Search

, a great and powerful Bedouin tribe of Central Arabia, second only in importance to the ʿAnaza or ʿUnayza [ q.v.], and playing a significant role in the history of Arabia in the last 150 years or so. Doughty describes them as having pasture grounds extending from al-Ṭāʾif [ q.v.] in the Ḥid̲j̲āz in the west to al-Ḳaṣīm [ q.v.] in northern Nad̲j̲d in the east. The name appears in various renderings in the travel accounts of Europeans, e.g. the ʿAteyba, pl. elʿAteybân of Doughty, and the ʾOṭeybah of Palgrave; according to J.J. Hess, the modern pronunciation use…

(ʿUtêibah, ʿUtêbah, ʿOteiba, ʿOtêba, also Öttēba; now usually written ʿAtaiba, ʿAteyba [ nisba: ʿAtaibī, ʿAtabī; pl. pauc.: el-ʿAteybân, ʿAtabān] etc.; in their own pronunciation, however: ʿÖtäbe, nisba: ʿÖtêbī, pl. pauc: ʿÖtbân Q. J. Hess]), the largest and most powerful Beduin tribe in modern Central Arabia, second in importance only to the ʿAnaza [q. v.] of all in the Peninsula. The name ʿUtaiba (in form a diminutive of ʿUtba) is applied in the older literature not to a tribe (the only isolated instances are several times in Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, al-ʿIḳd, Cairo 1316, iii. 61, the var…

, along with the Bakr the most important tribe of the Rabīʿa group in early Arabia. The real name of the founder of the tribe is said to have been Dit̲h̲ār; when one day his father wished him success in the words tag̲h̲lib “thou shalt conquer”, this name remained attached to him, but “according to all Semitic analogy” (cf. Yas̲h̲kur, Yad̲h̲kur, Jacob, Isaac etc.) it is not to be interpreted as 2nd pers. masc. but as 3rd pers. fern, imperf. The gender shows that the tribal name is older than the fable about the mythical ancestor; besides the older poets down to al-Farazd…

, an old Arab confederacy which adopted a common genealogy and so is usually regarded as a tribe. The origin of the name and the early history of the Tanūk̲h̲ is so enveloped in fable that it is impossible to disentangle it, and nothing really historical can be gleaned out of the traditions, which differ among themselves very much in detail. If we take the version in the Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī, xi. 159 sq. as the basis (corresponding: Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, ʿIbar, ii. 240 sq.; Bakrī, Muʿd̲j̲am, p. 16—17 and Wüstenfeld, Register, p. 444—445) we get the following picture: At the separation of the Ḳ…

(Arab, also: Ruwalā: Engl. Roála, Rwala, Ruwàlla, Ruweilah; German frequently: Ruala, Rualla, Ruola, also Rawalla and Erwalla; French Rou’ala, Roualla), the most important Beduin tribe in north Arabia at the p resent day. According to Nawwāf, the son of the Ruwala chief al-Nūrī b. S̲h̲aʿlān, who was living in Damascus in 1926, the Ruwala belong to the Ḍanā Muslim group of the ʿAnaza [q. v.] who all recognise his ¶ authority. The Ḍanā Muslim, according to Nawwāf, consist of the Benī Wahhāb (subdivisions: al-Ḥsene [Hesénneh, Hasanah] and Weld ʿAlī) and the Āl Ḏj̲lā…

, the two largest and most powerful combinations of tribes in ancient Northern Arabia. The name Rabīʿa is a very frequent one in the nomenclature of the Arab tribes. More important tribes of this name within the Muḍar group are the Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa, from which came the Kaʿb, Kilāb and Kulaib, then the Rabīʿa b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb, Rabīʿa b. Kilāb, Rabīʿa b. al-Aḍbaṭ and Rabīʿa b. Mālik b. Ḏj̲aʿfar; also the Rabīʿa b. ʿUḳail and Rabīʿa b. Ḏj̲aʿda; three branches of the ʿAbd S̲h̲ams also bear this nam…

(a.), the usual word for “ship” in general, in a more special sense than markab which means “conveyance” in the widest sense of the word. There is a vast number of terms in Arabic for the various kinds of ships, but they are for the most part foreign loanwords, in which connection” it may be noted that the loanword usually expresses the main distinctive idea of any given type of ship (cf. Kindermann, op. cit., p. 112 sq.). Even the common word safina is not of Arabic origin (see ibid., p. 108), unlike markab, but the use of this word for “ship” shows on the other hand, as Fraenkel, Die aram. Fremdw., p. …

, 1. an old Arab tribe, 2. to-day, in the pronunciation ʿAgēl, the name for caravan-leaders and camel-dealers. 1. The genealogy of the tribe is ʿUḳail b. Kaʿb b. Rabīʿa [q. v.] b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa of the Hawāzin branch of the Ḳais-ʿAilān [q. v.]; among the larger sections are the ʿUbāda and Rabīʿa b. ʿUḳail as well as the Ḵh̲afād̲j̲a [q. v.] b. ʿAmr and ¶ al-Muntafiḳ (q. v.; modern pronunciation: Muntafič) b. ʿĀmir b. ʿUḳail. Al-Muḳallad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, the ancestor of the dynasty of the ʿUḳailids [cf. ʿoḳailids], traced his descent direct from Ḥazn b. ʿUbāda. Al-Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī ( op. cit., p. 297) …

(a., pl. aswāḳ), market, fair. All the ideas associated with the conception of market have already been discussed in the main article and need not be further considered here. A few remarks however seem to be necessary regarding the significance of the market in the history of early Islām; we shall confine these to the old market-place and the rise of the city markets. Of the old Arabian markets that of ʿOkāẓ [q. v.] is the best known as a result of the part it plays in poetry. While the position of the other markets associated with it, Ḏh̲u ’l-Mad̲j̲āz, Mad̲…

(a. pls. sufun , safāʾin , safīn ), a word used in Arabic from pre-Islamic times onwards for ship. Seamanship and navigation are in general dealt with in milāḥa , and the present article, after dealing with the question of knowledge of the sea and ships in Arabia at the time of the birth of Islam, not covered in milāḥa, will be confined to a consideration of sea and river craft. 1. In the pre-modern period. (a) Pre-Islamic and early Islamic aspects. The most general word for “ship” in early Arabic usage was markab “conveyance”, used, however, …

, banū (later, dialect: Benī Sed), Arab tribe. They are a tribe related to the Kināna [ q.v.]; the awareness of this interconnexion remained remarkably alive, though it had little practical effect owing to the great distance separating them. The homelands of the Asad are in North Arabia, at the foot of the mountains formerly inhabited by the Ṭayy [ q.v.]. In contrast to the latter, the Asad led a mainly nomadic life. Their grazing lands extended to the south and south-east of the Nefūd, from the S̲h̲ammar mountains [ q.v.] to the Wādi ’l-Rumma in the south, and beyond it in the neigh…

(a.), plural usually al-usūd , al-usud, al-usd, the most usual word for lion. It is also frequently found as a personal or tribal name (see following article; concerning the presumable etymology and connexions with other roots, see dicussion by C. de Landberg, l.c., II/11, 1237-40). The old poetic word, which has been more and more replaced by al-asad, is al-layt̲h̲ ; this is found not only in Semitic languages (Akk. nēšu , this, however, generally only in prose: Landsberger, l.c., 76), but also, according to Koehler ( Lex . in VT Libros , 481b), in Greek λῖς, λεῖς where it is also use…

, an old Arab tribe and in recent usage, until the motor age, in the pronunciation ʿAgēl, the name for caravan-leaders and camel-dealers. 1. The tribe. Its genealogy is ʿUḳayl b. Kaʿb b. Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa of the Hawāzin branch of the Ḳays-ʿAylān [ q.v.]; among the larger sections are the ʿUbāda and Rabīʿa b. ʿUḳayl as well as the Ḵh̲afād̲j̲a [ q.v.] b. ʿAmr and al-Muntafiḳ [ q.v.] b. ʿĀmir b. ʿUḳayl. Al-Muḳallad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, the ancestor of the dynasty of the ʿUḳaylids [ q.v.], traced his descent directly from Ḥazn b. ʿUbāda. Al-Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī ( Nihāya , 297) bes…

, the two largest and most powerful combinations of tribes in ancient Northern Arabia. The name Rabīʿa is a very frequent one in the nomenclature of the Arab tribes. More important tribes of this name within the Muḍar group are the Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa, from which came the Kaʿb, Kilāb and Kulayb, then the Rabīʿa b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb, Rabīʿa b. Kilāb, Rabīʿa b. al-Aḍbaṭ and Rabīʿa b. Mālik b. D̲j̲aʿfar; also the Rabīʿa b. ʿUḳayl and Rabīʿa b. D̲j̲aʿda; three branches of the ʿAbd S̲h̲ams also bear this n…

, kellek, kelik (Turkish-Arabic) is a curious raft made of bags of goat’s hair, which is already known from the sculptures of Nineveh and has hardly changed in the course of centuries. It is the Akkadian kalakku , Syriac kəlakkā . The word, particularly mentioned by travellers in Mesopotamia and Persia, is said to be typical for the upper part of the Tigris. The kelik used between Diyārbekir and Bag̲h̲dād is put together as follows. On a layer of 100 to 300, and sometimes even 400, inflated goatskins, each tied up with two strings one metre long and made ¶ of liquorice-fibre, are laid five bars of ka…