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1. Roman Catholic As it now exists, the Roman Catholic doctrine of the church teaching office is a mixture of early and medieval elements given a distinctive profile by Reformation controversies and influenced especially by modern secular absolutism. It can be regarded as neither free from contradictions nor as uncontested. 1.1. History In its doctrine of the teaching office, a dogmatic exposition of Scripture enables the Roman Catholic Church to appeal to specific NT passages (e.g., Matt. 16:16–17, 18–19; John 21:15–19), even though this exposition cannot stand up to moder…