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Nikolaos

(1,607 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Markschies, Christoph (Heidelberg) | Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum)
(Νικόλαος). [English version] [1] Stratege Ptolemaios' IV. in Koile-Syria, 219 v.Chr. Aitoler, stratēgós Ptolemaios' IV. in Koile-Syria, belagerte 219 v.Chr. vergeblich den abtrünnigen Theodotos in Ptolemais, verhinderte aber die Einschließung von Dora durch Antiochos [5] III. Im J. 218 zum Oberkommandierenden gemacht, besetzte er den Küstenpaß nördl. von Sidon, wurde aber von Antiochos am Damurasfluß zurückgeworfen. N. ging dann wohl zu Antiochos über, den er 209…

Nicolaus

(2,154 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Markschies, Christoph (Berlin) | CH.KÄ. | Et al.
(Νικόλαος/ Nikólaos). [German version] [1] Strategos of Ptolemy IV in Coele Syria, 219 BC Aetolian, stratēgós of Ptolemy IV in Coele Syria. In 219 BC, he unsuccessfully besieged the dissident Theodotus in Ptolemais,  but succeeded in preventing the encirclement of Dora by Antiochus [5] III. Made supreme commander in 218, he occupied the coastal pass north of Sidon, but was repelled by Antiochus at the Damuras river. N. then probably defected to Antiochus, whom he accompanied in 209 to Hyr…

Theopompus

(1,730 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Matthaios, Stephanos (Cologne) | Et al.
(Θεόπομπος/ Theópompos). [German version] [1] Spartan king, around 700 BC Among the early Spartan kings, the Eurypontid T. (Eurypontids), son of Nicander [1] (Hdt. 8,131), is the only one securely identified in a contemporary source: Tyrtaeus (fr. 2 Gentili/Prato) names him as a victorious king in the 1st Messenian War ( c. 700/690-680/70 BC). He was probably the colleague of the Agiad Polydorus [6] (Paus. 4,7,7), appears to have played a role in Spartan-Argive conflicts around Cynuria [1] (Paus. 3,7,5) and in disputes between Spartans and Arcad…

Herakleitos

(1,563 words)

Author(s): Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) | Et al.
(Ἡράκλειτος). [English version] [1] H. von Ephesos ionischer Philosoph, um 500 v. Chr. Sohn des Bloson, herausragende Persönlichkeit der ion. Philosophie. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [English version] A. Zur Person H.' Hauptschaffenszeit ist um 500-503 v.Chr. anzusetzen (Diog. Laert. 9,1). Seine Familie hatte im öffentl. Leben von Ephesos eine führende Position. Die doxographische Überl. verzeichnet zahlreiche Anekdoten über H.' Arroganz und Verachtung seiner Mitbürger wie der Menschheit im allg., die meist auf den Fragmenten des H. selbst beruhen. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) …

Nicostratus

(1,042 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Et al.
(Νικόστρατος; Nikóstratos). [German version] [1] Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen Son of Menelaus [1] and Helen [1]. According to  Hom. Il. 3,175 and Hom. Od. 4,12, Menelaus and Helen had only a daughter (Hermione, cf. Eur. Andr. 898; Lycoph. 851), but in another tradition they also had a son (Hes. Fr. 175,2 M.-W.; Soph. El. 539). Later authors tried to resolve this discrepancy by making N. the son of a slave (Paus. 2,18,6). In Amyclae, N. and Megapenthes [2] were portrayed on horseback, as a counterpart to t…

Theophilus

(1,625 words)

Author(s): Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Rist, Josef (Würzburg) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Et al.
(Θεόφιλος; Theóphilos). [German version] [1] Comic poet, 4th cent. BC Comic poet of the 4th cent. BC; victor at the Dionysia of 329 [1. test.2], fourth there in 311 with his Pankratiastḗs [2.190, 200]. T. was of the declining Middle and the incipient New Comedy [I G]. Of the nine known titles, two - Νεοπτόλεμος ( Neoptólemos, 'Neoptolemus'), Προιτίδες ( Proitídes, 'The daughters of Proitus') - are mythological plays, the others deal with everyday material. In the Ἐπίδημοι ( Epídēmoi, 'The Pilgrims'), a slave considers whether to run away from his kind master (fr. 1); in the Φίλαυλος ( Phílaul…

Nicias

(1,775 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Hoesch, Nicola (Munich) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Et al.
(Νικίας; Nikías). [German version] [1] Important commander in the Peloponnesian War, c.470-413 BC Son of Niceratus of Athens, born c.470 BC, died 413; one of the most important commanders in the Peloponnesian War. After the death of Pericles, N. competed with Cleon [1] for influence in the popular assembly and the assignment of military commands. His policy was directed towards ending the aggressive Athenian politics of expansion and towards reconciliation with Sparta. From 427, N. was regularly elected stratēgós . He led expeditions against Minoa [4…

Straton

(1,134 words)

Author(s): Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Wildberg, Christian (Princeton) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Et al.
(Στράτων; Strátōn). [German version] [1] Attic comedy writer, 4th cent. BC Attic comedy writer of the 4th cent. BC, according to the Suda belonging to the Middle Comedy [1. test. 1], but on the basis of fr. 1,43 (mentioning Philitas [1] of Cos) certainly to the New Comedy [2.62 f.]. At the Dionysia of 302, S. attained the fourth place [1. test. 2]. Of the comedy Phoinikídes (fr. 1 PCG) a rhesis survives on papyrus (fr. 1,4-8; 11; 13-15; 17-21; 23-25; 34-50; cf. [3]) and in a divergent version in Athenaeus (fr. 1,1-47; cf. [1.621 f.]); the spe…

Dioscorides

(1,511 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Et al.
(Διοσκουρίδης; Dioskourídēs). [German version] [1] Son of Polemaeus, naval commander in 314-313 BC Son of Polemaeus, nephew of  Antigonus [1] Monophthalmus. Led the fleet to a few victories as naval commander in 314-13 BC. Nothing further is known about his life. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography R. A. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed, 1990, 381f. [German version] [2] Polyhistor of the 4th and 3rd cents. BC Polyhistor of the 4th and 3rd cents. BC, pupil of Isocrates (Ath. 1,18,11 A). Of his works, the following titles are known (cf. FGrH 3 B 594): 1. Apomnēmoneúmata (‘Memorabil…

Heraclitus I (Gk)

(1,845 words)

Author(s): Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) | Et al.
(Ἡράκλειτος; Hērákleitos). [German version] [1] H. of Ephesus Ionian philosopher, c. 500 BC Son of Bloson, outstanding personality within Ionian philosophy. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] A. The person H.'s main period of activity is estimated to have been about 503-500 BC (Diog. Laert. 9,1). He belonged to a leading family in the public life of Ephesus. The doxographic tradition records several anecdotes of H.'s arrogance and contempt for his fellow citizens and humanity in general, which are mostly based on fragments of H. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] B. La…

Theon

(2,323 words)

Author(s): Hoesch, Nicola (Munich) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Damschen, Gregor (Halle/Saale) | Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Et al.
(Θέων; Théōn). [German version] [1] Greek painter from Samos, 300 BC and after T. of Samos was a Greek painter of the Hellenistic Period, who was active around and after 300 BC. His skill as a creator of images and the successful way in which his paintings were composed were praised in handbooks of rhetoric (e.g. Quint. Inst. 12,10,6) as examples to be followed. The viewer's creative imagination and intuitive understanding were meant to be stimulated at the same time by means of the artistic phantasía (Lat. ingenium, 'image creation'; Phantasia), so that the viewer might imagine e…

Polyclitus

(1,987 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Et al.
(Πολύκλειτος/ Polýkleitos). [German version] [1] Greek bronze sculptor from Sicyon, 5th or 4th cent. BC the Greek bronze sculptor Polyclitus. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) [German version] I. General Bronze sculptor from Sicyon, pupil of Ageladas in Argos. Biographical detail on P. is scanty. His sons were regarded as less successful. P. [2] may, judging by his name, have been a nephew, and Naucydes thus P.'s brother. Six pupils, with mostly unrevealing names, are recorded. However, various family and artistic lineages have b…

Nikias

(1,669 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) | Hoesch, Nicola (München) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Et al.
(Νικίας). [English version] [1] bed. Feldherr im Peloponnesischen Krieg, ca. 470-413 v.Chr. Sohn des Nikeratos aus Athen, geb. ca. 470 v.Chr., gest. 413, einer der bedeutendsten Feldherren im Peloponnesischen Krieg. Nach dem Tode des Perikles konkurrierte N. mit Kleon [1] um Einfluß bei der Volksversammlung und die Zuweisung mil. Kommandos. Seine Politik zielte auf Beendigung der aggressiven athen. Expansionspolitik und Ausgleich mit Sparta ab. Seit 427 wurde N. regelmäßig zum stratēgós gewählt. Er leitete Expeditionen gegen das der Küste vo…

Dioskurides

(1,368 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Et al.
(Διοσκουρίδης). [English version] [1] Sohn von Polemaios, Flottenkommandeur 314-313 v. Chr. Sohn von Polemaios, Neffe von Antigonos [1] Monophthalmos. Als Flottenkommandeur 314-13 v.Chr. erzielte er einige Erfolge. Sein weiteres Schicksal ist unbekannt. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography R.A. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed, 1990, 381f. [English version] [2] Polyhistor, 4. und 3. Jh. v. Chr. Polyhistor des 4. und 3. Jh.v.Chr., Schüler des Isokrates (Athen. 1,18,11 A). Von seinen Werken kennen wir folgende Titel (vgl. FGrH 3 B 594): 1. Apomnēmoneúmata (‘Denkwürdigke…

Polykleitos

(1,934 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Et al.
(Πολύκλειτος). [English version] [1] griech. Bronzebildner aus Sikyon, 5. oder 4. Jh. v. Chr. der griech. Bronzebildner Polyklet. Neudecker, Richard (Rom) [English version] I. Allgemeines Bronzebildner aus Sikyon, in Argos Schüler des Ageladas. Biographische Angaben zu P. sind dürftig. Seine Söhne galten als wenig erfolgreich. P. [2] kann wegen des Namens ein Neffe, somit Naukydes ein Bruder des P. gewesen sein. Sechs Schüler mit zumeist nichtssagenden Namen sind überliefert. Dennoch wurden verschiedentlich Familien- un…

Nikostratos

(979 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München) | Baltes, Matthias (Münster) | Et al.
(Νικόστρατος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Menelaos [1] und der Helene Sohn des Menelaos [1] und der Helene [1]. Nach Hom. Il. 3,175 und Hom. Od. 4,12 hatten Menelaos und Helene nur eine Tochter (Hermione, vgl. Eur. Andr. 898; Lykophr. 851), doch gab es auch eine Trad., die zusätzlich einen Sohn kannte (Hes. fr. 175,2 M.-W.; Soph. El. 539). Spätere Autoren versuchen, die Differenz zu vermitteln, indem sie N. zum Sohn einer Sklavin erklären (Paus. 2,18,6). In Amyklai waren N. und Megapenthes [2] als Gege…

Heraclides

(4,218 words)

Author(s): Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Et al.
(Ἡρακλείδης; Hērakleídēs). Famous persons: the politician and writer H. [19] Lembus, the philosopher H. [16] Ponticus the Younger, the doctor H. [27] of Tarentum. I. Political figures [German version] [1] Spokesman on behalf of Athens at the Persian court, end of 5th cent. BC H. of Clazomenae (cf. Pl. Ion 541d) was in the service of the Persians and probably called basileús for that reason. Thus, he was able to perform valuable services for Athens at the Persian court in 423 BC for which he received Attic citizenship soon after moving there (after 400, Syll.3 118). To move the Athenians …

Herakleides

(3,898 words)

Author(s): Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (München) | Et al.
(Ἡρακλείδης). Bekannte Persönlichkeiten: der Politiker und Schriftsteller H. [19] Lembos, der Philosoph H. [16] Pontikos d.J., der Arzt H. [27] aus Tarent. I. Politische Persönlichkeiten [English version] [1] Fürsprecher Athens am pers. Hof, Ende 5. Jh. v. Chr. H. aus Klazomenai (vgl. Plat. Ion 541d) stand in persischen Diensten, darum wohl basileús genannt. Er hat so 423 v.Chr. wertvolle Dienste am persischen Hof für Athen leisten können, wofür er bald nach seiner Übersiedlung das att. Bürgerrecht erhielt (nach 400, Syll.3 118). Um die Athener für eine noch stärkere Teiln…
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