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[German version] Wooden tablets ( tablets), a few millimetres thick and inscribed in ink, first identified in the fort of Vindolanda (modern Chesterholm) on Hadrian's Wall in Britain in 1973. Since the first examples were found more than a thousand of these tablets - mostly about 90 mm by 200 mm in size - have been excavated there, togethe…

[German version] Related to Greek * oikos (cf. oikos ) and Old High German wick, the Latin word vicus means 'a number of houses' and described both a village within an agricultural area ( Pagus ) and a group of houses on a street in a city (and hence often also used as a street name, e.g. in Rome; cf. [6]). Vici were able to create wealth, had their own cults and their own officials. According to Festus (p. 502 and 508 Lindsay) some had their own political organization and held courts ( partim habent rem publicam et ius dicitur), others had only the right to hold markets. They were the visible centres of p…

[German version] Agreement of 1931 regarding the use of text-critical symbols in the apparatus of editions of Greek and Latin texts, papyri, inscriptions, etc. The most important of these are square brackets [ ] for marking the supplementation of no longer extant letters, round brackets ( ) for resolving ancient abbreviations, and curving brackets   so that letters incorrectly placed by the scribe can be eliminated and double brackets [[ ]] to mark symbols that were deliberately erased in ancie…

[German version] Seven bronze tablets, found in 1444 in Iguvium (modern Gubbio), between 87 cm × 57 cm and 40 cm × 28 cm in size, some written on one side, some on both. The earlier ones are in a local right-to-left alphabet, borrowed from Etruscan, and the later ones in Roman letters, but all are in the Umbrian language. Their origin is from the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC to the beginning of the 1st, and they represent the sacred archive of a priesthood, the Fratres Atiedii (cf. the Arvales Fratres in Rome), in which details of sacrifices by the priesthood fo…

[German version] (sc. pars). The quadragesima (τεσσαρακοστή/ tessarakostḗ, 'one fortieth') was a toll at the rate of 21/2% of the declared value of traded goods levied at the Roman imperial frontier or at customs frontiers within the empire. The term denotes, in particular, the import and export duties in the customs regions of Asia, Gaul and Hispania, but from a relatively early date, quadragesima could be used to refer simply to any toll(Quint. Decl. 359). While the customs region in Asia probably comprised only that province (ILS 1330; quadragesima portuum Asiae: ILS 1862), the Ga…

[German version] Edict of the consuls Q. Marcius [I 17] Philippus and Sp. Postumius [I 8] Albinus, on the basis of a Senate ruling ( senatus consultum ) of 7 October 186 BC, ordering the suppression of the Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy (ll. 2 f.). The sole surviving copy of the edict, found at Tiriolo (province of Catanzaro) in 1640, is directed towards the authories in the Bruttian ager Teuranus (ll. 30), and orders official announcements to be made on at least three market days (l. 22 f.). The bronze tablet, measuring 27 x 28 cm and contained in a Baroque frame…

[German version] (Oscan medìss). Oscan ( Osci) and Volscian ( Volsci) term for an official (Fest. 123), which is etymologically equivalent to the Latin iudex. If the term refers to the supreme magistrate of a touta, an ‘(entire) people’, occasionally (for example, among the Campanians, Liv. 24,19,2) tuticus is added (analogous to magistratus populi or publicus). In Ennius [1] (Enn. Ann. 298) there is an alter meddix in addition to the summus meddix (= m. tuticus), possibly the meddix of a pagus as well. There also seem to have been other meddices whose particular responsibilities were…

[German version] Fragments of a bronze tablet, inscribed on both sides, from Bantia (at modern Venosa) in Lucania. The front, written first, contains the sanctio of a Roman statute. Since present and future magistrates are bound in it by oath to refrain from any undertaking against the law, it is often seen as part of a l ex Appuleia ( agraria or maiestatis; Ap(p)uleius [I 11]) of 103 or 100 BC; in any case, it is from the end of the 2nd cent. BC. Listed on the back, used later, are several sections of the municipal law of Bantia (or a draft of it), in the…

[German version] Municipal law from the time of Domitian (end of the 1st cent. AD) for the Latin municipium Flavium Malacitanum, modern Málaga in southern Spain, of which a bronze tablet was found in 1861 with chs. 51-69 together with the lex Salpensana (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid). The text of chs. 59-69 is identical, with several differences, to that of the corresponding chs. in the lex Irnitana ; this would probably also apply to the rest of the law. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography CIL II 1964 ILS 6089 H. Freis, Histor. Inschr. zur röm. Kaiserzeit, 1…

[German version] Senatorial decision, named after the AD 47 suffect consul, Cn. Hosidius [4] Geta [1. 609-612]. It provided for public regulation of private construction work (Building law B.). The bronze tablet with the text of the SC was excavated at Herculaneum around 1600 and is now lost. Like the somewhat later SC Volusianum (AD 56), which was recorded on the same tablet, the SC Hosidianum penalized the purchase of domus and villae for the purpose of demolition with subsequent resale at a higher price of the materials and land, to stop the speculation in urban…

[German version] Only Latin city law extant in large sections, for a Latin municipium from the time of Domitian (end 1st cent. AD); found during illegal excavations in El Saucejo in the south of the modern province of Seville in southern Spain in 1981, and purchased by the authorities for the National Museum of Archaeology in Seville (initial publication: [2], with English translation; authoritative text: [4]). Of the original ten bronze tablets (H 58 cm, B 91 cm), six (III, V, VII-X) are almost completely extant, if also partially in pieces. We thus possess c. 70% of the entire text, taken together with some fragments of the lost tablets and the parallel text in the lex Malacitana and the lex Salpensana . Further fragments from other, identical laws (so far from approx. 15 communities, cf. [1]) and the fact that the laws differ only in place names, in local regulations - such as the number of decurions (§31; decurio [1]) - and in obvious writing variants (numbering of the rubricae/‘rubrics’ or not), led a number of researchers to assume a hypothetical lex Flavia municipalis as a draft for all individual laws [2]. Against this argument …

[German version] In the TC Roman censors registered citizens from whom they had withdrawn the active or passive right to vote, by means of a nota censoria and/or by transfer into another tribus ( tribu movere). The term TC is explained from the original inclusion in this list of those citizens of the Etruscan city of Caere who were liable for military service. Presumably Caere gave its name to the list because in c. 390 BC it is supposed to have been the first community to receive civitas sine suffragio: Caere had provided help to Rome during the Gaulish attack in c. 390 BC and had in thanks b…

[German version] A. Definition The term "Roman confederation" or "Italic Federation" (Beloch) refers to the Roman manner of governing Italy during the Republic. The Romans themselves apparently had no name for this structure, in documents one encounters the paraphrase socii nominisque (or nominisve) Latini quibus ex formula milites in terra Italia imperare solent [1]. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) [German version] B. Participants Geographically, the confederation comprised the Apennine peninsula without the islands. The Ligurian and Gallic tribes of Upper Ita…

[German version] A. Community Civitas is the totality of the cives, just as societas is that of the socii. Its meaning is largely synonymous with   populus , but it was rarely used by the Romans for their own state (instead: populus Romanus) but instead was the official expression for all non-Roman communities, tribes and Greek poleis with republican constitutions. A people of the state is the characteristic of a civis, almost always a defined territory with a certain  autonomy ( suis legibus uti) and mostly an urban centre. Classification was according to the legal basis of the re…

[English version] Feierlicher Friedens- und Freundschaftsvertrag zwischen Rom und einem anderen Staat, der unter den Schutz der Götter gestellt ist. Im Gegensatz zum Waffenstillstand ( indutiae) ist das f. auf Dauer angelegt ( pia et aeterna pax). Ergebnis des f. ist eine societas oder amicitia , die Partner Roms sind foederati , socii oder amici (die Termini sind nicht streng getrennt). Geschlossen wurden die foedera ursprünglich wohl von den fetiales in Form einer sponsio (Liv. 1,24), später ist deren Rolle auf die Überwachung der rel. Formen beschränkt. Das f. schließt nun meist…

[English version] Hain von Eichen ( aesculus) in Rom, aus deren Zweigen die coronae civicae gebunden wurden. Er lag im westl. Marsfeld, auf der Höhe der Tiberinsel, beim Lungotevere Cenci. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography S. Panciera, Ancora tra epigrafia e topografia, in: L'Urbs. Espace Urbain et Histoire, 1987, 62-73.

[English version] Flavische Kopie des Stadtgesetzes der caesarischen colonia Iulia Genetiva in Urso, von der vier fast komplette Taf. 1870/71 und weitere 12 Frg. 1925 in und bei Osuna (Prov. Sevilla) in Südspanien gefunden wurden (h. im Arch. Nationalmuseum Madrid). Urspr. umfaßte das Gesetz wohl neun Taf. mit je drei bzw. fünf Textkolumnen und knapp über 140 Abschnitten ( rubricae…

[English version] (“Abstammung”). Im Gegensatz zu den Poleis in Griechenland und den unabhängigen Gemeinden im vorröm. Italien fielen in den hell. Reichen und dann im röm. Reich die Zugehörigkeit zu der größeren polit. Einheit und die zu der Geburts- und Wohngemeinde auseinander. Erstere wird meist als griech. politeía bzw. lat. civitas (B.) bezeichnet, für letztere war, v.a. im ptolem. Ägypten, der griech. Ausdruck ἡ ἰδία <κώμη> ( hē idía <kṓmē>, “das eigene Dorf”) gebräuchlich, in Rom seit der Kaiserzeit o. Neben der eigentlichen “Staatsangehörigkeit” bezeichnet o. also eine “…

[English version] (osk. medìss). Bezeichnung bei den Oskern (Osci) und Volskern (Volsci) für den Beamten (Fest. 123), die etym. lat. iudex entspricht. Wenn damit der Obermagistrat einer touta, “(Gesamt-)Volk”, gemeint ist, wird gelegentlich (so z.B. bei den Campanern, Liv. 24,19,2) zu dem m. ein tuticus hinzugefügt (entsprechend magistratus populi bzw. publicus). Bei Ennius [1] (ann. 298) gibt es neben dem summus meddix (= m. tuticus?) einen alter meddix, möglicherweise den eines pagus . Daneben scheint es Spezial- meddices mit Beinamen gegeben zu haben (vgl. [1] s.v.). Normaler…

[English version] 1899 in Rom bei den Grabungen auf dem forum Romanum vor der curia Iulia gefundener Block aus schwarzem Marmor, der wohl mit dem niger lapis in comitio bei Fest. 184 L. identisch ist. Der oben abgeschlagene Stein trägt auf den fünf Seiten eine frg. und schwer zu lesende Inschr. vom (Anf.?) des 6. Jh.v.Chr. (wohl die lex sacra des Volcanals, des umgebenden heiligen Bezirkes), in der von einem “König” ( recei), seinem “Herold” ( calator) und von iouxmenta (Zugtieren? Wagen?) die Rede ist. Möglicherweise ist es die Inschr., von der Dionysios von Halikarnasso…