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[English version] Schulprogramme  (annual reports of schools) were a specific type of publication, namely volumes produced by Gymnasien, predominantly in German-speaking countries. In the 16th/17th cents., Gymnasien began to print invitations to their public disputations and orations (lectures on formal occasions), which might contain not only the program for the event as such and the themes for debate, but also small studies (dissertations) arising from the work of the school, or news about the school itself. Later ther…

Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) I. To 1600 (CT) [German version] A. History and Social Development under Carolingian Rule to 918 (CT) The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor (800) laid the foundation for the medieval German empire. In a lengthy process, the German people evolved from those Germanic tribes that had remained settled during the great migration of the peoples, together with some foederati, Rome's former allies. Larger communities developed around many villae, still evident in some place names, particularly in the Rhineland, but settlements also develope…

Holtermann, Martin (Mannheim RWG) [German version] A. Background (CT) This article describes the reception of Antiquity in those territories that came together in 1701 to form the kingdom of Prussia (P.), i.e. the Electorate of Brandenburg and the land held by the Teutonic Knights, later to become the Duchy of P. Additional territories are treated in accord with the date of their membership in the state of Brandenburg-Prussia. The period under consideration ends with the rise of the German Empire, as, af…

Holtermann, Martin (Mannheim RWG) [German version] A. Terminology (CT) 'Seminar' denotes 1) a  research and educational institution (normally university-based), 2) a specific working form of university teaching, learning and research. The Latin seminarium literally meant 'nursery' or 'seedbed' and is found applied metaphorically to human groups for the first time in Cicero (Cat. 2,23; Off. 1,54; cf. Liv. 6,12,5). The Christian Middle Ages called arrangements for the education of the clergy 'seminars'. The type of seminar that…