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Neoteles

(130 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Νεοτέλης; Neotélēs). Greek grammarian, probably a pupil of Aristarchus [4] [1. 78]. The author of a commentary on the Iliad (fragments in the Homeric scholia): Didymus [1] mentions him in connection with Hom. Il. 24,110, and Nicanor [10] of Cyrene tells us of N.'s comment on the Teucer scene (Hom. Il. 8,325) in which he observes that Teucer strung his bow in the manner of the Scythians [2. 31f.]. Based on this passage, Porphyrius (1,123,11ff. Sch.) attributed to N. an entire work (ὅλην βίβλον/ hólēn bíblon) on archery (Περὶ τῆς κατὰ τοὺς ἥρωας τοξείας/ Perì tês katà toù…

Obelus

(132 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (ὀβελός/ obelós). Text-critical sign of Alexandrian philology in the shape of a line (- -) in the left margin [2. 204]. Its use goes back to Zenodotus of Ephesus [3. 9f.]. The obelus - originating in the textual criticism of Homer - was used primarily for marking poetic passages that were regarded as inauthentic or corrupted [4. 115; 5. 9]. In connection with the asterískos the obelus marks a versus iteratus (‘repeated verse’) regarded as interpolated. Correction marks; Critical marks; Emendation of texts; Text, corruption of the Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) Bibliogr…

Protos heuretes

(768 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (πρῶτος εὑρετής/ prôtos heuretḗs, Lat. primus inventor). Term widely used as a topos from the 5th cent. BC on for one or more 'inventors' ( heuretḗs, pl. heuretaí) of particular objects or techniques, considered, by the connection of heurḗmata ('inventions') with his name , as their first ( prôtos) originator. The earliest witness to this usage can be found in the 7th-6th cent. BC Phoronis (fr. 2 Bernabé): οἳ πρῶτοι τέχνην πολυμήτιος Ἡφαίστοιο εὗρον ( hoì prôtoi téchn ēn polymḗtios Hēphaístoio heûron ("they <the Idaean Dactyls> were the first to invent the art…

Tyrannion

(277 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
(Τυραννίων/ Tyranníōn). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian, 1st cent. BC T. of Amisus, Greek grammarian of the 1st cent. BC (d. c. 25 BC). After training with Hestiaeus and Dionysius [17] Thrax, he probably worked at Rome from c. 68 BC [1. 29], where he came into contact with Caesar, Atticus and Cicero [2. 94]. Among his pupils was Strabo. T., with other grammarians (e.g. Tryphon [3]), marked the beginnings of normative grammar [3. 27]. On his role in the establishment of the grammatical quadripartite model, s. [4. 31-32]. Of …

Menogenes

(69 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Μενογένης; Menogénēs). Greek grammarian. In Eust. 2,494 (ad Hom. Il. 2,494) he is mentioned alongside Porphyry and Apollodorus [7] as a commentator on the Homeric Catalogue of Ships. Nothing is preserved of his work, which was said to have encompassed 23 books. His dates are likewise unknown: [1] places him between Apollodorus and Porphyry. Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) Bibliography 1 A. Gudeman, s.v. Menogenes, RE 15, 917.

Eunapius

(531 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Εὐνάπιος; Eunápios). Greek sophist and historian from Sardeis ( c. AD 347-414) [8. 2-4], who, apart from a comprehensive philosophical and rhetorical eduction by  Chrysanthius and  Prohaeresius also possessed excellent medical knowledge and the favour of  Oribasius. In his writings E. was a determined opponent of Christianity, to which, an adherent of  Julian [11] the Apostate (Fr. 1,95-101 Blockley), he opposed the concept of a restored Greek   paideía . Of the ‘Histories’ (Ἱστορικὰ ὑπομνήματα/ Historikà hypomnḗmata, 14 vol.) that he wrote at the sugge…

Pamphila

(309 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Παμφίλη; Pamphílē) of Epidaurus. Important female philologist and writer at the time of Emperor Nero (mid-1st cent. AD); presumably the daughter of the grammarian Soteridas [1. 58-61; 2. 310-312]. Of her writings, only 10 fragments are extant from the main work, the Ἱστορικὰ ὑπομνήματα ( Historikà hypomnḗmata, 'Historical Memoirs') that comprised 33 bks. (FHG 3, 520-522). Of the other works, among which there were several Epitomaí, Suda mentions Περὶ ἀμφισβητήσεων ('On Controversies'), Περὶ ἀφροδισίων ('On Sexual Pleasures') and an epitome …

Lysimachides

(70 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Λυσιμαχίδης; Lysimachídēs). Greek grammarian of the Augustan period (born in c. 50 BC). L. is considered to be the critic of his contemporary Caecilius [III 5] of Cale Acte [1. 168]. Of his work ‘On the Athenian Months’ (Περὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησι μηνῶν), three records are extant in Harpocration's [2] ‘Lexicon on the Ten Orators’ (FGrH 366). Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) Bibliography 1 E. Ofenloch, Caecilii Calactini fragmenta, 1907.

Dialogue of the Dead

(1,853 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) [German version] A. Creation of the Genre (CT) “How much would a person possibly give (...) for questioning him who led the great army against Troy, or  Odysseus, or Sisyphus, or  the countless other men and women that could be named and for the eternal bliss of talking to them, of being with them and  asking them questions?” (Pl. Ap. 41b-c). Socrates' vision of continuing the 'Socratic' dialogues in the underworld where he imagines a temporarily and spatially unlimited dialogue …

Lupercus

(203 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Λούπερκος; Loúperkos). Grammarian from Berytus who lived around the reign of Emperor Claudius Gothicus (AD 268-270). Of his works nothing is extant; the Suda (Λ 691) mentions eight titles, among which are works on the use of particles and accents (Περὶ τοῦ ἄν, Περὶ τοῦ ταώς), an investigation on the quantity of the iota in καρίς (Περὶ τῆς καρίδος) and a work regarding Pl. Phd. 118a (Περὶ τοῦ παρὰ Πλάτωνι ἀλεκτρυόνος). Further writings were the Ἀττικαὶ λέξεις, a Κτίσις τοῦ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ Ἀρσινοήτου (νομοῦ) [1] and a Τέχνη γραμματική, am…

Pyres

(114 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Πύρης/ Pýrēs, Πύρρος/ Pýrros) from Miletus. According to Ath. 14,620e, he, Alexander [21] Aetolus and Alexas were precursors to Sotades and co-founders of ionicology or cinaedology ([1]; Suda Σ 871, s. v. Σωτάδης). In this type of solomimetic songs the performer recited what were known as  Ἰωνικὰ ποιήματα/ Iōnikà poiḗmata ('Ionic poems'), by which we have to imagine a connection between Ionic form and lascivious content. Of P.' works nothing survives, and we have no certainty on the dating (late 4th/early 3rd century BC). It ma…

Stesimbrotus

(584 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Στησίμβροτος; Stēsímbrotos) from Thasus, 5th cent. BC rhapsode and exegete of Homer (Homerus); fragments of three of his writings survive (FGrH 107). S. is considered one of the first allegorists and co-founder of the genre of biography. Niceratus [1] (Xen. Symp. 3,6) and Antimachus [3] (Suda s.v. Ἀντίμαχος) were his pupils. S. acquired significance through is allegorical interpretations of Homer; in Pl. Ion 530c-d he is invoked, alongside the allegorist Metrodorus of Lampsacus, a…

Simias

(348 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] (Σιμίας/ Simías) or Simmias (Σιμμίας/ Simmías) of Rhodes, Alexandrian poet and grammarian c. 300 BC (Suda s.v. Σ. Ῥόδιος). Among his most important works are the Γλῶσσαι/ Glôssai ('Glosses', 3 books) and a collection of poetry ( Ποιήματα διάφορα/Poiḗmata diáphora , 4 books), both surviving in only few fragments. S. is considered to be the inventor of technopaígnia and several lyric metres. For his explanations in his 'Glosses' of difficult poetic passages Str. 14,655 describes him as a grammatikós. The poetry collection shows S. as a typical Alexandrian sch…

Lysanias

(197 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
(Λυσανίας; Lysanías). [German version] [1] Tetrarch of Abilene, 1st half of the 1st cent. AD Tetrarch of Abilene who was introduced by the evangelist Luke (Lc 3:1) for the purpose of synchronization, in the 15th year of the emperor Tiberius = October 27 - September AD 28. He must have died before 37, since Caligula gave his territory to Herodes [8] Agrippa I at that time. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography L. Boffo, Iscrizioni Greche e Latine per lo studio della Bibbia, 1994, 171ff. PIR2 L 467. [German version] [2] Greek Grammarian, 3rd cent. BC Greek grammarian from Cyrene who lived in …

Theodoretus

(442 words)

Author(s): Rist, Josef (Würzburg) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
(Θεοδώρητος; Theodṓrētos). [German version] [1] Bishop of Cyrrhus, 1st half of the 5th cent. Bishop of Cyrrhus (born in c. 393, bishop in 423, died in c. 466). T. received a solid classical education in the monastic milieu of Antioch [1]. A devoted pastor in his diocese, he fought against heretics (Heresy) and worked towards improving living conditions. In the Christological conflict between Cyrillus [2] of Alexandria and Nestorius he joined the latter without reservations. He was dismissed by the Synod of Ephesus in 449…

Mnesimachus

(228 words)

Author(s): Hidber, Thomas (Berne) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
(Μνησίμαχος; Mnēsímachos). [German version] [1] Poet of Middle Comedy A comic poet whom both Athenaeus and the Suda attribute to Middle Comedy [1. test. 1, 2]. His name is on the victors' list of the Lenaean festival, immediately after Antiphanes [1. test. 3], and his creative period extends from the 360's into the  340's BC [2]. We still have the titles of seven of his plays: Ἀλκμαίων (or -έων), Βούσιρις, Δύσκολος, Ἱπποτρόφος, Ἰσθμιονίκης, Φαρμακοπώλης, Φίλιππος ( Alkmaíōn/éōn, Boúsiris, Dýskolos, Hippótrophos, Isthmioníkēs, Pharmakopṓlēs, Phílippos). By far the longest fra…

Zopyrion

(198 words)

Author(s): Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
(Ζωπυρίων; Zōpyríōn). [German version] [1] From Macedonia, governor of Thrace, second half of the 4th cent. BC Macedonian of unknown origin, who as governor of Thrace allegedly undertook a campaign with 30,000 men across the Danube c. 325 BC, advanced as far as the Borysthenes (modern Dnieper), besieged Olbia [1], but as his army was severely worn down by bad weather, was defeated by the Scythae and killed (Curt. 10,1,43-45; Iust. Epit. 2,3,4; 12,1,4; 12,2,16f. with incorrect dating; 37,3,2; Macr. Sat. 1,11,33). Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography Berve, vol. 2, Nr. 340  A. B. Boswort…

Peplos

(543 words)

Author(s): Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
(πέπλος; péplos). [German version] [1] Blanket, cloth, or shroud Blanket, cloth, or shroud (Hom. Il. 24,796; Eur. Tro. 627, cf. Eur. Hec. 432); later, women's outer garment or coat (Hom. Il. 5,734; Hom. Od. 18,292, cf. Xen. Cyr. 5,1,6). In the myth, the Trojan women place a peplos on the knees of the cult image of seated Athena (Hom. Il. 6,303). Peplos is also the term used for esp. magnificent robes, above all for the dress of Hera of Olympia which was newly woven every four years by 16 women (Paus. 5,16) and for that of Athena Polias in Athens, which wa…

Moeris

(396 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) | Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich)
[German version] [1] Indian prince of the Patalii Indian prince of the Patalii at the mouth of the Indus, a companion of Alexander [4] (Curt. 9,8,28). The name M. is said to have been derived from Maurya [1. 25-27], but this is extremely unlikely. India Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 P.H.L. Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan, 1975, 25-27. [German version] [2] Grammarian and lexicographer, 2nd/3rd cent.? (Μοῖρις; Moîris). Greek grammarian and lexicographer of the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. AD. Author of an alphabetically ordere…

Tauriscus

(252 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Hoesch, Nicola (Munich)
(Ταυρίσκος/ Taurískos). [German version] [1] Grammarian, 2nd cent. BC Grammarian of the 2nd cent. BC and pupil of Crates [5] from Mallus, to whom his definition of philological scholarship (κριτικὴ τέχνη, kritikḕ téchnē) can be traced [1. 56]. According to Sext. Emp. adv. math. 248-249, T. distinguished three sub-disciplines: grammar (λογικόν, logikón), dialectology and stylistic criticism (τριβικόν, tribikón) and commentary (ἱστορικόν, historikón) on content needing explanation. For T.' position within the classification of the grammatical discourse o…
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