b. ʿAlī , Amīr and “Grand S̲h̲arīf” of ¶ Mecca and the Ḥid̲j̲āz from 1326/1908 to 1335/1916, and King of the Ḥid̲j̲āz from 1335/1916 to 1343/1924, was the elder son of the second son, ʿAlī, of the first Sharifian Amīr of Mecca of the ʿAbādila family of the ʿAwn branch of the Meccan S̲h̲arīfs, the famous Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Muʿīn b. ʿAwn, who died in 1275/1858. In spite of almost-successful attempts by the long-dominant Zayd branch of the S̲h̲arīfs to regain the Meccan amrate, the descendants of Muḥammad ibn ʿAwn in fact retained it until its disappearance. Ḥusayn, born in Istanbul in 1270/1…

, who was known until his accession to the throne as Sulṭān Ḥusayn Mīrzā, was the eldest son of S̲h̲āh Sulaymān, the Ṣafawid monarch who reigned 1077-1105/1666-94. Ḥusayn, who was born in 1079/1668, was by nature quiet and studious, with an inclination in his earlier years to austerity. Having been brought up in the harem, in accordance with the pernicious practice inaugurated by S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās I, Ḥusayn was completely ignorant of state affairs and, indeed, of the world in general when, at the ag…

[see ḥusayn ].

Mīrzā b. Manṣūr b. Bayḳara was born in Harāt in Miḥarram 842/June 1438. At the age of 14 he entered the service of Abu’l-Ḳāsim Bābur. In 858/1454, when Abu’l-Ḳāsim Bābur made peace with Abū Saʿīd, Ḥusayn Mīrzā entered the service of the latter, but was imprisoned by him. After his release through the intervention of his mother, he returned to Abu’l-Ḳāsim Bābur, with whom he remained till his death (861/1457). He then joined Muʿizz al-Dīn Sand̲j̲ar, who held Marw, Māk̲h̲ān and D…

[see d̲j̲ahān-sūz ].

( Küčük Ḥüseyin Pas̲h̲a ) ¶ (1758-1803), Ottoman Ḳapudān Pas̲h̲a of Circassian origin. Since he was 46 years old at his death in 1803, he must have been born in 1758. He was presented to Sultan Muṣṭafā III by the Silāḥdār Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a, in 1181/1767-8. Although it has been asserted that he was the foster-brother of Selīm III ( K̲h̲arīṭa-i Ḳapudānān-i deryā , 105), it seems more likely that his first duty in the palace was in the service of Prince Meḥmed (b. 1767), the brother of Selīm III (Wāṣif, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , MS Ali Emiri (Millet Kütüp.) 609, fol. 197a; D̲j̲ewdet, Taʾrīk̲h̲, vii, 266). Küčük Ḥüse…

, in modern Turkish Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpinar (1864-1944), Turkish novelist and short story writer, who although outside all the literary currents and movements of his time, remained the most popular writer from the 1890’s until the late 1920’s. Ḥusayn Raḥmī was born in the Ayaspasa quarter of Istanbul on 17 August 1864, the son of Meḥmed Saʿīd Pas̲h̲a, an aide to Sultan ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. The family came originally from Aydi̊n. He lost his mother at the age of three, when his father was serving in Crete. He attended primary and secondary schools in Istanbul and later the Mak̲h̲red̲j̲-i aḳlām …

b. ʿAlī , Bey of Tunis (1705-35), founder of the Ḥusaynid dynasty. The son of a ¶ Greek renegade recruited into the ranks of the od̲j̲aḳ , Ḥusayn was āg̲h̲ā of the sipāhis at the time of the war between Algeria and Tunisia (1704-5). Proclaimed Bey after the capture of Bey Ibrāhīm by the Algerian troops, Ḥusayn first repulsed the Algerians, then got rid of the Dey, Muḥammad K̲h̲od̲j̲a, who was supported by the army, and finally also of Bey Ibrāhīm after he had been set free. Ḥusayn was recognized by the Ottoman Sultan, who gave him the title of Pas̲h̲a with the rank of Beylerbeyi …

( Banū Abī Ḥusayn ) Sicilian dynasty [see kalbids ].

, see Supplement.

(1889-1973): Egyptian critic, essayist, novelist, short story writer, historian, literary and political journalist, translator, editor, publisher and educator. (1) His formation. He was born in ʿIzbat al-Kīlū near Mag̲h̲āg̲h̲a in the governorate of Minyā, the seventh of thirteen children in a family of modest condition. At the age of two, he lost his eyesight. Local educational resources equipped him with little more than the memorisation of the Ḳurʾān. In 1902 he was sent to al-Azhar University under the care of an elder brother who ¶ was a disciple of its rector, Muḥammad ʿAbduh [ q.v.…

(mod. Turkish Hüseyi̇n cahi̇t yalçin , 1874-1957), Turkish writer, journalist and politician. His parents were from Istanbul. He was born at Bahkesir while his father ʿAlī Riḍā was serving as government accountant in the province. He attended the primary school at Serres in Macedonia and the lycée at Istanbul. On completing his studies at the School of Political Science ( Mülkiye ) in 1896 he became a civil servant in the Ministry of Education. In the meantime he had taught himself French. He taught Turkish and French in various schools and became the headmaster of the iʿdādī …

(1), Sayyid al-Sādāt ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abu ’l-Muẓaffar S̲h̲āḥ Ḥusayn Sulṭān (to quote his full titles) b. al-Sayyid As̲h̲raf al-Ḥusaynī al-Makkī , the founder of the Ḥusayn-S̲h̲āhī dynasty of Bengal, claimed descent from the S̲h̲arīf s of Mecca. His father migrated from Tirmid̲h̲ [ q.v.] and settled in Rādh, a small village in the district of Čāndpūr, where he received his education from the local ḳādī , whose daughter he later married. After completing his education he entered the service of the Ḥabs̲h̲ī Sultan S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muẓaffar S̲h̲āh ( reg . 897/1491-899/14…

[see karbalāʾ ].

(2), b. Maḥmūd S̲h̲āh S̲h̲arḳī ( reg . 840/1436-862/1458) was the last of the line of the S̲h̲arḳī Sultans of the independent kingdom of Ḏj̲awnpūr [ q.v.], who ascended the throne in 863/1458 after the death, in an armed conflict, of his elder brother Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, at that time engaged in hostilities against Buhlōl Lōdī [ q.v.], the king of Delhi. Ḥusayn, immediately on his accession, concluded a four-year truce with Buhlōl. He utilized the respite by leading a powerful army into Tirhut and Orissa, both of which he reduced, compelling the Hindu ru…

[see hoesein djajad iningrat , above].

, S̲h̲āh , Ṣafawid ruler, reigned 1105-35/1694-1722, the eldest son and successor of S̲h̲āh Sulaymān [ q.v.], born in 1080/1669-70 to a Circassian mother, and died in 1139/1726. He was crowned S̲h̲āh on 7 August 1694, nine days after his father’s death after divisions of opinion at court over the succession. S̲h̲āh Ṣultān Ḥusayn resembled his father in having grown up in the confines of the harem and in coming to power with limited life experience and virtually no training in the affairs of state. Exceedingly devout, he immediately fell under th…

(1853-1917), Sultan of Egypt under the British Protectorate from December 1914 to October 1917. A son of Khedive Ismāʿīl [ q.v.], he was born in Cairo. When he was eight years old, he entered the school at the Manyal Palace specially opened by his father for his sons and the sons of notables. In 1867, he accompanied his father to Istanbul on a visit to the Ottoman Sultan. Soon afterwards he visited Paris, and stayed at the court of Napoleon III. He returned briefly to Egypt for ¶ the official opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, after which he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Vic…

b. al-Ḥusayn , the last dey of Algiers, was born at Izmir and ruled from 1818 to 1830. When his predecessor ʿAlī K̲h̲od̲j̲a died of the plague on 1 March 1818 Ḥusayn was occupying the high office of k̲h̲od̲j̲at al-k̲h̲ayl (tribute collector). Ḥusayn was raised to the dignity of dey without having sought it, and being of a moderate disposition opened his reign by gestures of clemency. His reward was two attempts at assassination. Thereafter he remained mostly in the kasbah, which dominated the city of Algiers, surrounded by Kabyle guards. There was unrest in Algeria: the beys of Consta…

[see kās̲h̲ifī ].

, son of Rāy Sahrā entitled Ḳuṭb al-Dīn, the founder of the Langāh dynasty of Multān, who had usurped the throne by treacherously ousting his son-in-law, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, succeeded to the rule on the death of his father in 874/1469. Adventurous by nature, he began his reign by launching a succession of campaigns against the neighbouring forts of S̲h̲ōr (modern S̲h̲orkōt́), Činiōt́ [ q.v.] and Kahrōŕ (modern Kahrōŕ Pucca), which he easily reduced. At this time S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Yūsuf Ḳurays̲h̲ī, who had taken refuge with Buhlōl Lōdī, the king of Delhi, p…

[see al-ḥusayn al-k̲h̲alīʿ ].

, Indian lawyer and politician (1878-1937), born at Gadia, Bārābankī district, and educated at Lucknow and London (Barrister-at-Law). He received the Order of ʿOt̲h̲māniyya from the Sultan of Turkey, and proposed the idea of the And̲j̲uman-i K̲h̲uddām-i Kaʿba [ q.v. in Suppl.] (1913-18) for the protection of Mecca and other holy places as a reaction to the Turco-Italian and Balkan wars (Y.B. Mathur, Muslims and changing India, Delhi 1972, 145-64). He played a leading part in the K̲h̲ilāfat Movement [ q.v.] representing the militant trend within the movement, presiding over …

(Hüseyin Ḥilmi Paşa), twice Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, was born in Mitylene (Midilli) in 1855. He came from a modest background, being the son of Kütahyali̊zāde Muṣṭafā Efendi, an ordinary merchant. After receiving a traditional education—first in a medrese , then in a rüs̲h̲diye (secondary school), and learning fiḳh (Islamic jurisprudence) and French from private tutors—Ḥilmī entered the local bureaucracy in 1874. He remained in Mitylene for a further nine years and then saw service in Aydi̊n (1883), Syria (1885) and Bag̲h̲dād (1892); he became governor ( wālī …

, of the Kindī tribe of the Sakūn, a general of the Sufyānids. At Ṣiffīn, he fought in the Umayyad ranks. On the accession of Yazīd I, he was governor of the important district of Ḥimṣ. He then had to intervene with Yazīd for Ibn Mufarrig̲h̲ [ q.v.], who had been imprisoned by ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād. When the expedition against the holy cities of the Ḥid̲j̲āz was planned, Ḥuṣayn was appointed lieutenant of the commanderin-chief Muslim b. ʿUḳba al-Murrī [ q.v.] and, in this capacity, distinguished himself at the battle of the Ḥarra [ q.v.]. During the march on Mecca, the dying Muslim, in or…

[see (al-)ḥusayn b. al-ḍaḥḥāk ].

[see al-ḥallād̲j̲ ].

[see abū ʿabd allāh al-s̲h̲īʿī ; ibn k̲h̲ālawayh ].

(also known as Mīrza S̲h̲āh Ḥasan ) b. S̲h̲āh Bēg Arg̲h̲ūn, the founder of the Arg̲h̲ūn dynasty of Sind, was born in 896/1490 most probably at Ḳandahār which was then held by his father. On Bābur’s occupation of Ḳandahār in 913/1507 S̲h̲āh Bēg came to Sind and occupied the adjoining territories of S̲h̲āl and Sīwī (modern Sibī). In 921/1515 Ḥusayn S̲h̲āh fell out with his father and joined the service of Bābur, with whom he remained for two years. The domestic quarrel having been …

al-ʿĀs̲h̲ūrī al-Ḥusaynī al-Urmawī originated from Urmiya in western Persia. It is not known when he, or perhaps already his family before him, migrated to the Ottoman empire. Nor do we know much about his studies and career. He was apparently a protégé of the Grand Vizier Meḥmed Soḳullu (d. 987/1579) and of the influential K̲h̲ōd̲j̲a Saʿd al-Dīn [ q.v.] whom he ¶ praised as his benefactor in one of his works (Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish manuscripts in the British Museum , 53b, and H. Sohrweide in Der Islam , xlvi [1970], 292). In 1569 Selīm II appointed him as S̲h̲āhnāmed̲j̲i …

[see ibn mākūlā ; al-mag̲h̲ribī ; al-ṭug̲h̲rāʾī ].

[see karbalāʾ ].

[see meḥmed k̲h̲alīfe ; al-s̲h̲arīf al-rāḍī ].

(b. 20 August 1888, d. December 1956), Egyptian writer of the first rank. He participated, with several of his contemporaries (al-ʿAḳḳād, al-Māzinī, Ṭāhā Ḥusayn, etc.) in the formation in his country of a liberal way of thought and a modern literature marked by attachment to Muslim values, the influence of Europe and consciousness of an Egyptian specificity. Having graduated in law from Cairo in 1909, he won a scholarship to France, and in 1913 presented his thesis in law on “The Egyptian Debt”. On his return from Cairo, he published in 1914 his first novel, Zaynab , …

b. Abī Numayy , Abū ʿAwn , S̲h̲arīf of Mecca in the early 11th/17th century. He was born in 974/1566, and became S̲h̲arīf and governor of the Ḥid̲j̲āz in 1011/1602-3 after his brother Abū Ṭālib and in conjunction with his nephew Muḥsin. This division of power ended, however, in a fierce internal family dispute, apparently over Idrīs’s retinue and followers ( Ḵh̲uddām ), and in 1034/1624-5 the family deposed Idrīs from the governship of the Ḥid̲j̲āz in favour of Muhsin. The conflict was resolved by a truce, during the time of which Idr…

, Mullā (1229-65/1814-49), the first convert to Bābism [ q.v.], and a leading figure of the movement’s early period. Born in K̲h̲urāsān to a mercantile family, he pursued religious studies in Mas̲h̲had, Tehran, Iṣfahān and Karbalāʾ, where he studied under Sayyid Kāẓim Ras̲h̲tī [ q.v.], head of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ī school [ q.v.]. During a long residence, he acquired a private following, which gave grounds for believing he might become Ras̲h̲tī’s successor. Following the latter’s death in 1844, Bus̲h̲rūʾī left for Kirmān to interview another prospective leader, Karīm K̲h…

(d. 1069/1659), Ottoman general, was probably born at Yeñis̲h̲ehir (near Bursa). While serving in the Palace as a balṭad̲j̲i̊ [ q.v.], he attracted the attention of Murād IV by a display of physical strength (Naʿīmā, vi, 399 f.); he became an intimate ( muḳarreb ) of the Sultan and rose to be first Küčük and then Büyük Mīr-ak̲h̲ōr (Grand Master of the Horse, see mīr-ak̲h̲ōr ). On 4 Muḥarram 1044/30 June 1634 he was appointed Grand Admiral (Ḳapudān Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]), with the rank of vizier, and as such was present on the Erivan (Rewān [ q.v.]) campaign of 1045/1635. On the way back, at Diyā…

[see fāḍil bey ].

, famous Persian calligraphier, pupil of the celebrated Mīr Sayyid Aḥmad Mas̲h̲hadī and teacher of the no less famous Mīr ʿImād. His remarkable command of the art of calligraphy, so popular in Persia, brought him the title of honour mihīn Ustād (“greatest master”). His father Mīrzā S̲h̲ukr Allāh was mustawfī al-Mamālik to the Ṣafawid Ṭahmāsp I (930-84/1524-76); the master himself, according to the Oriental sources, was vizier to S̲h̲āh Ismāʿīl Ii (984-5/1576-8) but lost the favour of the sovereign and was forced to flee to India, where he remai…

[see al-k̲h̲aḍir b. al-ḥusayn ].

, Indian Muslim poet, who wrote in Urdu under the pen-name of Akbar. Born in 1846 in Bāra, a small village near Allāhābād, he received a casual and desultory schooling. After several years’ practice as a lawyer, he spent many years of his life as a judge in the service of the British government, till his retirement in 1903. He died in Sept. 1921. His chief characteristic is his use of humour and satire to enforce his views on political and social subjects. The employment of jeux de mots, of which he made frequent and effective use, greatly added to his popular appeal. His command o…

b. Ḥamdūn b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ ... al-ʿAdawī al-Tag̲h̲libī , the first member of the Ḥamdānid family [see ḥamdānids ] to play an important part in the history of the caliphate at the end of the 3rd/9th and the beginning of the 4th/10th century who, unlike his father Ḥamdān, was active not only locally in the D̲j̲azīra but also in Bag̲h̲dād and in other regions of the empire of the caliphs. At first a K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī, he began his career by an opportunist support of the caliph al-Muʿtaḍid by giving up to him in 282/895 Ar…

( ca. 1016-81/1607-70), a Persian poet. Mullā Nāẓim, son of S̲h̲āh Riḍā Sabzawārī, was born in Harāt about 1016/1607 and spent the greater part of his life there. Little is known of his career, except that he made a journey to India and, after spending several years in D̲j̲ahāngīrnagar, returned to his native town where he died in 1081/1670-71. He was court poet of the Beglerbegis of Harāt and his greatest work, the Yūsuf ¶ u Zulayk̲h̲ā , begun in 1058/1648 and finished in 1072/1661-2, was dedicated to one of these governors, ʿAbbās Ḳūlī K̲h̲ān S̲h̲…

[see sīdī raʾīs ].

(d. 1114/1702), Ottoman Grand Vizier, was a nephew of Köprülü Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [see köprülü ], his nickname ʿAmūd̲j̲a-zāde, T. ʿAmd̲j̲a-zāde “uncle’s son”, being given to him by his cousin Fāḍil Aḥmed Pas̲h̲a. He was present on the campaign against Vienna in 1094/1683 (Silāḥdār, Taʾrīk̲h̲, ii, 67), but after the defeat and execution of the Grand Vizier Ḳara Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a he, with other officials, was sent under guard to the Porte ( op. cit., ii, 123); he was appointed governor of S̲h̲ehr-i Zūr ( op. cit., ii, 125), but very soon afterwards was transferred as military governor ( muḥāfiẓ) of …

, Ottoman general and Grand Vizier under Sultan ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, was born at Gelendost, a village of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Isparta ( wilāyet of Konya) in 1236/1820-1; his father was a poor peasant named Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a. He came to Istanbul at the age of sixteen and entered the Mekteb-i Ḥarbiye (Military Academy), from where he was promoted to staff captain in 1264/1848. After a few years of teaching at the same institution, on the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853) he joined the army with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He distingu…

, Ottoman vizier ¶ noted for his leadership in the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826, was born at Edirne in 1190/1776-7. His father, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Muṣṭafā, believed to be from Rusčuk [ q.v.], moved to Bender [ q.v.], where Ḥusayn enlisted in the 9th Janissary bölük [ q.v.] and reached Istanbul in 1203/1788-9. He had begun his career as a porter, then took part in the campaign against Russia in 1807-12. Ḥusayn became an usta (sergeant) and associated with (Silāḥdār) ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a, who recommended Ḥusayn to Maḥmūd II between 1811 and 1817 when ʿAlī was the sultan’s swordbearer (Ḏj̲ewdet. Taʾr…

b. Muṣʿab b. Ruzayḳ, called D̲h̲u ’l-Yamīhayn (? “the ambidextrous”), b. 159/776, d. 207/822, the founder of a short line of governors in K̲h̲urāsān during the high ʿAbbāsid period, the Ṭāhirids [ q.v.]. His forebears had the aristocratic Arabic nisba of “al-K̲h̲uzāʿī”, but were almost certainly of eastern Persian mawlā stock, Muṣʿab having played a part in the ʿAbbāsid Revolution as secretary to the dāʿī Sulaymān b. Kat̲h̲īr [ q.v.]. He and his son al-Ḥusayn were rewarded with the governorship of Pūs̲h̲ang [see būs̲h̲and̲j̲ ], and Muṣʿab at least apparently governed Harāt also. …

Zaydpurī, one of the earliest Muslim historians of Bengal, migrated from his home-town Zaydpur, near Bāra Bańkī in Awadh, to English Bāzār or New Mālda (Bengal), also called Ańgrēzābād, and became D́āk Muns̲h̲ī , or Postmaster, there under George Udny (Udney), the Commercial Resident of the East India Company’s factory at that place. Apparently a well-educated man, he undertook to write, at the request of Udny, a history of Bengal, which he named Riyāḍ al-salāṭīn (chronogram of 1207/1787-8, the date of completion). ¶ This work is divided into a muḳaddima and four rawḍās …

[see hid̲j̲āʾ . iv. Urdu].