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Nicholas/Nicolaitans

(278 words)

Author(s): Heiligenthal, Roman
[German Version] In his letter to the church in Ephesus, in Rev 2:6 John the Seer mentions the Nicolaitans, whose works that church hates. They are mentioned again in the letter to Pergamum in connection with people who hold to the teaching of Balaam (2:14f.). The Nicolaitans, the followers of Balaam, and the followers of the prophetess Jezebel (2:20) are adherents of a teaching described as involving “food sacrificed to idols” and “fornication.” It is reasonable to assume that John’s opponents ar…

Jude, Epistle of

(569 words)

Author(s): Heiligenthal, Roman
[German Version] A pseudepigraphical document from a Jewish-Christian milieu traditionally assigned to the Catholic Epistles that claims to have been written by Judas (v. 1; cf. Mark 6:3) the brother of the Lord (Brothers and Sisters of Jesus). It was apparently composed between 80 and 120 ce. Scholarly suggestions for possible places of origin include the Syro-Palestinian area, Asia Minor, and also Alexandria because of its reception by Clement of Alexandria ( Stromata, III 2.11; Paedagogus, III 8.44). In dispute with intruding opponents (v. 4), who apparently participat…

Merit

(4,227 words)

Author(s): Bergunder, Michael | Avemarie, Friedrich | Heiligenthal, Roman | Huxel, Kirsten | Sattler, Dorothea
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Judaism – III. New Testament – IV. History of Dogma – V. Dogmatics – VI. Ethics – VII. Ecumenics I. Religious Studies In European Christian theology the doctrine of merit (Lat. meritum) became a controversial subject, by which (at least on the Protestant side) it was thought possible to demonstrate with particular clarity the basic difference between Catholicism and Lutheranism (see IV below). Discussion in religious studies has shown that the use of such a theologically loaded conc…

Immortality

(3,692 words)

Author(s): Friedli, Richard | Zachhuber, Johannes | Heiligenthal, Roman | Hartmut Rosenau | Thiede, Werner | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Christianity – IV. Taoism I. Religious Studies It is inherent in the conditio humana that we are forced to master everyday situations and withstand critical moments. To do so, members of every society need handy codes of conduct to survive the manifold crises. Life and death, time and eternity, meaning and meaninglessness mark such critical moments in both individual lives and the course of the world. The responses of cultures and religions to these questions document our yearning for immortality. 1. Models We …