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1. Introduction The Arabic fuṣḥā has two gender-linked characteristics: it is not a mother tongue, and it entertains a diglossic (diglossia) relationship with the dialectal Arabic mother tongues with which it co-exists. Both characteristics make of Arabic a typically ‘public’ language in an overall patriarchal context where ‘public’ denotes ‘male power’, as opposed to ‘private’, which denotes ‘women's realm’ (El Saadawi 1980; Mernissi 1997; Sadiqi and Ennaji 2006). The study of Arabic from a gender perspecti…

Introduction The 1990s and 2000s were significant for Moroccan women and are crucial to understanding the nature of women’s organizing in the post-Arab Spring moment. This entry deals mainly with the secular feminist movement in Morocco, which comprises secular associations as well as the secular discourse produced by academics and politicians. The 1990s were characterized by heated ideological debates and confrontations between the Islamists and secular women’s rights organizations and the 2000s…