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, a term used in the administrative system of Persia (the usual pronunciation tuyūl is due to a false assimilation to Arabic plurals of the type fuʿūl; in the same way Chardin’s translation “perpetual” is due to an erroneous derivation from the Arabic ṭawīl “long”). The tiyūl (at least in the xixth century and in principle) is the authorisation granted by the government to an individual to levy his salary or pension directly on the taxes which a village or group of villagers has to pay the treasury. In its simple form the tiyūl was a kind of guarantee to secure the payment of the pensio…

(i.), a town in the Persian province of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲an. Position. The town lies about 40 miles N. of Tabrīz, halfway between it and the Araxes (it is 42 miles from Marand to Ḏj̲ulfā). The road ¶ from Tabrīz to Ḵh̲oi also branches off at Marand. A shorter road from Tabrīz to Ḵh̲oi follows the north bank of Lake Urmia and crosses the Mis̲h̲owdag̲h̲ range by the pass between Tasūd̲j̲ [q.v.] and Ḍiyā al-Dīn. Marand, which is surrounded by many gardens, occupies the eastern corner of a rather beautiful plain, about ten miles broad a…

(Sonḳor), a canton between Dainawar [q. v.] and Senna [q. v.], a dependency of Kirmans̲h̲āh. Lying on the road between Dainawar and Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān it must correspond approximately to the first marḥala on the stretch from Dainawar to Sīsar, the name of which is read al-Ḏj̲ārbā (Muḳaddasī, p. 382), Ḵh̲arbārd̲j̲ān (Ibn Ḵh̲urdād̲h̲bih, p. 119; Ḳudāma, p. 212) etc. which was 7 farsak̲h̲s from Dainawar (the actual distance between the present ruins of Dainawar and Sunḳur is however not more than 15 miles). Sunḳur might therefore…

, a k̲h̲ānate in the Persian province of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān. Mākū occupies the N. W. extremity of Persia and forms an enclave between Turkey (the old sand̲j̲aḳ of Bāyazīd) and Transcaucasia. In the west the frontier with Turkey follows the heights which continue the line of Zagros in the direction of Ararat. The frontier then crosses a plain stretching to the south of this mountain (valley of the Ṣari̊-ṣu) and runs over the saddle between Great and Little Ararat. Down to 1920 Great Ararat formed the fronti…

(“bridgehead of Zohāb”), a place on the way to Zagros on the great Bag̲h̲dād-Kirmāns̲h̲āh road, taking its name from the stone bridge of two arches over the river Alwand, a tributary on the left bank of the ¶ Diyāla. Sarpul now consists simply of a little fort ( ḳūr-k̲h̲āna = “arsenal”) in which the governor of Zohāb lives (the post is regularly filled by the chief of the tribe of Gūrān), a caravanserai, a garden of cypress and about 40 houses. The old town of Zohāb about 4 hours to the north is now in ruins. To the east behind the cliffs of …

is written Sinna or Sinandid̲j̲ ( did̲j̲ = diz “castle, fort”). The form Sihna leading to confusion with Ṣaḥna [q. v.] is wrong. 1. Capital of the Persian province of Kurdistān, the ancient seat of the wālīs of Ardilān [q. v.]. For the period before the building of the present town see the article sīsar. Under the year 988 (1580) the S̲h̲araf-nāme (i. 88) speaks of a fief of Tīmūr-Ḵh̲ān, Ardilān, including Ḥasanābād, Sīna, etc., but the historian of Senna attributes to Sulaimān-Ḵh̲ān the building of the modern town on the site of a ruin already there. Acc…

, a district and town in the Persian province of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān. The name. The Syrians write Urmiyā, the Armenians Ormi, the Arabs Urmiya, the Persians Urūmī, the Turks Urūmīye or Rūmīye (through a fanciful derivation from Rūm “Byzantium, Turkey”). The name is of uncertain, non-Iranian origin. Assyrian sources mention a place called Urmeiate in the land of Mann in the vicinity of the Lake of Urmiya (cf. Streck, in Z.A., xiv. 140; Belck, Das Reich der Mannäer, in Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesell. f. Anthrop., 1894, and Minorsky, Kelas̲h̲in etc., in Zap., xxiv. [1917], 170). On the other ha…

, a district comprising the western half of Māzandarān [q. v.]. Iranian tradition. According to Darmesteter, Avesta, ii. 416, Rūyān corresponds to the mountain called Raodita (“reddish”) in Yas̲h̲t, 19, 2, and Rōyis̲h̲n-ōmand in Bundahis̲h̲n, xii. 2, 27 (transl. West, p. 34). Bīrūnī, Chronologie, ed. Sachau, p. 220, makes Rūyān the scene of the exploit of the archer Āris̲h̲ (cf. Ẓahīr al-Dīn, p. 18 [ Yas̲h̲t,8, 6, in this connection mentions the hill Aryō-xs̲h̲nθa]). In the letter addressed to the mobad Tansar by king *Gus̲h̲nasps̲h̲āh (iiird century a.d.?), the latter claims to b…

1. Capital of the district of Lāristān, to the southeast of Fārs. Very little is known of Lāristān and its early history. The country appears to correspond to the land of the dragon Haftān-bōk̲h̲t which was killed by Ardas̲h̲īr Pāpakān. According to Persian legend, Ardas̲h̲īr’s adversary lived in the village of Alār in the rustāḳ of Kōd̲j̲arān which was one of the maritime rustāḳs ( rasātīḳ al-sīf) of the province Ardas̲h̲īr-Ḵh̲urra (Ṭabarī, i. 820); Nöldeke in his translation of the Kārnāmak (p. 50) gives the variants Gulār (?) and Kōčārān; the S̲h̲āh-nāme, ed. Mohl, v. 308: Kud̲j̲ār…

, “Country of the S̲h̲ūl’, a district ( bulūk) in the province of Fārs. Three epochs must be distinguished in the history of the district: one before the arrival of the S̲h̲ūl, the period of their rule (from the viith/xiiith centuries), and the period of its occupation by the Mamassanī Lūrs about the beginning of the xiith/xviiith century. During the Sāsānid period the district was included in the kūra of S̲h̲āpūr-k̲h̲ūra. The founding of its capital Nawbandagan (Nawband̲j̲ān) is attributed to S̲h̲āpūr I. This important town situated on the road from Fārs to Ḵh̲…

, a people of South Caucasian stock (Iberic, “Georgian”) now dwelling in the southeast corner of the shores of the Black Sea. The ancient history of the Laz is complicated by the uncertainty which reigns in the ethnical nomenclature of the Caucasus generally; the same names in the course of centuries are applied to différents units (or groups). The fact that the name Phasis was applied to the Rion, to the Čorok̲h̲ (the ancient Akampsis) and even to the sources of the Araxes also creates difficulties. The earliest Greek writers do not mention the Laz. The name Λαξοί, Λᾶξοι is only…

(or Warām, cf. Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am, iv. 918), a town about 40 miles (Yāḳūt, c. 30 mīl) S.S.W. of Ṭeherān, now the capital of the district of Ḵh̲wār-wa-Warāmīn. The plain of Warāmīn watered by canals trom the Ḏj̲ād̲j̲arūd is regarded as the granary of Ṭeherān. The town lies to the south of the great road from Raiy to Ḵh̲urāsān passing via Ḵh̲wār (near Ḳis̲h̲lāḳ?) and Simnān (cf. Ibn Ḵh̲urdād̲h̲bih, p. 22; only in the Mongol period did the road from Sulṭānīya to Ḵh̲urasān run via Raiy-Warāmīn-Ḵh̲wār: Nuzhat al-Ḳulūb, p. 173). On the other hand in the ninth and tenth centuries, Raiy wa…

(Lenkoran), the capital of the district of the same name in the province of Bākū. Lankoran is the Russian pronunciation of the name which was at one time written Langar-kunān (anchorage), or perhaps Langar-kanān (place which pulls out the anchors) which is pronounced Länkärān in Persian and Lankōn in Tālig̲h̲ī The ships of the Bākū-Enzelī [q. v.] line call at Lankoran, which has an open roadstead but at 8 miles N. E. of the town is the island of Sarā, which has an excellent roadstead which shelters the ships in bad weather. In the district of Lankoran, de Morgan found monuments of very…

, a town in Persian ʿIrāḳ, about ten miles west of the watershed between the Zand̲j̲ān [q. v.], which runs to the Ḳi̊zi̊l-Üzän and the Abhar, which loses itself in the direction of Ṭeherān. The old Persian name of the canton of Sulṭānīya was S̲h̲āhrūyāz. It was originally a dependency of Ḳazwīn. The Mongols called this district Ḳung̲h̲ur-ölöng (“the prairie of the Alezans”: there is still a village called “Öläng” S.E. of Sulṭānīya). Sulṭānīya is about 5,000-5,500 feet above sea-level. The coolne…

, a town in Turkey on the Armenian plateau on the eastern shore of Lake Wān. The name Wān is not found in the Arabic sources which deal with the Muslim conquest. Lake Wān is usually named by the Arabs after the towns on the northern shore, Ard̲j̲īs̲h̲ and Ak̲h̲lāṭ. Ibn Ḥawḳal alone (p. 250) mentions the Artsrunid Ibn Dairānī, lord of Zawazān, of Wān and Wosṭān. Yāḳūt, iv. 895, mentions a fortress of Wān but makes it a dependency of Erzerum and locates it between Ak̲h̲lāṭ and Tiflis (?). For the Muslim conquest of Armenia see that article. The important fact is the campaign of Bug̲h̲ā…

(Özbek) b. Muḥammad Pahlawān b. Ildegiz (Eldigüz?), fifth and last atābek of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān (607—622 = 1210—1225). According to Yāḳūt, Uzbek’s laḳab was Muẓaffar al-Dīn. His mother and that of his elder brother Abū Bakr were slaves, while the two other sons of Pahlawān, Ḳutlug̲h̲-Inanč and Amīrmīrān, were born of the princess Inanč-Ḵh̲ātūn. Uzbek married Malika-Ḵh̲ātūn, wife of the last Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Tug̲h̲ri̊l II, by whom he had a son (Ṭug̲h̲ri̊l). Like all the reigns in periods of transition, Uzbek’s was a very troubled one. Before his accession to the thro…

, “land of the Lurs”, a region in the S.W. of Persia. In the Mongol period the terms “Great Lur” and “Little Lur” roughly covered all the lands inhabited by Lur tribes. Since the Ṣafawid period, the lands of the Great Lur have been distinguished by the names of Kūh-Gīlū and Bak̲h̲tiyārī. At the beginning of the xviiith century the Mamasani confederation occupied the old S̲h̲ulistān [q. v.] and thus created a third Lur territory between Kūh-Gīlū and S̲h̲īrāz. It is however only since the xvith century that Lur-i Kūčik [q. v.] has been known as Luristān (for greater precision it w…

, a mystic and poet who wrote in a Persian dialect. According to Riḍā Ḳulī Ḵh̲ān (xixth century), who does not give his source, Bābā Ṭāhir lived in the period of Dailamī rule and died in 401 (1010). Among his quatrains there is an enigmatical one: “I am that sea ( baḥr) which entered into a vase; that point which entered into the letter. In each alf (“thousand”, i. e. of years?) arises an alif-ḳadd (a man upright in stature like the letter alif). I am the alif-ḳadd who has come in this alf”. Mahdī Ḵh̲ān in the J. A. S. Bengal has given an extremely curious interpretation of this quatrain: the letters alf-ḳ…

, a town and district in Persian Kurdistān, administered sometimes from Senne, sometimes from Tabrīz and situated on the upper Ḏj̲ag̲h̲ātū east of Bāne. The inhabitants are Kurds (Mukrī). In religion they are S̲h̲āfiʿī Sunnīs; there are also adepts of the Naḳs̲h̲bandī S̲h̲aik̲h̲s. The family of local Ḵh̲āns is related to that of the Wālīs of Ardilān. The town has 1200 houses, 2 mosques, a bazaar, etc. The district (with its dependency Mīrede) comprises 360 villages. According to the census of 1296 a. h., there were 34,024 people in the district. The government taxes amounted t…

famous Persian scientist and poet of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period (d. in 526 = 1132). Biography. Although reliable information on Ḵh̲aiyām is still scarce we cannot underestimate the importance of the sources at present available. In his Algebra he calls himself Abu ’l-Fatḥ ʿOmar b. Ibrāhīm al-Ḵh̲aiyāmī and in his verses seems to use Ḵh̲aiyām (“tent-maker”) as his tak̲h̲alluṣ. It is likely that this nickname refers to the profession of his ancestors. W. Litten, in his pamphlet Was bedeutet Chajjām? Warum hat O. Chajjām... gerade diesen Dichternamen gewählt?, Berlin 1930 (25 p.), has sugg…