Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Soanes
(116 words)
[German version] (Σοάνες/
Soánes, Latin
Suani). First mentioned in Str. 11,2,14; 11,2,19, which locates them in the western Caucasus together with the Phtheirophagi ('fir-cone eaters') above the Colchi (Colchis) and counts them among the tribes who trade in Dioscurias; they were a war-like people who extracted gold from mountain streams (as also in Plin. HN 6,14; 6,30). In the 6th cent. AD the S. came under the sovereignty of Lazica (Procop. Goth 4,16,14; Agathias 4,30; Men. Protektor fr. 3 [1. 177,1…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Soap
(184 words)
[German version] Solid soap in the modern sense was unknown in Antiquity. For cleaning their bodies people used pumice, bran, bicarbonate of soda, oil, soda or clay - Cimolian earth was particularly well known (Aristoph. Ran. 712) - and water. The Greeks called these cleaning materials ῥύμμα/
rhýmma or σμῆγμα/
smêgma (there is no corresponding Latin term). In public bathing facilities washing materials were available on request from attendants (Aristoph. Lys. 377; Ath. 8,351e), or people brought them from home. As with modern soap, ancient wash…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sobek
(322 words)
[German version] (
śbk, Graecised as Σοῦχος/
Soûchos, cf. Damascius, Vita Isidori P 99) was the crocodile-headed chief god of the Faiyum. The most important local form was S. of Šedet (Crocodilopolis, from 256 BC Arsinoe [III 2], modern Madīnat al-Fayyūm). His cult was widespread; a temple to him (together with Haroeris) in Kom Ombo is particularly well-known. S. was considered the lord of the North. The goddess Neith is mostly named as the mother of S., and occasionally in the Faiyum the ephemeral crocodile deity Senui (
snwj, Graecised as Ψοσναυς/
Psosnaus: SB 6154,7 = 5827; [5. 8…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Soccus
(90 words)
[German version] Slipper-like, light half-shoe (Catull. 61,10), probably adopted by the Romans from Greek areas (perhaps σύκχος/
sýkchos or συκχίς/
sykchís, Anth. Pal. 6,294). Originally a woman's shoe, it was also worn by 'effeminate' men (Suet. Cal. 52). Later Diocletian's Price Edict distinguished between
socci for men and women, in various colours. The
soccus was also considered to be a comedy actor's shoe (cf. Hor. Epist. 2,1,174; Hor. Ars 79 f.), so that
soccus became a synonym for comedy (as cothurnus for tragedy). Illustration of a
soccus under shoes. Hurschmann, Rolf (Ham…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Social and Economic History
(4,439 words)
Schneider, Helmuth (Kassel) [German version] A. The Enlightenment's Assessment of Ancient Society (CT) Although ancient society played a prominent role in Enlightenment discourse, clarification of historical fact was not always the primary consideration in the treatment of any particular theme; rather, Greek or Roman society was described and cited in various theoretical contexts as a model or classified historically to justify or refute particular philosophical, political or economic positions. Influenced b…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Social conflicts
(2,089 words)
[German version] I. Definition SC are in the following understood as conflicts conducted between different social groups, in the course of which various forms of violence or threat arise. Attempts to collate ancient SC under generalizing headings such as 'Struggle of the Orders' or - primarily in Marxist scholarship - 'class struggles' [13] remain controversial [4; 8]. Gehrke, Hans-Joachim (Freiburg) [German version] II. Greece There is no explicit evidence of SC in the Mycenaean period - they are merely hypothetically postulated in the context of attempts…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Socialism
(4,336 words)
Kloft, Hans (Bremen RWG) [German version] A. Preliminary Remarks (CT) Socialism is a phenomenon of the Modern Age. It is seen as an action-oriented economic, social and political concept which seeks to combine theory with practice. With the rise of industrialization and the mass destitution (pauperism) that went with it, in the course of the 19th cent. socialism developed into an alternative model that sought to overcome existing conditions, interpreted as being bourgeois capitalist in nature, in virtuall…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Social politics
(938 words)
[German version] In modern industrial societies, the function of SP is to set up systems to prevent the occurrence of cases of hardship, and to protect individual citizens and groups of citizens from defined risks. A vital instrument of SP is social insurance, of the kind created in the German Empire between 1883 and 1889 (health insurance, accident insurance, old-age insurance); unemployment insurance followed during the Weimar Republic. Since that time, the actual concern in SP has been, on the …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Social structure
(4,590 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Near East Social structure in the ancient Orient was determined by who controlled the fundamental means of production in an agrarian society, the arable land. The usual form of government in such societies was a patrimonial monarchy. Palaces and temples were the institutional centres dominating the economic and social structures and developments, especially in Egypt and Mesopotamia; all parts of society were directly or indirectly incorporated into this system. The existenc…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Social Wars
(1,037 words)
Wars within or between ancient alliance systems (Socii; Symmachia; Symmachoi). The term does not include punitive expeditions by the leading power against individual alliance members. The following wars were already called SW (πόλεμος συμμαχικός/
pólemos symmachikós,
bellum sociale) in Antiquity: [German version] [1] War by Athens against allies of the 2nd Athenian League, 357-355 BC The war by Athens against seceded allies of the Second Athenian League from 357-355 BC, which put Athens into serious military and financial difficulties (Symmoria). Du…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Societas
(534 words)
[German version] Society (κοινοπραξία/
koinopraxía) based on a contract, known to Roman law from the late Republic. In its origins, it was probably influenced by archaic forms of a community based on kinship, esp. the
consortium ercto non cito ('partnership by undivided inheritance') of brothers who did not wish to divide their father's estate (Gai. Inst. 3,154, v. also
communio ). However, this influence was no longer of import to the legal development of the
societas after the 2nd cent. BC. The
societas was created by the conclusion of a contract of consent (
consensus …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Society of Dilettanti
(1,709 words)
Schwandner, Ernst-Ludwig (Berlin RWG) [German version] A. Beginnings (CT) In the 18th cent. it became customary in educated circles of the English aristocracy for young people to undertake study trips to Italy and especially Rome that often lasted for years (the
Grand Tour). As a result, there grew up in Rome a colony of Englishmen who loved art and Classical Antiquity and who devoted themselves not only to the study of art but to an extravagant Mediterranean lifestyle and the acquisition of antiquities as well. In memory of these time…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Socii
(298 words)
[German version] Rome's allies in Italy and, in exceptional cases, also communities and individuals outside Italy were already known as
socii in antiquity. The
socii in Italy were listed in the
formula togatorum, a schedule which laid down the extent of the obligation to provide military contributions, as communities from which Rome was accustomed to require the provision of soldiers for the Roman army ('
socii nominis(ve) Latini quibus <sc.
Romani>
ex formula milites in terra Italia imperare solent':
lex agraria of 111 BC, FIRA 1, no. 8, ll. 21 and 50). The criterion for m…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Socii (Roman confederation)
(849 words)
[German version] A. Definition The term "Roman confederation" or "Italic Federation" (Beloch) refers to the Roman manner of governing Italy during the Republic. The Romans themselves apparently had no name for this structure, in documents one encounters the paraphrase
socii nominisque (or
nominisve)
Latini quibus ex formula milites in terra Italia imperare solent [1]. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) [German version] B. Participants Geographically, the confederation comprised the Apennine peninsula without the islands. The Ligurian and Gallic tribes of Upper Ita…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Soclarus
(383 words)
(Σώκλαρος;
Sṓklaros). [German version] [1] Son of Plutarchus [2] of Chaeronea A son of Plutarchus of Chaeronea (not necessarily the eldest, perhaps named after Plutarch's friend(s) S. [2] and [3]) who was reaching adolescence at the time when his father wrote
How a young man should listen to poets (Plut. Mor. 15a). [1] assumed that he died young, as he is not mentioned again and Plutarch dedicated
On the Generation of the Soul in Timaeus to his brothers Autobulus and Plutarchus, not to Soclarus; he assumed that Plutarch alludes to the loss in the
Consolation to his Wife (Mor. 609a). The sil…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Socrates
(6,685 words)
(Σωκράτης;
Sōkrátēs). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Thebes, c. 470 BC Sculptor from Thebes. He created a cult statue of Meter Dindymene for Pindar [2] in Thebes (Paus. 9,25,3) and therefore must have worked in the 'Severe Style' around 470 BC. Paus. 1,22,8 attributed a relief of the Charites and a Hermes Propylaios on the Acropolis in Athens to the philosopher S. [2] as the alleged sculptor. The relief of the Charites is identified as the model of a much-copied type. Because it is dated to around 470,…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Socratics
(1,010 words)
[German version] The term 'Socratics' refers in a broad sense to all of those who, according to surviving evidence, had a close relationship to Socrates [2] (469-399 BC). In a narrower sense, it is limited to those known to have written philosophical works: Aeschines [1], Antisthenes [1], Aristippus [3], Euclides [2], Phaedo, Plato [1] and Xenophon. Ancient sources tell us a great deal about the personal relationships of these Socratics, both with Socrates and among themselves. Some is evidently b…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Socus
(83 words)
[German version] (Σῶκος;
Sôkos). Trojan, son of Hippasus [2], challenges Odysseus to battle to avenge the death of his brother Charops [4] (Hom. Il. 11,430-433: one of the rare direct speeches by a 'minor' combatant). He wounds Odysseus so badly that he has to leave the battle field, but not before killing the fleeing S. and directing a sneering speech of triumph to him (ibid. 11,434-458). Nünlist, René (Basle) Bibliography P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de l'Iliade, vol. 2, 1988, s. v. S., 1001-1004.
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Sodales
(392 words)
[German version] Originally members of an association (Associations) in the broadest sense: the
suodales of Poplios Valesios, which appear in an inscription from Satricum (
c. 500 BC; CIL I2 4,2832a), could be companions, politically or religiously like-minded people [7; 8]. The majority of the evidence, however, relates to Rome in the Republican and Imperial Periods. In the Roman tradition the institution of
s. is ascribed to Romulus [1] (Sempronius Tuditanus fr. 3 Beck-Walter) or Numa (for
Salii and
Fetiales : Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,70-72). The following
s. can be seen as religio…
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Brill’s New Pauly