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al-Ḏj̲īlī (Gīlānī) Muḥyi ’l-Dīn Abū Muḥammed b. Abī Ṣāliḥ Zengi Dōst, preacher and Ṣūfī, after whom the Ḳādirī order is named, born in 470 (1077-1078), died in 561 (1166). The numerous biographies of this personage teem with fictions, out of which some history may be gleaned. Thus his pedigree is traced on the father’s side to al-Ḥasan, grandson of the Prophet, in the direct line. But this is contradicted by the foreign name of his father, and the fact that the s̲h̲aik̲h̲ was called ʿAd̲j̲amī (foreigner) …

Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusain b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, poet of the Būyid period. He belonged to a family which was engaged in the public service, and was himself trained by Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ in secretarial work. He found however that he could earn more by verse, and became an encomiast of the most important among his contemporaries, especially ʿIzz al-Dawla Bak̲h̲tiyār, who appointed him to the office of muḥtasib or censor in Bag̲h̲dād; a most unsuitable appointment, since this poet specialized in obscenity, and indeed against one of the headings in the Paris abridgment of his Dī…

, a title of the head of the Mawlawl Order [see mawlawīya]. The second word is the Turkish form of the Persian k̲h̲udāwandg i ār, the equivalent of mawlā, which according to Aflākī ( Saints des Derviches Tourneurs, i. 59) was bestowed on Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn by his father. Sāmī in his Turkish Lexicon states that the word, besides being used for “Sulṭān”, “King”, is applied to certain saintly personages, in such combinations as pīr hunk i ār or mullā hunk i ār. The underlying idea of such a title is probably that the saint has had committed to him the government of the world, if he…

, a sect whose name is derived by Samʿānī from the Persian word k̲h̲urram “agreeable”, on the ground that they regarded everything that was agreeable as lawful; but it is more likely to be derived from Ḵh̲urram, a district of Ardabīl, where the sect may have arisen. According to Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, vi. 186, they came into prominence after the execution of Abū Muslim of Ḵh̲orāsān in 136 a. h., but while some of them denied that he was dead and foretold his return “to spread justice in the world”, others maintained the Imamate of his daughter Fāṭima, whence they got the names Muslimīya and Fāṭimīya. …

, Abū ʿUbāda al-Walīd b. ʿUbaid, Arabic poet and anthologist of the third century (204—284 approximately). His nisba signifies member of the Buḥtur clan of the tribe Ṭaiʾ, whose glories he frequently celebrates. His birthplace was Manbid̲j̲ (or, according to one account a village near Manbid̲j̲ called Zardafna), ¶ and of Manbid̲j̲ he often speaks as his home; here he ultimately acquired property, which seems to have been inherited by his son T̲h̲ābit, who was living there in Iṣṭak̲h̲rī’s trnre. The woman who forms the subject of his erotic pr…

, Ibrāhīm b. Abi ’l-Mad̲j̲d ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (or ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd) (633—676 = 1235-1236—1277-1278), native of Dusūḳ, a village of Lower Egypt in the G̲h̲arbīya District; founder of the Dusūḳī Order. According to the commentator on his Ḥizb (Ḥasan S̲h̲amma, Masarrat al-Ainain bi-S̲h̲arḥ Ḥizb Abi ’l-ʿAinain, Cairo n.d.), his father came from a village Mrḳs (Marcus?) on the opposite bank of the Nile, and was himself ¶ a walī; his mother was daughter of another walī Abu ’l-Fatḥ al-Wāsiṭī. He is said to have studied S̲h̲āfiʿī jurisprudence before he followed the Ṣūfīs, to hav…

, religious sect or order called after Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, called Nūrbak̲h̲s̲h̲ (795—869 a. h.). 1. Life of the founder. Of this person there is a detailed biography in the work Mad̲j̲ālis al-Muʾminīn of Nūr Allāh al-S̲h̲ustarī (Bodleian MS., Ous. 366; see also Brit. Mus. Catalogue of Persian MSS.), chiefly based on a work ( tad̲h̲kira) by Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Samarḳandī. His father was born in Ḳaṭīf, and his grandfather in al-Ḥass, whence in some g̲h̲azals he styles himself Laḥsawī. His father migrated to Ḳāʾin in Ḳuhistān, where his son was born. The …

, branch of the S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī Order, has its headquarters at Ḳenād̲j̲iā; lists of the heads are given by Rinn, loc. cit., Dupont and Coppolani, Confréries, p. 498, and Cour, loc. cit.; ¶ in the second work a specimen is given of the diploma of muḳaddam conferred by the head of the order, with seal. Their practice is said to differ from those of the other S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilīs only in details; their ordinary d̲h̲ikr is reproduced by Rinn, loc. cit., p. 411, and consists in the repetition of certain formulae, a hundred, others a thousand times. Their speciality is the guiding and p…

, Abū ʿAlī al-Faḍl b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. al-Faḍl b. Yūsuf, poet and letter-writer of the first half of the third century; although Ibn ¶ Maiyāda rated him as a poet above Buḥturī, and his prose style was also greatly admired, he is at present known only by occasional citations and scanty references. From these we learn that his early life was spent at Kūfa, that he belonged to the circle of Abu ’l-ʿAinā and Saʿīd b. Ḥumaid, and that he was patronized by ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yaḥyā, when the latter was at the height of his power (2…

, Islāmic community founded by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1115-1201 = 1703-1787). This name was given to the community by its opponents in the founder’s lifetime, and is used by Europeans; it is not used by its members in Arabia, who call themselves Muwaḥḥidūn “unitarians” and their system ( ṭarīḳa) “Muḥammadan”; they regard themselves as Sunnīs, following the school of Ibn Ḥanbal, as interpreted by Ibn Taimīya, who attacked the cult of saints in many of his writings, especially in a Risāla condemning the visitation of tombs (in his Rasāʾil, Cairo 1323). § 1. Life of the Founder. He w…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Abu ’l-ʿAbbās, founder of the Rifāʿī ( ṭarīḳa, died 22nd Ḏj̲umādā I, 578 (Sept. 23, 1183) at Umm ʿAbīda, in the district of Wāsiṭ. The date of his birth is given by some authorities as Muḥarram 500 (Sept. 1106), but others say Rad̲j̲ab 512 (Oct.—Nov. 1118), at Ḳaryat Ḥasan, a village in the district of Baṣra. These places being in the region called al-Baṭāʾiḥ [q. v.], he has the further nisba al-Baṭāʾiḥī; al-Rifāʿī is usually explained as referring to an ancestor Rifāʿa, but by some is supposed to be a tribal name. This ancestor Rifāʿa is said to have …

, sect, called after Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Karrām (or Karām or Kirām; see Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl, iii. 127, and for further ancestors Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, Kāmil, vii. 149). Of this person, who ¶ is called al-Sid̲j̲istānī, a fairly full biography is given by al-Samʿānī in the Ansāb, 476b, 477a. According to this, he was of the Banū Nizār, was born in a village of Zarand̲j̲, was brought up in Sid̲j̲istān, and afterwards went to Ḵh̲orāsān, where he attended the courses of Aḥmad b. Ḥarb, the Ascetic (d. 234); at Balk̲h̲ he heard Ibrāhīm b. Yūsuf al-Māk…

, or S̲h̲ād̲h̲alīya, pronounced in Africa S̲h̲ādulīya, Ṣūfī sect called after Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī, whose title is variously given as Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn and Taḳī al-Dīn (593-656 a.h.). For the life of this personage see the art. al-s̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī. His system. Al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī does not appear to have composed any large work, but many sayiūgs, spells and an ode are ascribed to him, and since some of the first are recorded in the work of his ¶ disciple’s disciple, Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn al-Iskandarī, composed in 694, they may be to some extent genuine (see the art. al-s̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī).…

, a title of the head of the Mawlawī order of dervishes [see mawlawiyya ]. The second word is the Turkish form of the Persian k̲h̲udāwandigār , the equivalent of mawlā , which according to Aflākī ( Saints des derviches tourneurs , i, 59) was bestowed on D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn by his father (the ¶ derivation from K̲h̲ūn-kār , Persian “blood-shedder”, must depend on popular etymology). Sāmī in his Ḳāmūs al-aʿlām states that the word, besides used for “Sultan”, “King”, is applied to certain saintly personages, in such combinations as pīr k̲h̲ūnkār or mullā k̲h̲ūnkār . The und…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAli , Abu ’l-ʿAbbas, S̲h̲āfiʿī faḳīh by training and founder of the Rifāʿiyya [ q.v.] dervish order. He was born in Muḥarram 500/September 1106 (or, according to other authorities, in Rad̲j̲ab 512/October-November 1118) at Ḳaryat Ḥasan, a village of the Baṭāʾiḥ or marshlands of lower ʿIrāḳ [see al-baṭīḥa ] between Baṣra and Wāsiṭ, whence the nisba sometimes given to him of al-Baṭāʾiḥī, and he died at Umm ʿUbayda in the same region on 22 D̲j̲umādā I 578/23 October 1182 (see Ibn K̲h̲allikān, ed. ʿAbbās, i, 171-2, tr. de Slane, i, 152-3). The nisba al-Rifāʿī…

, Order ( ṭarīḳa ) of dervishes called after ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Ḏj̲īlānī [ q.v.]. 1.—Origin. ʿAbd al-Ḳādir (d. 561/1166) was the principal of a school ( madrasa ) of Ḥanbalī law and a ribāṭ in Bag̲h̲dād. His sermons (collected in al-Fatḥ al-Rabbānī ) were delivered sometimes in the one, sometimes in the other; both were notable institutions in the time of Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, and Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād al-Arīb , v, 274) records a bequest of books made to the former by a man who died in 572/1176-7. Both appear to have come to an end at the sack of Bag̲h̲…

, confrérie religieuse ( ṭarīḳa), ainsi nommée d’après ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Ḏj̲īlānī [ q.v.] 1. — Origine. ʿAbd al-Ḳādir (m. 561/1166) était le directeur d’une école ( madrasa) hanbalite et d’un ribāṭ à Bag̲h̲dād. Ses prédications (recueillies dans al-Fatḥ al-rabbānī) étaient faites tantôt dans la première, tantôt dans le second; c’étaient là deux établissements de premier ordre à l’époque d’Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, et Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād, V, 274) cite un legs de livres fait à cette école par un homme qui mourut en 572/1176-7. Les deux établissements paraissent avoir été v…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Abū l-ʿAbbās, faḳīh s̲h̲āfiʿite de formation, fondateur de l’ordre de derviches Rifāʿiyya [ q.v.]. Il naquit en muḥarram 500/septembre 1106 (selon d’autres sources en rad̲j̲ab 512/octobre-novembre 1118) à Ḳaryat Ḥasan, un village des Baṭāʿiḥ, région des marécages du bas ʿIrāḳ [voir al-Baṭīḥa] entre Baṣra et Wāsiṭ — de là la nisba d’al-Baṭaʾiḥī qui lui est parfois donnée — et mourut à Umm ʿUbayda, dans la même région, le 22 d̲j̲umādā I 578/23 octobre 1182 (voir Ibn Ḵh̲allikān. éd. ʿAbbās, I, 171-2, trad. de Slane, I, 152-3). La nisba d’al-Rifāʿi est ordinairement expli…

, titre du supérieur de l’ordre de derviches mawlawis [voir Mawlawiyya]. Le second mot est la forme turque du mot persan k̲h̲udāwandigar, équivalent de mawlā, qui, d’après Aflākī ( Saints des derviches tourneurs, I, 59), fut donné à Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Rūmī [ q.v.] par son père (une etymologie populaire le fait venir du persan k̲h̲ūn-kār «verseur de sang»). Sāmī, dans son Ḳāmūs al-aʿlām, dit que ce mot, employé pour désigner un «sultan», un «roi», est appliqué aussi à certains saints personnages, dans des combinaisons telles que pīr k̲h̲ūnkār ou mullā k̲h̲ūnkār. Le sens premier de ce titr…

, confrérie religieuse ( ṭariḳa) algérienne, qui doit son nom à Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Rahmān al-Gas̲h̲tulī al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲urī al-Azharī Abū Ḳabrayn, (m. 1208/1793-4). C’est une branche des Ḵh̲alwatiyya et elle fut, dit-on, appelée pendant quelque temps Bakriyya d’après Muṣtafā al-Bakrī al-S̲h̲āmī. A Nafṭa [ q.v.], en Tunisie, et dans quelques autres endroits, on l’appelle ʿAzzūziyya, du nom de Muṣṭafā b. Muḥammad b. ʿAzzūz. Vie du fondateur. Sa famille appartenait à la tribu des Ayt Smāʿīl, membre de la confédération des Gas̲h̲tula dans la Kabylie du Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ura;…