 1387. Après avoir dirigé en Anatolie une expédition contre le Ḳaramanide ʿAlī Bey, il conduit avec habileté en Bulgarie des opérations qui amènent la prise de plusieurs forteresses (Pravad, Ti̊rnova, Ṣehirköyü, etc.), avant la …

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. At first aḳ ag̲h̲asi̊ , then beylerbeyi of Ḳaramān and subsequently of Rumelia, he distinguished himself in the course of a campaign in Wallachia (1485); wazīr in 1486, he defeated the Mamlūks of Egypt at the battle of Āg̲h̲āčāyi̊r in Cilicia (1942), took the fortresses of Coron and Modon (1500), and. was appointed Grand Vizier the following year in succession to Mesīḥ Pas̲h̲a. Dismissed in 1503, he again became Grand Vizier in 1506 and remained in office until his death. He strove to secure the succession of the s̲h̲āh-zāde Aḥmed, second son of Sultan Bāyazīd I…

, governor of Yanya (Jannina). Born probably in 1744 of a family descended from a Mewlewī derwīs̲h̲ of Kütahya who migrated to Rumelia. His grandfather and father had in turn held the mutesellimlik of Tepedelen in the Epirus; but being left fatherless as a child ʿAlī was brought up by his bold and ambitious mother, a native of Konitza, in an atmosphere of constant warfare between rival chieftains of the region. After attaching himself in turn to the Warden of the Passes ( derbend bas̲h̲bug̲h̲u ) and the mutaṣarrif of Delwine (Delvino), of whom he facilitated t…

(1667-1716), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born at Sölöz near Nicaea in 1079/1667, he entered the Seraglio of Ahmed II, and filled successively the posts of kātib , rikābdār , čuḳadār and silāḥdār ; he exercised great influence over Sultan Aḥmed III, who came to the throne in 1703, and who made him wazīr and gave him his daughter Fātima in marriage (Rabīʿ I 1121/May 1709); he had a hand in the appointment and dismissal of wazīrs , including Köprülü-zāde Nuʿmān Pas̲h̲a and Balṭad̲j̲i Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a. The Grand Vizier Khod̲j̲a Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a was condemned t…

(m. 1511), grandvizir ottoman. D’abord āḳ āg̲h̲āsi̊, ensuite beylerbeyi de Ḳaráman, puis de Roumélie, il s’illustre au cours d’une campagne en Valachie (1485); vizir en 1486, il remporte contre les Mamelouks d’Égypte la ¶ bataille d’Āg̲h̲āčāyi̊r, en Cilicie (1492), conquiert les forteresses de Coron et de Modon (1500) et est nommé grand-vizir l’année suivante à la place de Nesīḥ Pas̲h̲a. Destitué en 1503, il redevient grandvizir en 1506 et le demeure jusqu’à sa mort. Il s’efforce d’assurer au s̲ h̲āhzāde Aḥmed, second fils du sultan Bāyazīd II, la succession de son père contre le s̲h̲āhz…

, gouverneur de Yanya (Jannina), né probablement en 1744 d’une famille descendant d’un derwis̲h̲ de Kütāhya qui avait émigré en Roumélie. Son grand-père et son père avaient détenu tour à tour le muiesellimlik de Tepedelen en Épire; mais ʿAlī était encore enfant quand son père mourut, et il fut élevé par une mère ¶ hardie et ambitieuse, née à Konitza, dans une atmosphère de guerre constante entre des chefs rivaux de la région. Après s’être attaché tour à tour au gouverneur des Cols ( derbend bas̲h̲bug̲h̲u) et au mutaṣarri̊f de Delwine (Delvino), dont il facilita le meurtre après en …

(1667-1716), grand- vizir ottoman. Né à Sölöz, près de Nicée en 1079/ 1667, il entre au Sérail sous Aḥmed II, et occupe successivement les fonctions de kātib, rikābdār, cūḳadār et silāḥdār; il exerce une profonde influence sur le sultan Aḥmed III, monté sur le trône en 1703, qui le nomme vizir et lui donne sa fille Fāṭima en mariage (rabīʿ I 1121/mai 1709); il intervient dans la désignation et la destitution des vizirs, parmi lesquels Köprülü-zāde Nuʿmān Pas̲h̲a et Bālṭad̲j̲ī Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a. Le grand-vizir Ḵh̲ōd̲j̲a Ibrāhīm …

, Grand Vizier under the Ottoman sultans Maḥmūd I and ʿOt̲h̲mān III. His father, Nūḥ Efendi, the physician of Muṣṭafā II, was a Venetian renegade. ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a was born on 15 Shaʿbān 1100/4 June 1689; brought up in the seraglio, he held various administrative posts at Istanbul, and then in the provinces; in 1722 he was appointed as governor of Adana and subdued the tribes of Cilicia; in 1724 he became governor of Aleppo, and in the same year distinguished himself at the siege and capture of Tabrīz. Appointed wazīr in 1725, he was successively beylerbeyi of Anatolia, ser-ʿasker …

(“the handsome”), (d. 1620) Ottoman Grand Admiral and Grand Vizier. Born at Istanköy (Cos), he was successively bey of Damiette, and beylerbeyi of the Yaman (1602), Tunis, Morea and Cyprus. In November 1617, he succeeded Ḵh̲alīl Pas̲h̲a as ḳapudan-i̊ deryā ; in August 1618, a storm off the Dalmatian Coast caused ¶ the loss of eleven vessels of his fleet; dismissed at the accession of Muṣṭafā I, he again became ḳapudan-i̊ deryā shortly afterwards. On 16 Muḥarram 1029/23 December 1619, he succeeded Öküz Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a as Grand Vizier following intrigues among the int…

, Ottoman soldier and founder of a Derebey [ q.v.] family. He was born in Istanbul in 1133/1720-21, the son of Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a, a ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ at the Imperial palace. As a youth he accompanied his elder brother Suleymān Pas̲h̲a to D̲j̲ānīk, where he eventually succeeded him as ruler with the title, customary among the autonomous derebeys, of muḥaṣṣil [ q.v.]. During the Russo-Turkish war of 1182/1768-1188/1774. he held a number of military commands. Serving first in Georgia, he was appointed in D̲j̲umādā II 1183/September-October 1769 to the staff …

, Ottoman governor and commander, d. 1058/1648. He was a native of Warwar or Varvara (lat. 43° 49′ N., long. 17° 29′ E.) in Bosnia. Details of his career in state service in the first four decades of the 17th century are provided by the Pas̲h̲a himself in his versified memoirs ( sar gud̲h̲as̲h̲t ). Some of the high points, as he relates them, include his participation in Murād IV’s campaign against Eriwan in 1045/1635 as dümdar (commander of the army’s rear flank), in which he received a cash bonus for exceptional service of four purses (160,000 aḳčes ) of silver ( Memoirs ,…

, capitaine ottoman et fondateur d’une famille de derebeys [ q.v.]. Né à Istanbul en 1133/1720-1, il était le fils d’Aḥmad Ag̲h̲a, ḳapid̲j̲i- bas̲h̲i au palais impérial. Dans sa jeunesse, il accompagna son frère aîné Süleymān Pas̲h̲a à Ḏj̲ānīk, où il lui succéda définitivement comme maître du pays, avec le titre, habituel chez les derebeys autonomes, de muḥaṣṣil [ q.v.]. Pendant la guerre russo-turque de 1182-88/1768-74, il détint un certain nombre de commandements militaires. D’abord en service en Géorgie, il fut nommé en d̲j̲umādā II 1183/oct. 1769 à l’étatmajor du serʿasker de Mol…

(1689-1758), grand-vizir sous les sultans ottomans Maḥmūd Ier et ʿUt̲h̲mān III. Son père, Nūḥ Efendī, médecin de Muṣṭafā II, était un Vénitien régénat. ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a naît le 15 s̲h̲aʿbān 1100/4 Juin 1689; élevé au Sérail, il occupe par la suite diverses fonctions administratives à Īstanbul, puis en province, devient gouverneur d’Adana (1722) et réduit à l’obéissance les tribus de Cilicie; gouverneur d’Alep en 1724, il s’illustre la même année au cours du siège et de la prise de Tabrīz. Nommé vizir en 1725, il est successivement beylerbeyi d’Anatolie, serasker d’Orient, gouverneur de…

(le Beau), (m. 1620), grand-amiral et grand-vizir ottoman. Né à İstanköy (Cos), il fut successivement bey de Damiette, beylerbeyi du Yémen (1602), de Tunis, de Morée et de Chypre. En novembre 1617, il succède à Ḵh̲alīl Pas̲h̲a comme ḳapūdān-i̊ deryā; en août 1618, une tempête sur les côtes de Dalmatie lui vaut de perdre onze navires de la flotte qu’il commande; destitué à l’avènement de Muṣṭafā Ier, il redevient ḳapūdān-i̊ deryā peu après. Il succède le 16 muḥarram 1029/23 décembre 1619, à Öküz Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a comme grand-vizir, à la suite d’intrigues auprès du sul…

, gouverneur et officier ottoman, m. en 1058/1648. Il naquit à Warwar ou Varvara (43° 49’ N., 17° 29’ E.) en Bosnie. Les détails de sa carrière au service de l’État dans les quarante premières années du XVIIe s. sont fournis par le Pas̲h̲a lui-même dans ses Mémoires en vers ( sar gud̲h̲as̲h̲t) Certains des points importants, qu’il raconte, font état de sa participation à la campagne de Murād IV contre Erivan en 1045/1635 en tant que dümdar (commandant l’arrière garde), pour laquelle il obtint une prime en espèces, pour service rendu exceptionnel, de quatre bourses d’argent (160.000 aḳčes) ( Mé…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born about 1670, the son of a peasant or barber of Čorlu, he was adopted for his good looks and intelligence by a courtier of Aḥmed II and placed as a probationer in the G̲h̲alaṭa Sarāyi̊, whence he entered the Palace service, rising by way of the seferli oda to be silāḥdār under Muṣṭafā II. As silāḥdār he greatly enhanced the importance of his office, whose occupant thenceforward replaced the Dār al-Saʿāde Ag̲h̲asi̊ as intermediary between the sultan and the Grand Vizier and the Bāb al-Saʿāde Ag̲h̲asi̊ as controller of the ič-og̲h̲lans , and composed a niẓām-nāme …

, grand-vizir ottoman. Né, vers 1670, d’un paysan (ou barbier) de Čorlu, sa bonne mine et son intelligence le firent adopter par un courtisan d’Aḥmad II qui le plaça comme vérificateur au G̲h̲alaṭa Sarāyī; de là, il entra au service du Palais, s’élevant du grade de seferli oda à celui de silāḥdār sous Muṣṭafā II En qualité de silāḥdār, il rehaussa grandement l’importance de son office, dont le titulaire remplaça dès lors le Dār al-Saʿāde Ag̲h̲asi̊ comme intermédiaire entre le sultan et le grand-vizir, et le Bāb al-Saʿāde Ag̲h̲asi̊ comme contrôleur des ič-og̲h̲lans, et composa un niẓām-nāme…

, Egyptian statesman and man of letters. Born in 1239/1823 in Birinbāl (Daḳahliyya province) he gained admission to the recently founded government schools of Ḳaṣr al-ʿAynī and of Abū Zaʿbal, and studied at the polytechnic ( muhandis-k̲h̲āne ) of Būlāḳ. In 1260/1844 he was sent to France as a member of the “Mission égyptienne” and was trained as an officer and military engineer. On his return to Egypt in 1266/ 1849-50, he won the favour of ʿAbbās I and began a distinguished career first in the topographical de…

homme d’État et homme de lettres égyptien. Né en 1239/1823 à Birinbāl (province de Daḳahliyya), il fut admis dans les écoles du gouvernement récemment fondées de Ḳaṣr al-ʿAynī et d’Abū Zaʿbal et poursuivit ses études à l’école polytechnique ( muhandis k̲h̲āne) de Būlāk. En 1260/1844, il fut envoyé en France comme membre de la «Mission égyptienne» [voir Ḵh̲edīw] et reçut une formation d’officier et d’ingénieur militaire. A son retour en Égypte, en 1266/1849-50, il obtint la faveur de ʿAbbās Ier et commença une brillante carrière d’abord au département topographique du Minis…

(in European sources often Mehemed Ali or Mehemet Ali) was the well-known powerful viceroy of Egypt during the years 1805-1849 (which period comprises the entire reign of Sulṭān Maḥmūd II q. v.); and the founder of the khedivial, later royal dynasty of Egypt. Seen in the light of history his life-work fully entitles him to the epithet of “the Founder of Modern Egypt”. Muḥammad ʿAlī was born in 1769, possibly of Albanian extraction, in the town of Ḳawāla [q. v.] in Macedonia; he was engaged in the tobacco trade until he joined, as biñ bas̲h̲i in a corps of Albanian troops, the Turkish arm…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier, born in Istanbul in February 1815, his father being a shopkeeper of the Egyptian Market. At the age of fourteen he obtained his first government post in the secretariat of the Imperial dīwān and, whether because of his short stature, or of his ability, acquired the nickname ʿĀlī. In 1833, having already learnt some French, he was appointed to the translation department of the dīwān, and three years later was sent with a mission, first to Vienna, where he remained some eighteen months, and then, in 1837, to St Petersburg. On his return he was appointed Interpreter to the dī…

(late 1760s-1849), Ottoman governor-general and effective ruler of Egypt. He was known in his time and to his Ottoman milieu as Meḥmed ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a. In European sources, he was often referred to as the viceroy of Egypt or simply as the Pas̲h̲a. Assuming the title K̲h̲edive, which officially was only granted to his grandson Ismāʿīl in 1867, Muḥammad ʿAlī was Ottoman governor-general of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, when, owing to mental incapacity, the position was formally conferred on his son Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. His heirs ruled Egypt, with varying degrees of effective power, until 1952. …

, grandvizir ottoman, né en février 1815 à Istanbul où son père était boutiquier au marché égyptien. A l’âge de quatorze ans, il obtint son premier poste au secrétariat du Dīwān impérial et, à cause soit de sa petite taille, soit de son habileté, il reçut le surnom de ʿĀlī. En 1833, comme il avait déjà appris un peu de français, il fut nommé au département de traduction du Dīwān, puis, trois ans plus tard, envoyé en mission d’abord à Vienne, où il séjourna quelque dix-huit mois, ensuite à St Pétersbourg en 1837. A son retour, il fut nommé interprète du Dīwān; l’année suivante, à la nomination d…

(1769?-1849), Meḥmed en turc, Méhémet Alī en français, «viceroi» d’Égypte. Prenant le titre de khédive qui ne fut officiellement décerné qu’à son petit-fils Ismāʿīl [ q.v.] en 1867, il occupa les fonctions de gouverneur général d’Égypte, pour le compte des Ottomans, de 1805 à 1848; à cette dernière date, du fait de son incapacité mentale, son poste fut officiellement attribué à son fils Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], et ses descendants gouvernèrent l’Égypte, avec un pouvoir effectif variable, jusqu’en 1952. La carrière de ce personnage des plus importants et des plus discutés pe…

Chapter 9. HISTORY OF TURKISH 'IRAQ The successor of 'Abdul Hamīd I in the Sultanate of Turkey was his nephew Salīm III, a son of Mustafa III, who ascended the throne on the 7th April 1789 and was deposed on the 29th May 1807. The Ottoman Empire consisted in his day of 26 Ayālats or Governments; and among these was Baghdād, whiqh included Basrah, but not Mūsal. The period was an important and even critical one in western Turkey where the Sultan endeavoured to restore the authority of the central Gover…

(t., from the Pers. pādis̲h̲āh , probably influenced by Turkish basḳaḳ ), the highest official title of honour ( ʿunwān or laḳab ) in use in Turkey until the advent of the Republic and surviving for sometime after that in certain Muslim countries originally part of the Turkish empire (Egypt, ʿIrāḳ, Syria). It was always accompanied by the proper name, like the titles of nobility in Europe, but with this difference from the latter, that it was placed after the name (like the less important titles of bey and efendi ). In addition, being neither hereditary nor givi…

(T., from the Pers. pādis̲h̲āh, probably influenced by Turkish basḳaḳ), the highest official title of honour ( ʿunwān or laḳab) in use in Turkey until quite recently and still surviving in certain Muslim countries originally parts of the Turkish empire (Egypt, ʿIrāḳ, Syria). It was always accompanied by the proper name like the titles of nobility in Europe but with this difference from the latter, that it was placed after the name (like the less important titles of bey and efendi). In addition, being neither hereditary nor giving any rank to wives, nor attached to territori…

(T. du P. pādis̲h̲āh avec contamination probable par le T. basḳaḳ), le plus haut des titres honorifiques ( ʿunwān ou laḳab) officiels en usage, jusqu’à l’avènement de la république en Turquie et encore survivant dans certains pays musulmans, comme le Maroc. Il accompagnait obligatoirement le nom propre, comme les titres nobiliaires de l’Occident européen, mais, à là différence de ceux-ci, il se plaçait après le nom (de même que les titres moins importants, de bey et d’ efendi). En outre, n’étant ni héréditaire, ni transmissible aux épouses, ni attaché à une possession te…