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[German Version] Panselinos, Manuel, Byzantine painter from Saloniki (Thessalonica). The first mention of his name is in an 18th-century manual of painters by Dionysius of Fourna, who does not provide his dates or mention specific works. Shortly afterwards the frescoes of the Protaton church in Karyes on Athos were ascribed to him, so that it was finally possible to date him to the late 13th and early 14th century. It is unclear to this day whether there was actually a painter by this name, since c…

[German Version] The Republic of Croatia covers an area of 56,542 km2; in 2004 it had an estimated population of 4,500,000. The 2001 census reported an ethnic makeup of 89.6% Croats, 4.5% Serbs, 0.5% Muslims (Bosniaks), 0.4% Hungarians, 0.3% Slovenians, and 4.7% from other minorities. Its capital is Zagreb. Dalmatia was home to Jewish communities from the time of the Romans into the modern period; in the rest of Croatia, this continuity was interrupted from the 15th to the 18th century until new communities formed as a result of …

[German Version] Paulicians, a dualistic sect (Dualism) that sprang up in the second half of the 7th century in the region of Armenia, whence it spread throughout Asia Minor. Little is known of their origins and teachings; our information about the latter derives almost totally from the 9th-century account of Petros Sikeliotes. An evil demiurge, ruler of the visible, material world, is opposed to a good, transcendent God who is impotent within the visible world. Christ is seen as an angelic being …

[German Version] is a town to the northeast of the lake of the same name in the republic of Macedonia. In antiquity it was known as Lychnidos and was the chief town in Illyrian Dassaretia. The place is first mentioned in 343 as a bishop’s seat. Probably around 842 it came under Bulgarian rule, and is mentioned again in 879/880 as a bishopric, under the name Ochrid, or (Gk) Achrida. From 886 Clement and Nahum, disciples of Cyril and Methodius, apostles to the Slavs, made it a center of church and m…

[German Version] (1722, Bansko/Pirin Mountains [?] – 1798 [?], Mount Athos), Bulgarian monk and scholar. Paisiy lived in the Khilendar monastery on Mount Athos from 1745, on whose behalf he journeyed throughout the Bulgarian territories. In 1762, he completed his Slavonic-Bulgarian History ( Istorija Slavobolgarskaja), in which he described the Bulgarians’ glorious past in order to bolster their self-confidence and awaken their spirit of resistance against what he perceived as a threat of assimilation to Greek culture. In this work he als…

[German Version] The Republic of Macedonia (capital Skopje), with an area of 25,333 km2, had a population in 1994 of 1,940,000, of whom 66.5% were Slavo-Macedonians, 22.9% Albanians, 4% Turks, 3% Roma, and 2.1% Serbs. The Republic of Macedonia comprises the portion of historical Macedonia that went to Serbia after the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. During the Middle Ages, this ethnically mixed territory had belonged to the Bulgarian Empire (Bulgaria) and then the Byzantine Empire; later it came under Ottoman rule…

[German Version] (Nov 1, 1813, Njeguši – Oct 19, 1851, Cetinje), prince-bishop of Montenegro. After being educated in the monasteries of Cetinje and Savina/Boka Kotorska, Petar succeeded his uncle, Petar I, who had designated him his successor, but he could not be consecrated bishop until 1833 in St. Petersburg. Under Petar I, the political activities of the bishop of Montenegro had already taken precedence over his ecclesiastical functions. Petar continued the modernizing efforts begun under his …

[German Version] I. General Belgrade is the capital of the Republic of Serbia, which has an area of 88,361 km2 and as of 1991 a population of 9.78 million (7.82 million without Kosovo). It includes two autonomous provinces, Voivodina and Kosovo, the latter under United Nations administration from 1999 to 2008. From 1992 to 2006, Serbia was combined in a federation with Montenegro (1992–2003 called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The population is 65.9% (79.4%) Serbs, 17.1% (1%) Albanians, 3.5% (4.3%) Hungaria…

[German Version] (c. 1663, Arachova, Peloponnese – Feb 7, 1731, Constantinople), patriarch of Jerusalem (1707–1731). He studied at the Patriarchal Academy in Constantinople; years later, he resumed his studies in Padua (1697–1700) and then for a few months in Paris. In 1702, he was consecrated metropolitan of Caesarea; in 1707, he became the successor of his deceased uncle, the patriarch Dositheus of Jerusalem, whose patronage had proved decisive. Like his uncle …

1. Begriff P. bezeichnet im kirchl. Sprachgebrauch den Amtsbezirk eines Patriarchen. Patriarch (griech. patriárchēs – zusammengesetzt aus patḗr, »Vater« und árchein, »Anführer sein«, »herrschen« – bedeutete ursprgl. Sippenoberhaupt bzw. Stammvater) war seit der Spätantike Titel für leitende christl. Geistliche. Bereits auf dem ersten allgemeinen Konzil von Nicäa (325) war eine regionale Struktur der Kirche mit den Zentren Rom, Alexandria und Antiochia fassbar, denen 381 die neue Hauptstadt Konstantinopel und 451 Jerusalem zur Seite gestellt wurden.Diese fünf Bischofss…

1. Terminology In ecclesiastical usage,  patriarchate denotes the administrative sphere of a patriarch. Since late antiquity,  patriarch (Greek  patriárches - a compound of  patḗr, “father,” and árchein, “be a commander,” “rule” – originally meaning “clan chief” or “progenitor”) was a title of senior Christian clergy. As early as the first ecumenical Council of Nicaea (325), we can see a regional structure of the church with centers at Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch; they were joined in 381 by the new capital, Constantinople, and in 451 by Jerusalem.These five episcopal sees, …