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[English edition] 1. للفتح العثماني (1453) القسطنطينية هي المدينة التي شيّدها قسطنطين الأكبر في 11 ماي 330 لتكون عاصمة الإمبراطورية الشرقية، وسمّيت بعد ذلك باسمه. عرفت لدى العرب باسم القسطنطينية (وعند الشعراء باسم قسطنطينة، والاسمان بالتعريف أومن دونه)، وكانوا على علم أيضاً بالاسم القديم (بيزنطية وتكتب بطرق إملائية مختلفة). وما كانوا يجهلون أيضاً أنّ الإغريق المتأخرين، كما هو شأنهم اليوم، قد اعتادوا تسميتها بـ «المدينة» (المسعودي، 3، 406= 1291؛ ابن الأثير، 1، 235؛ أبو الفداء، 2/1؛ 39؛ الدمشقي، 241، 25…

, Ḥüseyn (ca. 1170/1757-1225/1810) also known as Fāḍil-i Enderūnī , Ottoman poet celebrated for his erotic works, was a grandson of Ẓāhir Āl ʿUmar [ q.v.] of ʿAkkā, who rebelled against the Porte in the seventies of the 18th century. Taken to Istanbul in 1190/1776 by the ḳapudān pas̲h̲a G̲h̲āzī Ḥasan after his grandfather and father had been slain in battle, he was brought up in the Palace. An amatory intrigue led to his expulsion in 1198/1783-4, and for twelve years he led a vagabond life in poverty in Istanbul. Ḳaṣīde s addressed to Selīm III and the statesmen …

, (modern Turkish Gülhane) the “House of roses”, or Gülk̲h̲āne Meydāni̊, is the name of a part of the gardens which lie along the Sea of Marmora on the east side of the Topkapi̊ Sarāyi̊ in Istanbul [ q.v.]; the name is derived from the fact that in olden days the building, in which the rose sweetmeats for the use of the court were prepared, stood there. The place is famous in history because the celebrated firman of Sultan ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd, the so-called Ḵh̲aṭṭ- i s̲h̲erīf promulgating the reforms, was publicly proclaimed there on Sunday 26 S̲h̲aʿbān 1255/3…

, a Persian word meaning son-in-law, used as a title by sons-in-law of the Ottoman Sultans. Under the early Sultans, princesses ( sulṭān ) of the reigning house were occasionally given in marriage to the vassal princes of Asia Minor, for example, to the Ḳaramānog̲h̲lu, and even to the vezirs and generals of the sovereign; the case of the saint Amīr Sulṭān of Bursa, who married a daughter of Bāyazīd I is, however, unique not only for that but also for later periods. We afterwards find Grand Vezirs…

, the name of a quarter of Istanbul which, according to tradition, was allotted to the Greeks by Meḥemmed II after the conquest in 857/1453; for the topography, monuments, etc. see istanbul. After the conquest the seat of the Greek Patriarch was transferred from St. Sophia to the Church of the Holy Apostles, and three years later to the nearby Church of the Pammakaristos. In 994/1586, when this church was converted into a mosque (Fetḥiye D̲j̲āmiʿi), the Patriarch moved down into the Fener quarter, to establish himself finally in 1011/1603 at the Church of St. George ¶ (re-built in 1720), s…

, on the Pursak-čai, the capital of the ḳāẓā of the same name in the sand̲j̲aḳ of Kiutahia, in the province of Brusa, with about 25,000 inhabitants, chiefly Muslims, is celebrated for its hot springs and the meerschaum pits near it (see Reinhardt in Petermanns Mitteilungen, 1911, ii. 251 et seq.) and has very recently attained considerable importance as a junction on the Constautinople-Ḳōniya and Constantinople-Angora railways; of the 11 mosques one dates from the Sald̲j̲ūḳ period, and another was built by Ḳara Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a. Eskis̲h̲ehr is t…

(t. originally a.; cf. Ḳāʾim), the name for paper-money in Turkey, an abbreviation for Sehim ḳāʾimesi (“revenue bonds”); the word was originally used of drawings and documents which were written on large, long leaves in such a way that the lines ran parallel to the narrower side, as was the case with the first issues of Turkish paper-money; later the term ewrāḳi̊ naḳdīya took its place. The first ḳāʾime appeared in 1840 and were manuscript. They bore interest at the rate of 12%, were to be accepted as money at the public banks and to be current throughout the ki…

(Alexandretta), the Iskandarūna or Iskandarīya of the Arabs (see the variants of the MSS. of al-Iṣṭak̲h̲rī and Ibn Ḥawḳal), the port of Aleppo on the Mediterranean, is the ancient ’Αλεξάνδρεια κατὰ ’Ισσόν, which was afterwards also called little Alexandria (’Αλεξάνδρεια ἡ μικρά in Malalas, ed. Bonn, p. 297), which was reproduced by the Aramaic diminutive form of the Arabic Iskandarūna; it should not be confused with the place of the same name between Ṣūr and ʿAkkā, cf. Maḳrīzī, Hist. des Mamlukes, ed. Quatremère, ii. 2., p. 256 sqq.; Dimis̲h̲ḳī, transl. by Mehren, p. 280. The ’Αλε…

, capital of the Sand̲j̲aḳ of the same name in the province of Aidīn (Smyrna) with a population of 20,000 including 2000 Turkish-speaking Greeks, in the xivth century supplanted Lādīḳ (cf. the form Λαυδίκη in Cinnamus, p. 25), the ancient Laodicea ad Lycum, the ruins of which still exist at Eski-ḥiṣār on the Čuruksu, near the railway station of Gond̲j̲eli, 6 miles from Deñizli. In the wars of the Komnenoi with the Sald̲j̲ūḳs (xith and xiith centuries) Laodicea was repeatedly captured by the latter. Alexius I occupied it for a brief period in 1098 (Anna Comnena, ed. Reifferscheid, ii. 118 et se…

, called the Siliḥdār, was born about 1140 in the district of Dewelu Ḳarahiṣār, the son of a landed Ag̲h̲a, called Meḥemmed; he began his career in 1156 in the ḥalwa-k̲h̲āne (honeybakery) of the Imperial kitchen (cf. v. Hammer, Staatsverfassung etc., ii. 31), but soon his gifts won him a position among the pages ( enderūn-i humāyūn, where he won the favour of Muṣṭafā III; When the latter came to the throne in the 21st Ṣafar 1171, he at once appointed Ḥamza his siliḥdār (sword-bearer, see v. Hammer, l. c. ii. 238 note), afterwards granted him the rank of vizier and betrothed him to t…

, the name of the Wahhābī rulers ( S̲h̲aik̲h̲ al-Mas̲h̲āʾik̲h̲) of Ḏj̲abal S̲h̲ammar in Nad̲j̲d. The founder of the dynasty was: I. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī al-Ras̲h̲īd oftheḎj̲aʿfar clan of the S̲h̲ammar tribe of al-ʿAbda, 1250— 1263 (1835—1847). In 1835 he seized the town of Ḥāʾil and deposed S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ṣāliḥ of the Ibn ʿAlī family, which had previously ruled the Ḏj̲abal S̲h̲ammar ¶ under the suzerainty of the Wahhābī princes of Darʿīya [q. v.] and Riyāḍ. He was recognised by Faiṣal, Amīr of Riyāḍ, who according to tradition owed his throne to him, and with th…

, known as Kod̲j̲a Nis̲h̲and̲j̲i, belonged to Tossia in Asia Minor where his father held the office of Ḳāḍī, entered the service of the state in the reign of Selīm I as a clerk in the Imperial Dīwān, accompanied the Grand Vizier Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a on his mission to Egypt in 930 (1524) (v. Hammer, Geschichle des Osm. Reich., iii. 39 et seq.) and on his return was appointed Raʾīs al-Kuttāb (Secretary of State). In 941 (1535) he accompanied Sulaimān I on the Persian campaign and was promoted on this occasion to be Nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲ī (Keeper of the Great Seal, tewḳīʿt), which office he held till 964 (15…

, the name of the Wahhābī dynasty of Darʿīya [q. v.] and Riyāḍ. Muḥammad b. Saʿūd, the founder of this dynasty was a member of the Muḳrin clan of the tribe of Masālik̲h̲ of the Wuld ʿAlī, who are considered to belong to the great ʿAnaza group of Arabs. His father Saʿūd ruled over Darʿīya and died in the fourth decade of the xith century a. h., i. e. between 1727 and 1737; according to the genealogy of the Ibn Sāʿūd, he left 3 sons besides Muḥammad: T̲h̲unaiyān, Mus̲h̲ārī and Farḥān. The suzerainty of the Wahhābīs of Darʿīya and later of Riyāḍ has remained in t…

, the name of the Greek quarter of Stambul in which the Oecumenian Patriarch took up his residence after the conquest of the town by Meḥemmed II. Down to 1587 the patriarchate was in the ancient Byzantine church of the Pammakaristos; when this was transformed into a mosque (Fetḥiye) in that year, the Patriarch moved his see to the little church of St. George. At quite an early period there settled round the see, in addition to the ecclesiastical and secular officials of the patriarchate, the few…

, the Turkish name for the Black Sea, the Pontus Euxinus (abbreviated to Pontus) of ancient and Byzantine geography. The Arab geographers took over the Greek names Pontus and Maeotis (Sea of Azov) in the forms Bunṭus and Maʾūṭis, which early became Nīṭas̲h̲ and Mānīṭas̲h̲ in Arabic writing and language (Juynboll on Marāṣid al-Iṭṭilāʾ, iv. 194) and in these corrupt forms have survived down to the latest works of Oriental geography. Other names were also used, for example Sea of Trebizond ( Baḥr Ṭarābazunda), Sea of the Crimea ( Baḥr Ḳirim), Russian Sea ( Baḥr al-Rūs; cf. mer de Rossia in Ville…

, al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Saʿdullāh, Efendi, a native of Trebizond, entered the higher Turkish civil service as Ḵh̲od̲j̲a (superintendent of a dīwān) and successively filled the office of Tes̲h̲rifatd̲j̲i (1184—1187), Ḏj̲ebed̲j̲iler Kātibi (1187—1190), Tes̲h̲rifatd̲j̲i (1190—1196), Mewḳūfātd̲j̲i (1196—1199), Büyük Tezkered̲j̲i (1197) and from 1200 to his death with several breaks that of an Anadolu Muḥāsebed̲j̲isi. At the end of 1182 he was also given the post of Historiographer Royal ( Waḳʿa Nuwīs), which he held till the end of 1197 with an interval of 18 months (4th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 118…

, the “house of roses”, or Gül-k̲h̲āne Meidānī, is the name of a part of the gardens, which lie along the Sea of Marmora on the east side of the old imperial Serai in Stambul; the name is derived from the fact that in olden days the building, in which the rose sweetmeats for the use of the court were prepared, stood there. The place is famous in history because the celebrated firman of Sulṭān ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd, the so-called Ḵh̲aṭṭ-i s̲h̲erīf promulgating the reforms, was publicly proclaimed there on Sunday the 26th S̲h̲aʿbān 1255 (3rd November 1839); cf. the description in Rosen, Geschichte der …

(Gr. ‘ΑδριανούπολιΣ, Engl. Adrianople, Fr. Andrinople, in Idrīsī, transl. Jaubert, ii. 383 ) was taken from the Byzantines in 763 = 1362 with the surrounding country by the Ottomans under Murād I. The Turkish sources give 761, 762 and 763 a. h. as the date of its capture and the statements of western writers on the point are equally divergent and indefinite; Jirecek in his Geschichte der Bulgaren, p. 328, decided on 1363 but Murād I’s letter on his victory of the beginning of Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 763 = end of August 1362 in Feridūn, Muns̲h̲iyāti Selāṭīn, i. 91 et seq., suggests 763 = 1362 as the dat…

, i. e. Muṣṭafā b. ʿAbd allĀh, also known as Kiātib Čelebi, the famous Turkish encyclopaedist, was born in Constantinople in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 1017 h. (February— March 1608). At the age of fourteen he enlisted in the picked corps of the Siliḥdār’s, in. which his father also was serving; at the same time he was admitted as a junior clerk in the so-called Anatolian audit office ( anadolu muḥāsebe ḳalemi). From 1033—1045 h. he stayed continually but for two short intervals with the Imperial Army at the Eastern frontier of Asia Minor; he joined in the first campaign against…

, the celebrated Grand Vizier and favourite of Solīmān the Magnificent, was born towards the end of the xv’h century of Christian parents in Parga in Epirus. Kidnapped in his early youth and brought as a slave to the Imperial Serai during Selīm I’s reign, he was afterwards attached to the retinue of the heir apparent Solīmān as long as this latter resided as Governor General of Ṣārūk̲h̲ān in Magnesia. His social and musical abilities soon won him the young Crown Prince’s special favour, and on his accession to the throne in September 1520 Solīmān make him his k̲h̲āṣṣ oda bas̲h̲i (master of the…