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(Greek Ὀδαίναθος, Odaínathos). [German version] [1] Murderer of Septimius O. [2] O. murdered the ruler of Palmyra, Septimius O. [2], probably in the spring of AD 267, when the latter was travelling through Cappadocia to Heraclea [7] Pontica to expel the Goths from Asia Minor. O. himself was then killed by the guards of his victim (Sync. 717). However, this is contradicted by other sources that name a consobrinus,Maeonius (SHA Tyr. Trig. 15,5; 17,1), or the nephew of the Palmyrenian prince as the murderer (Zon. 12,24 D.). According to Zosimus (1,39,2), the deed w…

[German version] D. S. Proculus Iulianus, senator, homo novus with a career under 7 emperors, probably from Italy, property in the Po Valley and a villa in Rome. S. was c. AD 234-235 iuridicus per Transpadum, in 236 governor of Thrace (IGR I 691-693), 237-238 legatus Augusti pro praetore provinciae Arabiae (CIL III 14149, 33; AE 1904, 67) and in 238 probably cos. suff. [1. 66; 2. 232]; governor, perhaps of Pannonia inferior c. 238/9-240, then of the Tres Daciae 241-243 (CIL III 1573; VI 1520 = ILS 1189; [3. 206 f.]); 244-245 leg. Aug. pro praetore provinciae Syriae Coeles (CIL VI 1520 =…

[German version] Imperator Caesar Ulp(ius) Cor(nelius) Laelianus (RIC V 2, 373 no. 8; [1. 66 no. 6]). Probably commander of the legio XXII Primigenia in Mogontiacum (Mainz) or governor of the province of Germania superior, rebelled early in AD 269 against Postumus and was proclaimed Augustus. Shortly afterwards Postumus defeated and killed him (Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,8; Eutr. 9,9; Iohannes Antiochenus fr. 152 FHG, here incorrectly ‘Lollianus’); according to another tradition (SHA Tyr. Trig. 4; 5; 6,3; 8,1), L. was murdered by Victorinus or by his own soldiers. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bib…

[German version] Imp. Caesar P. C[...] R. Augustus (RIC V/2, 586 f.; [1]). Governor in Illyricum, probably of Dacian descent. In AD 260, after the overthrow of Ingenuus [1] by Aureolus at Mursa, he was proclaimed anti-emperor to Gallienus by the Danube troops (SHA Tyr. Trig. 10,1; Ps.-Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 32,3; Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2; Pol. Silv. Chronica minora 1,521,45). He fought the Sarmatae, who had already been threatening the lower Danube provinces for some time (SHA Tyr. Trig. 10,2). A sho…

[German version] [1] Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus, 2nd cent. BC Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus and Cornelia [I 1] (Plut., Ti. Gracchus 1,3), from 150 BC in a childless marriage with P. Cornelius [I 70] Scipio Aemilianus, for whose death in 129 BC she is supposed to have been partly to blame (App. B Civ. 1,20 (83); Liv. Per. 59). Despite the threatening demeanour of the people, in 102 or 101 BC she refused to acknowledge L. Equitius [1] as her nephew (Val. Max. 3,8,6). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography R. A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, 1994, 48-50. …

[German version] [1] Emperor, 3rd cent. AD Imp. Caes. M.O. (Antoninus) Diadumenianus, son of the emperor M.O. Macrinus, born on 14 or 19 September 208 AD (Cass. Dio 78,34,2; SHA Diad. 5,5). At the beginning of 217 he was given the title of clarissimus puer (CIL XV 7505), shortly afterwards he was also princeps iuventutis and nobilissimus Caesar (Cass. Dio 78,17,1; 19,1; Herodian. 5,4,12; Aur. Vict. Caes. 22,1; AE 1953,54; 1954,8; 1960,36; RIC IV, 2,22). In May 218, after the beginning of the mutiny of troops in Raphanaea in Syria, Macrinus made him Au…

[German version] C. Valens H. Messius Quintus was the younger son of emperor  Decius [II 1] and Herennia Etruscilla. In September AD 250, he was named Caesar and Princeps Iuventutis (AE 1942/43, 55; ILS 518) and, after the death of his father in June 251, adopted by  Trebonianus Gallus and raised to Augustus (Zos. 1,25,1; RIC 4,3, 143ff.), probably to distract from the complicity of Trebonianus in the deaths of his father and brother. Shortly after, he died in Rome of the plague (Aur. Vict. Caes. 30,1; [Aur. Vict.] epit. Ca…

[German version] The fictitious author Trebellius Pollio uses the term triginta tyranni (TT) in the Historia Augusta to refer to 32 usurpers from all parts of the empire supposedly in the period of the emperors Valerianus [2] and Gallienus (253-268) in order to expose their rule as particularly week and bad. He increased the number that was first planned to be 20 (SHA Gall. 21,1) to 30 as an allusion to the Athenian Thirty Tyrants ( triákonta ) (SHA Trig. tyr. 2-31), among them esp. derisively (31,7) two women, Zenobia from Palmyra (30) and Victoria in…

[German version] Term applied to a group of Roman rulers whose feature in common was the fact that they came from Illyrian territory, more broadly the area between the Adriatic and the lower Danube. The sequence already begins with  Decius [II 1] (AD 249-251) but essentially includes the emperors  Claudius [III 2] Gothicus,  Aurelianus [2],  Probus,  Diocletianus,  Maximianus, and  Constantinus [1] I. Even in antiquity these rulers were credited with having little education but they were acknowled…

[German version] Imp. Caes. C. Vibius T. Gallus Augustus (CIL XI 1927), Roman emperor from June AD 251 to August (?) AD 253. Born about 206 in Perusia, from a noble family (Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 31,1), Senator, cos. suff. c. AD 245 (Dexippus FGrH 100 F 22), governor of the province of Moesia inferior AD 250/1 [1. 103 f.]. At Novae[1], he successfully opposed the Goths (Goti) under their king Kniva (Iord. Get. 101 f.). Emperor Decius [II 1] escaped to him after being defeated by the Goths at Beroea[2]. Together they intended to cut off the Germans'…

[German version] P. Helvius P., Roman Emperor 31 Dec. 192-28 Mar. 193. Born 1 Aug. AD 126 in Alba Pompeia in Liguria (SHA Pert. 1,2; 15,6; Cass. Dio 73,3,1), son of a freedman. After being educated as a grammaticus , he applied for a position as centurio with the assistance of L. Hedius Lollianus [4] Avitus (SHA Pert. 1,5; (Ps.-)Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 18). He received the rank of an eques ( equites Romani D) with the support of Claudius [II 54] Pompeianus, which allowed him to pursue an equestrian career. Around AD 160, still in the reign of Antoninus [1] Pius, he served as praefectus cohortis …

[German version] Imperator Caesar M. Opellius Severus M. Augustus. Roman Emperor AD 217-218. Born in 164 (Cass. Dio 78,40,3) or 166 (Chron. pasch. I p. 498 D.) in Caesarea Mauretania, of humble origins (Cass. Dio 78,11,1; SHA Opilius Macrinus (= Macr.) 2,1). M. initially worked as a lawyer, then as procurator of the praef. praet. Fulvius [II 10] Plautianus, whose deposal he survived unharmed thanks to the intervention of L. Fabius [II 6] Cilo (Cass. Dio 78,11,2). Septimius Severus appointed him praefectus vehiculorum per Flaminiam (Cass. Dio 78,11,3), and in c. 208 keeper of the impe…

[German version] Imperator Caesar T. Fulvius Iunius Q. Pius Felix Augustus, younger son of Fulvius Macrianus [2], who served as a military tribune under Valerianus [2] (SHA Trig. Tyr. 12,10; Zon. 12,24 D.). Elevated together with his brother to Augustus by his father before 17 September, AD 260 (RIC 5,2,582 f.; SHA Gall. 1,3-5; SHA Tyr. Trig. 12,10-12), he stayed behind in the east with the praetorian prefect Ballista. After the defeat of his father and brother by Aureolus in Illyria, Q. was also captured in Emesa by its inhabitants in the autumn of AD 261 and killed there. Franke, Thomas (Bo…

[German version] Murdered the Palmyrene prince Odaenathus and his eldest son Herod in Emesa in AD 266/7 (SHA Tyr. Trig. 15,5; 17,1; SHA Gall. 13,1; different in Sync. I p. 717; Zon. 12,24 D.; Zos. 1,39,2). PIR2 M 71. Franke, Thomas (Bochum)

[German version] Iulia Cornelia S., wife of the emperor Gallienus, elevated to Augusta and mater castrorum in AD 254 (IGR 3, 237; AE 1982, 272; RIC V 1, 63; 105; 107-115; 191-200), perished together with her husband in AD 268 outside of Mediolanum [1] (Zon. 12,25). Her three sons were P. Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, P. Licinius [II 6] Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus and Marinianus [3]. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 2, 222 f.  PIR2 C 1499  PLRE 1, 799.

[German version] A powerful praefectus praetorio under the emperor Commodus. Sex.(?) T. Perennis had probably already reached the high rank of praefectus [4] annonae under Marcus [2] Aurelius (his name erased in the Tabula Banasitana ; AE 1971, 534) and was then appointed praefectus praetorio by Commodus along with Tarrutenius Paternus (SHA Comm. 4,7; 14,8; inaccurate in Hdn. 1,8,1); he and the latter disposed of Saoterus, Commodus' influential chamberlain (SHA Comm. 4,5). Shortly afterwards, T. brought about the execution of Paternus (Ca…

[German version] [1] see Hosidius, Lusius, Septimius, Vitorius see  Hosidius, Lusius, Septimius, Vitorius Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [German version] [2] Imp. Caesar P. Septimius Geta Augustus Son of the emperor Septimius Severus, brother of Caracalla Born in March AD 189 in Rome, the son of L.  Septimius Severus and  Iulia Domna, younger brother of  Caracalla (Cass. Dio 57,2,5; SHA Sept. Sev. 4,2; Get. 3,1 [27 May 189]; [2. 522ff.]). In 197 he went with his father, together with his mother and brother, to the ‘Second Parthian War’…

[English version] P. Marciana stammte aus Africa (Leptis Magna?); sie war seit ca. 175 n.Chr. die erste Frau des Septimius Severus (SHA Sept. Sev. 3,2) und starb um 185 n.Chr. ([1. Nr. 410, 411]; CIL VIII 19494 = ILS 440). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography 1 J.M. Reynolds (ed.), The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitana, 1952. A.R. Birley, Septimius Severus, 21988, 52; 75; 225  PIR2 P 20  Raepsaet-Charlier, 590.

[English version] [1] (P.?) Cornelius T. lat. Historiograph, ca. 55-ca. 120 Lat. Historiograph, ca. 55-ca. 120 n. Chr. Flaig, Egon [English version] I. Leben (Publius?) Cornelius T. stammte aus Gallien und durchlief unter den flavischen Kaisern (70-96) eine erfolgreiche senatorische Karriere; 88 war er Praetor, 97 Consul, 112 Proconsul in der Prov. Asia (OGIS 487 Mylasa). Nach der Ermordung Domitians im J. 96 brachen Kontroversen darüber aus, wie sich Senatoren gegenüber einem Kaiser zu verhalten hätten. Auf diese Frage antwortete T. zunächst mit dem Agricola, später mit seine…

[English version] Imperator Caesar M. Opellius Severus M. Augustus. Römischer Kaiser 217-218 n.Chr. Geb. 164 (Cass. Dio 78,40,3) oder 166 n.Chr. (Chr. Pasch. I p. 498 D.) in Caesarea Mauretania, von niederer Herkunft (Cass. Dio 78,11,1; SHA Opilius Macrinus (= Macr.) 2,1). M. war zunächst als Anwalt tätig, dann Procurator des praef. praet. Fulvius [II 10] Plautianus, dessen Sturz er dank der Intervention des L. Fabius [II 6] Cilo schadlos überstand (Cass. Dio 78,11,2). Septimius Severus ernannte ihn zum praefectus vehiculorum per Flaminiam (Cass. Dio 78,11,3) und ca. 208 …