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[German Version] I. Dogmatics – II. Ethics I. Dogmatics In Protestant dogmatics, the debate …

[German Version] I. The Term and Its Impact Though there was scattered use of the term in German historiography (Ernst Bernheim) and 19th-century German and French philosophy (Conrad Herrmann, M. Blondel), the concept and term go back to C.S. Peirce (see also II below), who introduced the concept in How to Make Our Ideas Clear (1878), the term in 1902 in J. Baldwin’s Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, and both orally between 1871 and 1873 ¶ in the Metaphysical Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He used the term for a logical maxim that the meaning of concepts must be defined by considering all the imaginable or possible consequences of dealing in practice with the conceptual object (in the broadest possible sense). After 1905 Peirce sometimes used the term Pragmaticism to distinguish his view from others using the term Pragmatism. Peirce viewed Pragmatism as an analytic methodology based on a semiotically formulated (Semiotics) formal analysis of logically “good” (i.e. valid) cognitive processes. In 1898 W. James (see also II below) adopted the term when addressing the Philosophical Union of the University of California in Berkeley; he also popularized it in his lectures on Pragmatism in 1906/1907, albeit modifying it. In James’s use, the meaning of a term is defined only by actually experienced effects of the conceptual object with reference to perception and action; the “truth” of a judgment lies in its practical “cash value” for improving life, not only for the individual but for the whole human race. J. Dewey emphasized the influence of personal interests on all cognition and its potential for alter…

[German Version] I. Philosophy The term validity was already used by I. Kant ( Akademie-Ausgabe IV, 460f.), but it did not play a prominent role in philosophy until the late 19th century. Validity is an actuality, not further explicable, that is understood primarily in contrast to existence. …

[German Version] I. Natural Sciences Neopragmatism is the name given to a philosophical movement that emerged in the United States in the 1950s, usually associated with such thinkers as W.V.O. Quine, Wilfried Sellars, D. Davidson, Thomas Kuhn (see also Paradigms), Hilary Putnam, and R. Rorty,…

[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion and Fundamental Theology In modern philosophy, the term pragmatics (from Gk τὸ πρᾶγμα/ tó prágma, “action, act, thing”) denotes both purposive and object-oriented cognition and acti…

[German Version] I. Systematic Theology – II. Ethics – III. Practical Theology …